Search

Although numerous polysaccharides have demonstrated potential immunostimulatory activities in in vitro models, only a few of them successfully stimulate the immune system in vivo. In order to explore the possible reasons for the activity loss of polysaccharides in in vivo models, the immunostimulatory activities in vitro and in vivo and the digestion behavior of a polysaccharide from Cyclina sinensis (CSP) were investigated in the present study. CSP showed obvious immunostimulatory activity in a RAW 264.7 cell model. In in vitro experiment, CSP did not exhibit cytotoxicity at concentrations of ≤10 µg/ml, and significantly increased NO production at concentrations of 0.4–10 µg/ml, suggesting CSP processes immunostimulatory activity in vitro. Further investigation using simulated digestion model indicated that CSP could bind with the protein in the digestive fluids to form precipitate in both the stomach and small intestine, and it could be seriously degraded by amylase during the digestion in the small intestine. Furthermore, the in vivo immunostimulatory activity evaluation demonstrated CSP had no effect on immunosuppressed mice as indicated by the body weight, thymus and spleen indexes, and TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐6, and IL‐10 mRNA expression. Thus, the present study indicates that the degradation and precipitation of CSP in the digestive tract are the possible reasons for the activity loss of CSP after digestion. Practical Application: Cyclina sinensis is the common aquatic shellfish in China and plays an important role in the marine aquaculture industry. Cyclina sinensis polysaccharide (CSP) is the main active component of C. sinensis. The structure characterization and immunostimulatory activity of a purified fraction of CSP (CSP‐1) and the effect of digestion on CSP and its immunostimulatory activity were studied. The result of this study promotes the understanding of the nutritional function effects and provides a scientific reference for the rational development and high‐value utilization of C. sinensis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This study has provided disaccharide data of Cyclina sinensis for the first time. • There are mainly 6 disaccharides in Cyclina sinensis. • A potential strategy to identify mixed polysaccharides without purification. It is still a challenge to identify mixed polysaccharides isolated from biological tissues. The present study aimed to develop a protocol that allowed for quick characterization of mixed polysaccharides by selecting Cyclina sinensis polysaccharides as test beds. Disaccharides were gradually released by graded acid hydrolysis, separated with 3 kDa molecular weight cut-off membrane, and analyzed by HPLC-ESI-MSn. Furthermore, the monosaccharide composition of the filtrate during the gradient acid hydrolysis process and the final retentate were also determined to provide composition information of these disaccharides. Thus, 6 disaccharides were detected and identified, indicating the existence of polysaccharides constructed of corresponding repeated disaccharide fragments in C. sinensis. The present study demonstrated a potential strategy to characterize mixed polysaccharides without separation and purification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, two polysaccharides, SVP2–1 and SVP2–2, were isolated from Patinopecten yessoensis viscera and purified by using DEAE-52 cellulose and Sepharose CL-6B. Both SVP2–1 and SVP2–2 could extend activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and thrombin time (TT) and inhibit the transformation of fibrinogen into fibrin (FIB) concentration-dependently, indicating they inhibited clotting and thrombin through intrinsic and common pathways. Of note, SVP2–2 had stronger anticoagulant activity than SVP2–1, and its backbone was determined as →6)-α-Man p (1 → 2)-α-Gal p (1 → with Xyl or Glc substituted at C4 of Gal. Based on monosaccharide composition analysis, methylation analysis, and NMR analysis. Further comparison of their monosaccharide analysis and NMR spectra indicates SVP2–1 and SVP2–2 possess the same core structure features, so the higher sulfate content and lower molecular weight may be the possible reasons for the stronger anticoagulant capability of SVP2–2. The present study suggests acidic polysaccharides from scallop viscera as promising anticoagulant candidates. • Two polysaccharides from scallop viscera were purified and characterized. • They inhibited clotting and thrombin through intrinsic and common pathways. • SVP2–2 with higher sulfate content exhibited stronger anticoagulant effect. • The backbone of SVP2–2 was →6)-α-Man(1 → 2)-α-Gal(1 → with Xyl and Glc at C-4 of Gal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyclina sinensis is an edible clam widely distributed along the coastal waters of Asia. In the present study, a polysaccharide (CSP-1) isolated from C. sinensis was purified by a DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow column, and it had an average molecular weight of 3.8 × 105 Da and a prevalent component monosaccharide of Glc. The results of methylation analysis and 1D/2D NMR indicated that CSP-1 was a glycogen constructed with α-1,4-Glc and branched at C-6 every 9 Glc residues. In addition, Cong red test suggests CSP-1 was not a helical conformation, and irregular and spherical lumps were observed by AFM. Moreover, CSP-1 was found to possess potent immunostimulatory activity on the basis of its significant abilities to enhance NO production and cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) secretion in RAW 264.7 macrophages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]