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Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Chronic pharyngitis persistently afflicts a large population and accounts for approximately one-third of otolaryngology patients. Currently, the treatment of CP remains controversial because of the poor outcomes. Dendrobium officinale is a well-used "Yin-nourishing" traditional Chinese medicinal and edible herb used for thousands of years in China. The flowers of D. officinale are often used in folk of China to make tea for voice protection on and throat clearing., Aim of the Study: This study was to evaluate beneficial effects of polysaccharides from D. officinale flower (DOFP) on CP and its potential mechanisms., Methods: Chemical characterization of DOFP, including polysaccharide content and monosaccharide composition, structural characterization using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were performed. A CP model was established in rats by administering a mixture of Chinese Baijiu and chili pepper liquid, combined with low-concentration ammonia spraying. The general states, amount of oral secretion, and apparent state of the pharynx of CP rats were observed during the period of DOFP administration. Furthermore, hemorheological parameters were measured using an automatic hematology analyzer. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 1β (1L-1β), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and D-lactate (D-LA) in the serum were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Morphological changes in the pharynx and colon were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining. The expression of nuclear factor-κB p65 (NF-κB p65), p-NF-κB p65, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin 1β（IL-1β）and mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) in the pharynx,Claudin-1, Occludin, and interleukin 6 (IL-6) in the colon was detected by immunohistochemistry and Western Blot. The mRNA expression of TLR4, COX-2, and IL-1β in the pharynx were determined using reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR., Results: In this study, DOFP with a total polysaccharide content of 71.44% and a composition of D-mannose, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, and arabinose in a molar ratio of 3.95:2.19:1.00:0.74:1.30, was isolated from the flowers of D. officinale. DOFP improved the general state and exhibited significant effects on reducing oral secretion, alleviating pharyngeal injury, suppressing inflammatory cell infiltration in the pharynx, decreasing the serum levels of TNF-α and IL-1β, and reducing the number of white blood cells and lymphocytes in the model rats. Moreover, the expressions of TLR4, p-NF-κB p65, COX-2, IL-1β and MUC5AC in the pharynx of model rats were obviously inhibited. In addition, the levels of LPS, D-LA in the serum and the protein expression of IL-6 in the colon were downregulated when the protein expression of Occludin and Claudin-1 in the colon were upregulated., Conclusions: DOFP exerts significant ameliorating effects on CP and it likely acts by inhibiting LPS/TLR4-associated inflammatory mediator activation and reducing excessive secretion of mucus by repairing the intestinal barrier in CP rats., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The present study investigated the structural characteristics and its protective effect against H 2 O 2 -induced injury fibroblast cells of Bletilla striata tuber polysaccharide. The polysaccharides were gently extracted by water and recovered using the method of alcohol precipitation, and after further purification by DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow gel column, a pure polysaccharide (pBSP) was finally obtained. The structural characterization of pBSP were investigated by using periodate oxidation studies, Smith-degradation, FT-IR spectroscopy, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. The antioxidant effect of pBSP was evaluated by inhibiting the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in human fibroblast model cells induced by H 2 O 2 . It was firstly reported that pBSP was composed of d-glucose and D-mannose in a molar ratio of 1.00:1.34 with a molecular weight of 327.6 kDa. The repeating units of pBSP contained (1 → 4)-linked-β-D-Manp, (1 → 4)-linked-α-D-Glcp and (1 → 3)-linked-β-D-Manp, and there was no branched chain. pBSP exhibited no toxic effect on fibroblasts cells and could protect them against H 2 O 2 -induced injuries. After pretreatment with pBSP for 24 h, the content of ROS in fibroblasts decreased significantly. These results not only confirm the availability B. striata, but also indicate that pBSP have potential antioxidant capacity. Our observations can provide foundation for further development of pBSP-based cosmetics., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In recent years, selenium-enriched polysaccharides (Se-PS) have been paid more and more attention, and the activity of many Se-PSs has been studied but little on their structure. This study aimed to investigate the activity, structural characterization and present forms of selenium in two different artificial selenium-enriched tea polysaccharides (Se-TPS). The physicochemical analysis showed that both CSe-tps1 and ASe-tps1 were acidic heteropolysaccharides with different monosaccharide composition, molar ratio, and selenium content. Structural investigations including FT-IR, Raman spectra and 1D, 2D NMR analysis revealed that selenium in CSe-tps1 replaced the hydroxyl group at the C-6 position in the polysaccharide with the form of selenyl ester, while most of the selenium in ASe-tps1 replaced the hydroxyl group at the C-1 and C-6 position in the form of the SeH bond on the branch of the polysaccharide. Besides, a series of studies on the structural characteristics of the Congo red test, I 2 -KI reaction, FESEM, DSC, and XRD analysis showed that the two artificial Se-TPSs had a triple helix structure and more branches. However, there were significant differences in crystal morphology, apparent morphology, heat release ability, and the α-glucosidase inhibition activity. These results indicated that the difference in artificial selenization methods not only made the polysaccharide exhibit different structural characteristics and the hypoglycemic activity, but also had a significant effect on the form of selenium in polysaccharides., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Coarse tea is made of mature tea plant (Camellia sinensis L.) shoots and is generally discarded as a worthless crop product, but has been proved an excellent material for the treatment of diabetes. This study aims to evaluate the effects of the extraction techniques WE (water extraction), UAE (ultrasound-assisted extraction), MAE (microwave-assisted extraction), and EE (enzyme extraction) on the physicochemical properties and antidiabetic activities of polysaccharides from coarse tea (CTPSs). The results showed that all four CTPSs had homogeneity in the monosaccharide types and similar IR (Infrared spectroscopy) characteristic absorption peaks, but differed in monosaccharide proportion and molecular weight distribution. Compared with the other three extraction techniques, CCTPS extracted by EE had the lowest protein content, the highest total sugar content of 71.83% and a polysaccharide yield of 4.52%. In addition, EE-CTPS had the best hypoglycemic activity that was better than ordinary green tea polysaccharides, the α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities of EE-CTPS were highest in the range of 2-10 mg/mL compared with the other three CTPSs, which may be related to its smaller molecular weight and porous structure. The results suggested that the EE method was a good way to extract polysaccharides from coarse tea for food and pharmaceutical production.

A new polysaccharide (pFSP) was first isolated from the originally discarded fibrous roots part of Chinese traditional herb, Bletilla striata. pFSP was composed of D-glucose, D-galactose and D-mannose in a molar ratio of 1: 2.03: 3.45 with molecular weight of 9.1 × 10 4 Da. It could effectively scavenge DPPH and superoxide radicals with inhibition rate of 64.47% and 72.27% at 5.0 mg/ml, higher than that of polysaccharide from Bletilla striata tuber. Structural investigations of the periodate oxidation studies and Smith-degradation as well as the FT-IR spectroscopy were performed, and combined with 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, the repeating unit of pFSP contained (1→4)-linked-α-D-Glcp, (1→4)-linked-β-D-Manp and (1→3,6)-linked-β-D-Manp units, together with the branches of (1→6)-linked-β-D-Galp and terminated with (1→)-linked-β-D-Manp residue., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Se-enriched green tea has been widely used as a functional food and disease prevention. In this study, two kinds of homogeneous polysaccharides namely ASe-TPS2 and NSe-TPS2 were obtained from artificial and natural Se-enriched teas with the molecular weights of 6.73 × 10 3  Da and 2.44 × 10 5  Da. The structures of ASe-TPS2 and NSe-TPS2 were characterized by monosaccharide composition analysis, partial acid hydrolysis, methylation, FT-IR spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, SEM and TGA analysis. It showed that ASe-TPS2 and NSe-TPS2 were acidic polysaccharides containing high amount of uronic acid. The structure of the ASe-TPS2 was mainly composed of β‑D‑(1 → 3)‑Glcp, α‑D‑(1 → 4)‑GalpA, (1 → 4)‑Glcp, α‑L‑(1 → 2)‑Rhap and α‑D‑(1 → 4)‑GalpA, and the non-reducing ends were mainly composed of Araf and Xylp. However, the NSe-TPS2 was mainly composed of β‑D-(1 → 4)‑Glcp and α‑D‑(1 → 4)-GalpA, and the branches were mainly composed of β‑L‑(1 → 2)‑Araf, α‑D‑(1 → 3)‑Galp and β‑L‑(1 → 2)‑Rhap whereas the non-reducing ends were mainly composed of Glcp and Galp residues. These results suggested that the distinction of selenylation methods could present different polysaccharide chain structures., (Copyright © 2019. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

This review provides updated information on a kind of active polysaccharides extracting from Chinese traditional herb Bletilla striata. Preliminary investigations have listed several isolation approaches of extracting Bletilla striata polysaccharide (BSP) and the characterization result showed that the backbone of BSP has mainly consisted of 1,4-linked mannosyl residues and 1,4-linked glucosyl residues. Remarkably, this review sums up the exploitation of BSP as biomaterials, including the preparation, bioactivity and effect mechanism of BSP-based wound dressings and drug deliveries. BSP exhibits excellent healing function mainly due to its modulation of macrophages throughout inflammation and proliferation periods. BSP-based drug vehicles include micelles, nanoparticles, microspheres and microneedles which display anti-cancer functions of targeted delivering drugs and drug capability of itself as well. This review aims to pave the way for further exploitation of this compound in biomedical area., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)