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Study objectives: To evaluate the impact of enhanced slow wave sleep (SWS) on behavioral, psychological, and physiological changes resulting from sleep restriction. design: A double-blind, parallel group, placebo-controlled design was used to compare gaboxadol (GBX) 15 mg, a SWS-enhancing drug, to placebo during 4 nights of sleep restriction (5 h/night). Behavioral, psy- chological, and physiological measures of the impact of sleep restriction were assessed in both groups at baseline, during sleep restriction and following recovery sleep. Setting: Sleep research laboratory. participants: Forty-one healthy adults; 9 males and 12 females (mean age: 32.0 ± 9.9 y) in the placebo group and 10 males and 10 females (mean age: 31.9 ± 10.2 y) in the GBX group. interventions: Both experimental groups underwent 4 nights of sleep restriction. Each group received either GBX 15 mg or placebo on all sleep restriction nights, and both groups received placebo on baseline and recovery nights. measurements and Results: Polysomnography documented a SWS- enhancing effect of GBX with no group difference in total sleep time dur- ing sleep restriction. The placebo group displayed the predicted deficits due to sleep restriction on the multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) and on introspective measures of sleepiness and fatigue. Compared to place- bo, the GBX group showed significantly less physiological sleepiness on the MSLT and lower levels of introspective sleepiness and fatigue during sleep restriction. There were no differences between groups on the psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) and a cognitive test battery, but these measures were minimally affected by sleep restriction in this study. The correlation between change from baseline in MSLT on Day 6 and change from baseline in SWS on Night 6 was significant in the GBX group and in both groups combined. conclusions: The results of this study are consistent with the hypothe- sis that enhanced SWS, in this study produced by GBX, reduces physi- ological sleep tendency and introspective sleepiness and fatigue which typically result from sleep restriction.

Background: While continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) effectively treats obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), adherence to CPAP is suboptimal. The short-term efficacy of and adherence with a convenient expiratory positive airway pressure (EPAP) nasal device was evaluated in OSA patients non-adherent with CPAP. Methods: Participants were OSA patients who refused CPAP or used CPAP less than 3 h per night. After demonstrating tolerability to the EPAP device during approximately 1 week of home use, patients underwent a screening/baseline polysomnogram (PSG1) and a treatment PSG (PSG2). Patients meeting prespecified efficacy criteria underwent PSG3 after about 5 weeks of EPAP treatment. Results: Forty-seven of 59 eligible patients (80%) tolerated the device and underwent PSG1. Forty-three patients (27 m, 16 f; 53.7 ± 10.9 years) met AHI entry criteria and underwent PSG2. Mean AHI decreased from 43.3 ± 29.0 at baseline to 27.0 ± 26.7 (p < 0.001) at PSG2. Twenty-four patients (56%) met efficacy criteria; their mean AHI was 31.9 ± 19.8, 11.0 ± 7.9, 16.4 ± 12.2 at PSG1, PSG2, and PSG3, respectively (p < 0.001, PSG1 vs. both PSG2 and PSG3). Mean Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) scores were 12.3 ± 4.8 at baseline, 11.1 ± 5.1 at PSG1, and 8.7 ± 4.4 at PSG3 (p = 0.001 compared to baseline). Device use was reported an average of 92% of all sleep hours. Conclusions: The improvements in AHI and ESS, combined with the high degree of treatment adherence observed, suggest that the convenient EPAP device tested may become a useful therapeutic option for OSA. 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.