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Ponera shennong Terayama, 2009 (Fig. 46: worker) Ponera shennong Terayama, 2009: 112 (w.). Type locality: Taiwan, Pingtung Pref., Kending. Type material examined: TAIWAN. Holotype. 1 worker, Kending, Pingtung Pref., Taiwan, 28 VII to 2 VIII 1988 (NIAES). Non-type material examined: TAIWAN. 2 workers, ca. 25.02��N; 121.75��E, Pingxi, New Taipei city, 3 XII 1989, YC Shiao leg (CMPon043, CMPon044). Measurements (mm) and indices. Holotype. Worker: HL 0.34; HW 0.27; SL 0.19; A06L 0.01; A07L 0.01; A08L 0.02; A09L 0.03; A10L 0.05; PrW 0.20; WL 0.45; PeH 0.19; PeNL 0.13; PeW 0.15; ATL 0.27; ATW 0.28; CI 79, SI 72, PeI 77, LPeI 68, DPeI 116, ATI 96. Worker (n=1): HL 0.36; HW 0.28; SL 0.23; A06L 0.01; A07L 0.01; A08L 0.02; A09L 0.03; A10L 0.04; PrW 0.22; WL 0.44; PeH 0.22; PeNL 0.14; PeW 0.0.17; ATL 0.27; ATW 0.28; CI 78, SI 81, PeI 77, LPeI 64, DPeI 119, ATI 96. Diagnosis (worker). Ponera shennong can be easily distinguished by its short antennal scape, a posterior margin of the petiolar node convex when observed in lateral view, a posterior margin of the petiolar node straight in dorsal view, a subpetiolar teeth indistinct, its abdominal tergum III as long as broad, and its small body size (HW: 0.27���0.28 mm). Description of worker. Head. In full-face view, head subrectangular and longer than broad (CI: 78), with concave posterior margin, slightly convex lateral margins and angularly rounded posterolateral corners (Fig. 46C). Eye absent or with a small facet. Anterior clypeal margin without developed medial tooth. Masticatory margin of mandible with series of numerous indistinct denticles, and three large teeth on the apical part. Antennal scape, when laid backward, with a remaining distance of about 35% of the scape length to the posterolateral corner; average ratio of the length of antennomeres = 1.27: 1.74: 3.23: 4.61 (n=2). Mesosoma. Mesosomal dorsum in lateral view moderately convex (Fig. 46A). Pronotum in dorsal view with acutely convex anterior margin and convex lateral margins (Fig. 46B). Metanotal groove distinct. Lateral mesopleural suture indistinct. Propodeal dorsum in dorsal view very broad, with straight and subparallel lateral margins. Propodeal corner in lateral rounded; propodeal dorsum and declivity forming approximatively a 120 degree angle. Metasoma. Petiolar node in dorsal view very thick and subsquare, with slightly convex anterior margin, and straight posterior margin (Fig. 46B). Petiolar node in lateral view trapezoidal and remarkably thick, with straight and slightly sloping anterior and posterior margins, long and straight dorsal margin, and anterodorsal corner as high as posterodorsal corner (Fig. 46A). Subpetiolar process with small and oval fenestra, anteroventral corner blunt, almost straight ventral margin, and posteroventral corner concave with teeth extremely reduced. Third abdominal tergum almost as long as large (ATI: 96) with straight anterior margin, and almost straight lateral margins. Sculpture. Head densely punctate. Mandible sparsely punctate. Mesosomal dorsum evenly punctate. Mesopleuron, metapleuron, and lateral face of propodeum with superficial striae. Lateral and dorsal faces of petiolar node with few punctures, smooth posterior face. The third and fourth abdominal segments evenly punctate, other segments smooth and shining with few punctures. Pubescence. Head, antennae, mesosoma, petiole, and gaster with evenly distributed short hairs, but scattered on the lateral portion of mesosoma. Dorsal and ventral faces of head, anterior margin of clypeus, sides of mandibles, dorsum of petiolar node, gastral sterna and posterior half of gastral terga with many long and erect hairs. Subpetiolar process with a few long erect hairs. Color. Body color yellowish brown. Description of queen. Unknown. Description of male. Unknown. Distribution. Taiwan (Pingtung county: Kending, New Taipei city: Pingxi)., Published as part of Leong, Chi-Man, Gu��nard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng & Lin, Chung-Chi, 2019, Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species, pp. 1-86 in Zootaxa 4594 (1) on page 46, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2667081, {"references":["Terayama, M. (2009) A synopsis of the family Formicidae of Taiwan (Insecta, Hymenoptera). Research Bulletin of Kanto Gakuen University, Liberal Arts, 17, 81 - 266."]}

Ponera takaminei Terayama, 1996 (Fig. 53: worker; Fig. 53: dealate queen) Ponera takaminei Terayama, 1996: 11 (w.). Type locality: Japan, Okinawa Pref., Miyako-jima. Type material examined: JAPAN. Paratype. 1 worker, Miyako-jima, Okinawa Pref., 10 XI 1985, Y Hashimoto leg (MTC: LCM_MT-Ponera-04). Non-type material examined: JAPAN. 6 workers and 1 dealate queen, Kume Island, Okinawa Pref., 10 VII 1983, H Takamine leg (MTC: LCM_MT-Ponera-01, LCM_MT-Ponera-02, LCM_MT-Ponera-03). Measurements (mm) and indices. Worker (n=7): HL 0.68���0.75; HW 0.57���0.64; SL 0.47���0.52; A06L 0.04; A07L 0.04; A08L 0.06; A09L 0.08; A10L 0.09; PrW 0.44���0.50; WL 0.90���1.05; PeH 0.48���0.49; PeNL 0.27���0.30; PeW 0.41���0.60; ATL 0.55���0.60; ATW 0.55���0.62; CI 81���86, SI 77���82, PeI 93���95, LPeI 55���62, DPeI 145���171, ATI 94���101. Queen (n=1): HL 0.79; HW 0.67; SL 0.46; A06L 0.04; A07L 0.05; A08L 0.09; A09L 0.10; A10L 0.12; PrW 0.56; WL 1.22; PeH 0.50; PeNL 0.28; PeW 0.49; ATL 0.70; ATW 0.67; CI 85, SI 69, PeI 88, LPeI 57, DPeI 173, ATI 105. Diagnosis (worker). Ponera takaminei is a large species (HW: 0.57���0.64 mm) that can be distinguished by its long antennal scape, a distinct metanotal groove, a petiolar node thick when observed in in lateral view with upper portion of the posterior margin bulging, and with a convex posterior margin of the petiolar node in dorsal view. Description of worker. Head. In full-face view, head subrectangular and distinctly longer than broad (CI: 81���86), with convex posterior margin, slightly convex lateral margins and broadly rounded posterolateral corners (Fig. 53C). Eye small; composed of a total of 3���5 indistinct facets. Anterior clypeal margin with very strong and blunt medial tooth. Masticatory margin of mandible with a series of about 12 indistinct denticles, and three large teeth on the apical part. Antennal scape, when laid backward, with a remaining distance of about 8% of the scape length to the posterolateral corner; average ratio of the length of antennomeres = 1.19: 1.61: 2.16: 2.68 (n=7). Mesosoma. Mesosomal dorsum in lateral view slightly convex (Fig. 53A). Pronotum in dorsal view with well convex anterior margin, moderately convex lateral margins (Fig. 53B). Metanotal groove distinctly and clearly incised. Lateral mesopleural suture in lateral view deeply incised. Propodeal dorsum broad, with straight lateral margins. Posterodorsal corner of propodeum rounded, propodeal dorsum and declivity forming approximatively a 130 degree angle. Metasoma. Petiolar node in dorsal view thick and arched, with slightly convex anterior margin, moderately concave posterior margin, and slightly convex lateral margins (Fig. 53B). Petiolar node in lateral view very remarkably and trapezoid, with straight anterior margin and moderately convex posterior margin; with upper portion bulging, anterodorsal corner higher than posterodorsal corner (Fig. 53A). Subpetiolar process thick with large and circular fenestra, anteroventral corner blunt, slightly concave ventral margin, and posteroventral corner concave with a pair of developed teeth. Third abdominal tergum as long as large (ATI: 94���101), with broadly convex anterior margin, slightly convex lateral margins. Sculpture. Head densely punctate. Mandible sparsely punctate. Mesosomal dorsum evenly punctate, particular rough in propodeal dorsum. Mesopleuron, metapleuron and propodeum evenly striate. Propodeal declivity smooth. Lateral face of petiole evenly punctate, posterior face shining, dorsum rough and evenly punctate. The third and fourth abdominal segments densely punctate, other segments smooth and shining with few punctures. Pubescence. Head, antennae, mesosoma, petiole, and gaster with evenly distributed short hairs. Mesopleuron, metapleuron, propodeum and lateral face of petiole with scattered short hairs. Dorsal and ventral faces of head, anterior margin of clypeus, sides of mandibles, dorsum of petiolar node and gastral with many long erect hairs. Subpetiolar process with a few long erect hairs. Color. Body color reddish brown. Mandible, clypeus, antennae, legs, and apex of gaster orange. Description of queen (dealate queen). Head. (Fig. 54C) Similar to worker caste, but with large and oval Eye, maximum diameter of each eye about 0.17 mm with 13 ommatidia along the maximum diameter. Three ocelli present, and forming a subequilateral triangle; median eye larger than lateral eye. Antennal scape similar to worker; average ratio of the length of antennomeres = 1.07: 1.53: 1.80: 1.85 (n=1). Mesosoma. Mesosomal dorsum in lateral view convex (Fig. 54A). Pronotum in dorsal view with moderately convex anterior margin and broadly convex lateral margins (Fig. 54B). Scutum subpentagonal, with moderately convex anterior margin, almost straight posterior margin. Transcutal suture distinct and broad. Scutellum oval. Anapleural sulcus weakly incised. Propodeal-metapleural suture indistinct. Propodeal dorsum in dorsal view broad with straight lateral margins. Propodeal corner in lateral view rounded; propodeal dorsum and declivity forming approximatively a 120 degree angle. Metasoma. Petiolar node in dorsal view thick and arched, broader than long, with broadly convex anterior margin, moderately concave posterior margin (Fig. 54B). Petiolar node in lateral view trapezoidal and moderately thick, with straight anterior and posterior margins (Fig. 54A). Subpetiolar process with large and circular fenestra, anteroventral corner blunt, slightly concave ventral margin, and posteroventral corner concave with a pair of medium-sized teeth. The ratio of third abdominal segment slightly longer than worker caste (ATI: 105). Sculpture. Similar to worker caste. Pubescence. Similar to worker caste. Color. Similar to worker caste. Description of male. Unknown. Distribution. Japan (Okinawa Pref.)., Published as part of Leong, Chi-Man, Gu��nard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng & Lin, Chung-Chi, 2019, Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species, pp. 1-86 in Zootaxa 4594 (1) on pages 58-61, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2667081, {"references":["Terayama, M. (1996) Taxonomic Studies on the Japanese Formicidae, Part 2 Seven Genera of Ponerinae, Cerapachyinae and Myrmicinae. Nature and Human Activities, 1, 9 - 32."]}

Ponera Latreille, 1804 Ponera Latreille, 1804: 179. Type-species: Formica coarctata, by subsequent designation of Westwood, 1840: 83. Pseudocryptopone Wheeler, 1933: 12. Type-species: Cryptopone tenuis. Synonymized by Wilson, 1957: 356. Selenopone Wheeler, 1933: 19. Type-species: Ponera selenophora. Synonymized by Wilson, 1957: 356. Pteroponera Bernard, 1950: 3. Type-species: Pteroponera sysphinctoides. Synonymized by Brown, 1973: 184 (provisional); Bolton, 1994: 164., Published as part of Leong, Chi-Man, Gu��nard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng & Lin, Chung-Chi, 2019, Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species, pp. 1-86 in Zootaxa 4594 (1) on page 21, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2667081, {"references":["Latreille, P. A. (1804) Tableau methodique des insectes. In: Societe de Naturalistes et d'Agriculteurs (Ed.), Nouvelle dictionnaire d'Histoire naturelle 24, 129 - 200.","Wilson, E. O. (1957) The tenuis and selenophora groups of the ant genus Ponera (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 116, 355 - 386.","Brown, W. L. Jr (1973) A comparison of the Hylean and Congo-West African rain forest ant faunas. In: Meggers, B. J., Ayensu, E. S. & Duckworth, W. D. (Eds.), Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C., pp. 161 - 185.","Bolton, B. (1994) Identification guide to the ant genera of the world. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 222 pp."]}

Ponera kohmoku Terayama, 1996 (Fig. 41: worker; Fig. 42: dealate queen) Ponera kohmoku Terayama, 1996: 9 (w. q.). Type locality: Japan, Kagoshima Pref., Yaku-shima, Kurio. Ponera scabra: Santschi, 1937: 364 (misidentification). Type material examined: JAPAN. Paratypes, 6 workers and 1 dealate queen, Kurio, Yaku-shima, Kagoshima Pref., 23 III 1981, M Terayama leg (MTC: LCM_MT-Ponera-13, LCM_MT-Ponera-14, LCM_MT-Ponera-15). 1 worker, Sata-Misaki, Kagoshima Pref., 10 III 1981, M Terayama leg (LCM _MT-Ponera-16). Diagnosis (worker). Ponera kohmoku can be easily distinguished by the large eye, consisting of about 20 indistinct facets. Measurements (mm) and indices. Workers (n=6): HL 0.83���0.89; HW 0.70���0.77; SL 0.61���0.68; A06L 0.05; A07L 0.05; A08L 0.08; A09L 0.10; A10L 0.11; PrW 0.57���0.65; WL 1.06���1.29; PeH 0.62���0.65; PeNL 0.34���0.37; PeW 0.44���0.51; ATL 0.63���0.71; ATW 0.76���0.80; CI 80���87, SI 82���91, PeI 73���82, LPeI 54���58, DPeI 124���143, ATI 81���89. Queen (n=1): HL 0.94; HW 0.81; SL 0.71; A06L 0.06; A07L 0.06; A08L 0.09; A09L 0.11; A10L 0.11; PrW 0.75; WL 1.52; PeH 0.74; PeNL 0.37; PeW 0.55; ATL 0.80; ATW 0.90; CI 86, SI 88, PeI 74, LPeI 50, DPeI 150, ATI 88. Description of worker. Head. In full-face view, head subrectangular and distinctly longer than broad (CI: 80���87), with straight posterior margin, moderately convex lateral margins, and bluntly rounded posterolateral corners (Fig. 41C). Eye large; composed of a total of 18���22 indistinct facets. Anterior clypeal margin with strong and blunt medial tooth. Masticatory margin of mandible with a series of about ten indistinct denticles, and three large teeth on the apical part. Antennal scape, when laid backward, exactly reaching the posterolateral corner; average ratio of the length of antennomeres = 1.16: 1.68: 1.98: 2.24 (n=6). Mesosoma. Mesosomal dorsum in lateral view slightly convex (Fig. 41A). Pronotum in dorsal view with broadly convex anterior margin, and moderately convex lateral margins (Fig. 41B). Metanotal groove deeply and broadly incised. Lateral mesopleural suture clearly incised. Propodeal dorsum in dorsal view narrow, with straight lateral margins. Propodeal corner in lateral view angular; propodeal dorsum and declivity forming approximatively a 130 degree angle. Metasoma. Petiolar node in dorsal view subcircular and thick, with well convex anterior margin, and moderately convex posterior margin (Fig. 41B). Petiolar node in dorsal view well thick and subtrapezoid, with straight anterior and posterior margins, and slightly convex dorsal margin (Fig. 41A). Subpetiolar process thick with medium-sized and oval fenestra, anteroventral corner blunt, straight ventral margin, and posteroventral corner concave with a pair of medium-sized teeth. Third abdominal tergum broader than long (ATI: 81���89) and narrow anteriad, with broadly convex anterior margin, and well convex lateral margins. Sculpture. Head densely punctate. Mandible sparsely punctate. Mesosomal dorsum in dorsal view evenly punctate. Mesopleuron, metapleuron and propodeum evenly striate. Propodeal declivity smooth and shining. Lateral face of petiole evenly punctate, posterior face smooth, dorsum rough and evenly punctate. The third and fourth abdominal segments densely punctate, other segments smooth and shining with few punctures. Pubescence. Head, antennae, mesosoma, petiole, and gaster with evenly distributed short hairs. Mesopleuron, metapleuron, propodeum and lateral face of petiole with scattered short hairs. Dorsal and ventral faces of head, anterior margin of clypeus, sides of mandibles, dorsum of petiolar node and gaster with many long erect hairs. Subpetiolar process with a few long erect hairs. Color. Body color dark. Mandible, clypeus, antennae, legs, and apex of gaster orange. Description of queen. Head. (Fig. 42C) Similar to worker caste, but with large and oval Eye, maximum diameter of each eye about 0.21 mm with 15 ommatidia along the maximum diameter. Three ocelli present, and forming a subequilateral triangle. In full-face view, scape similar to worker; average ratio of the length of antennomeres = 1.07: 1.53: 1.80: 1.85 (n=1). Mesosoma. Mesosomal dorsum in lateral view broadly convex (Fig. 42A). Pronotum in dorsal view with convex anterior margin, and broadly convex lateral margins (Fig. 42B). Scutum suboval and narrow posteriad, with moderately convex anterior margin, and slightly convex posterior margin. Transcutal suture distinct and broad. Scutellum suboval. Anapleural sulcus clearly incised. Propodeal-metapleural suture weakly incised. Propodeal dorsum in dorsal view broad, with straight lateral margins. Propodeal corner rounded; propodeal dorsum and declivity forming approximatively a 120 degree angle. Metasoma. Petiolar node in dorsal view thick and arched, broader than long, with broadly convex anterior margin, and slightly convex posterior margin (Fig. 42B). Petiolar node in lateral view subrectangular and moderately thick, with straight anterior and posterior margins (Fig. 42A). Subpetiolar process with large and oval fenestra, anteroventral corner blunt, ventral margin straight, and posteroventral corner concave with a pair of small teeth. The third abdominal segment similar to worker caste (ATI: 88). Sculpture. Similar to worker caste. Pubescence. Similar to worker caste. Color. Similar to worker caste. Description of male. Unknown. Distribution. Japan (Kagoshima Pref.). Remark. A specimen collected from KiuShiu, Shiroyama, Japan, is mistakenly labeled as a type of Ponera scabra at NHMB (AntWeb images, specimen CASENT0915299). Ponera scabra was described from Mt. Maya, Hyogo Prefecture, Japan. Santschi (1937: 364) identified the KiuShiu specimen as a gynecoid worker of P. scabra. However, this specimen can be easily identified as P. kohmoku Terayama, 1996 by the combination of the following characters: large compound eye (ca. 30 facets), distinct metanotal groove and subcircular petiolar node in dorsal view; in contrast to P. scabra, which has small compound eye (ca. 5 facets), an indistinct metanotal groove and an arched petiolar node in dorsal view. Thus, there are no records of gynecoid workers in Ponera after the exclusion of Santschi���s record., Published as part of Leong, Chi-Man, Gu��nard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng & Lin, Chung-Chi, 2019, Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species, pp. 1-86 in Zootaxa 4594 (1) on pages 36-39, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2667081, {"references":["Terayama, M. (1996) Taxonomic Studies on the Japanese Formicidae, Part 2 Seven Genera of Ponerinae, Cerapachyinae and Myrmicinae. Nature and Human Activities, 1, 9 - 32.","Santschi, F. (1937) Fourmis du Japon et de Formose. Bulletin et Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 361 - 388."]}

Ponera sinensis Wheeler, 1928 (Figs. 47, 48: worker; Fig. 49: dealate queen) Ponera sinensis Wheeler, 1928a: 6 (w.). Type locality: Hong Kong. Taylor, 1967: 53. Type material examined: HONG KONG. Holotype, worker, ��� X 11 24 ��� (MCZ: ENT20483) [images examined]. Non-type material examined: TAIWAN. 1 worker, Kenting Bot. G., Pingtung county, 12VIII1969, M Kubota leg (MCZ: ENT000594458). 3 workers, 24.0803��N; 121.0209��E, 762 m alt., Huisun, Nantoung county, 21 V 2016, CM Leong leg (CMPon074, CMPon075, CMPon076). 2 workers, Huisun, Nantoung county, 21 VI 1994, CC Lin leg (CMPon077; CMPon078). 4 workers, 24.9888��N; 121.6790��E, 300 m alt., Huangdidian, New Taipei city, 23 VI 2016, CM Leong (CMPon088, CMPon091; CMPon092, CMPon093). 4 workers and 1 dealate queen, 24.9673��N; 121.6185��E, 626 m alt., Ergeshan, New Taipei city, 23 VII 2016, via Winkler extractor, CM Leong leg (CMPon112, CMPon113, CMPon114, CMPon115, CMPon111). 3 workers, 25.0162��N; 121.5521��E, 34 m alt., Fujhoushan, Taipei city, 0 9 IX 2016, CM Leong (CMPon117, CMPon118, CMPon119). Measurements (mm) and indices. Holotype. Worker: HL 0.61; HW 0.55; SL 0.43; A06L 0.02; A07L 0.03; A08L 0.05; A09L 0.07; A10L 0.08; PrW 0.38; WL 0.82; PeH 0.39; PeNL 0.19; PeW 0.34; ATL N.A.; ATW N.A.; CI 90, SI 78, PeI 90, LPeI 50, DPeI 178, ATI N.A. [measured from images] Non-type specimens. Workers (n=16): HL 0.57���0.61; HW 0.49���0.56; SL 0.40���0.44; PrW 0.36���0.43; A06L 0.03; A07L 0.03; A08L 0.05; A09L 0.06; A10L 0.08; WL 0.73���0.88; PeH 0.38���0.45; PeNL 0.18���0.22; PeW 0.31���0.38; ATL 0.41���0.48; ATW 0.46���0.53; CI 86���94, SI 77���85, PeI 81���94, LPeI 46���54, DPeI 159���181, ATI 80���92. Non-type specimens. Queen (n=1): HL 0.64; HW 0.59; SL 0.47; A06L 0.03; A07L 0.04; A08L 0.05; A09L 0.07; A10L 0.09; PrW 0.54; WL 1.07; PeH 0.48; PeNL 0.24; PeW 0.44; ATL 0.56; ATW 0.66; CI 91, SI 80, PeI 83, LPeI 49, DPeI 188, ATI 85. Diagnosis (worker). Ponera sinensis is characterized by its antennal scape almost reaching the posterior corner of the head, a triangular petiolar node with a broadly convex posterior margin when observed in lateral view; and in dorsal view a petiolar node remarkably thin and arched. P onera sinensis presents similarities with P. tamon, P. oreas and P. guangxiensis, but P. sinensis can be distinguished by its remarkable thin petiolar node in dorsal view and triangular petiolar node in lateral view; with its dorsum forming an acute corner. Description of worker. Head. In full-face view, head subrectangular and longer than broad (CI: 86���94), with slightly concave posterior margin, moderately convex lateral margins, and broadly rounded posterolateral corners (Fig. 47C). Eye small; composed of a total of 4 to 7 indistinct facets. Anterior clypeal margin with distinct and blunt medial tooth. Masticatory margin of mandible edentate (Fig. 48D), but with three large teeth on the apical part (Fig. 48D). Antennal scape, when laid backward, with a remaining distance of about 5% of the scape length to the posterolateral corner; average ratio of the length of antennomeres = 1.16: 1.81: 2.55: 3.14 (n=17). Mesosoma. Mesosomal dorsum in lateral view slightly convex (Fig. 48A). Pronotum in dorsal view with well convex anterior margin and moderately convex lateral margins (Fig. 48B). Metanotal groove in dorsal view distinctly incised. Propodeal dorsum in dorsal view moderately broad, with straight lateral margins. Posterodorsal corner of propodeum in lateral view angular, propodeal dorsum and declivity forming approximatively a 120 degree angle. Metasoma. Petiolar node in dorsal view remarkably thin and arched, with broadly convex anterior margin, and moderately concave posterior margin. Petiolar node in lateral view (Fig. 48A), moderately thick and triangular, with straight anterior margin, broadly convex posterior margin, and dorsum forming an acute corner. Subpetiolar process with small and suboval/circular fenestra, anteroventral corner blunt, slightly concave ventral margin, and posteroventral corner concave with a pair of developed teeth. Third abdominal tergum distinctly broader than long (ATI: 80���92), with almost straight anterior and posterior margins. Sculpture. Head densely punctate. Mandible sparsely punctate. Pronotum and mesonotum evenly punctate. Mesopleuron with weakly striate lower portion and sparsely punctate upper portion. The portion contained between metapleuron and propodeum very smooth. Propodeal declivity smooth. Lateral face of petiole sparsely punctate, with smooth posterior face, dorsum with few punctures. The third and fourth abdominal segments evenly punctate, other segments smooth and shining with few punctures. Pubescence. Head with dense and short hairs. Mesosoma with evenly distributed short hairs; mesopleuron, metapleuron and propodeum with scattered short hairs. Petiolar node with scattered short hairs in lateral and anterior faces, posterior and dorsal faces with few short hairs. Dorsal and ventral faces of head, anterior margin of clypeus, sides of mandibles, dorsum of petiolar node, gastral sterna and posterior half of gastral terga with many long erect hairs. Subpetiolar process with a few long erect hairs. Color. Body color dark to dark brown. Mandible, clypeus, antennae, legs, and apex of gaster orange brown. Description of queen. Head. (Fig. 49C) Similar to worker caste, but with large and oval Eye, maximum diameter of each eye about 0.18 mm with 12 ommatidia along the maximum diameter. Three ocelli present and forming an equilateral triangle. Antennal scape similar to worker; average ratio of the length of antennomeres = 1.21: 1.59: 1.82: 2.31 (n=1). Mesosoma. Mesosomal dorsum in lateral view convex. Pronotum in dorsal view with broadly convex anterior margin, moderately convex lateral margins (Fig. 49B). Scutum subtrapezoidal and narrow posteriad, with moderately convex anterior margin and slightly convex posterior margin. Transcutal suture distinct. Scutellum subtrapezoidal. Anapleural sulcus superficially incised (Fig. 49A). Propodeal-metapleural suture very weakly incised. Propodeal dorsum in dorsal view broad with slightly concave lateral margins. Propodeal corner angular; propodeal dorsum and declivity forming approximatively a 115 degree angle. Metasoma. Petiolar node in dorsal view remarkably thin, with broadly convex anterior margin, moderately concave posterior margin. Petiolar node in lateral view thin and triangular, with straight anterior margin, well convex posterior margin, and dorsum forming an acute corner (Fig. 49A). Subpetiolar process with small and suboval fenestra, with anteroventral corner blunt, straight ventral margin, and posteroventral corner concave with small teeth. The third abdominal segment similar to worker caste (ATI: 85). Sculpture. Similar to worker caste; except metapleuron and lateral propodeum with increased puncture and striation. Pubescence. Similar to worker caste; except metapleuron and lateral propodeum with increased short decumbent hairs. Color. Similar to worker caste. Distribution. Guangxi, Hong Kong, Taiwan (new records from Nantou county: Huisun, Pingtung county: Kenting, New Taipei city: Huangdidian, Ergeshan, Taipei city: Fujhoushan), and Yunnan., Published as part of Leong, Chi-Man, Gu��nard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng & Lin, Chung-Chi, 2019, Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species, pp. 1-86 in Zootaxa 4594 (1) on pages 48-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2667081, {"references":["Taylor, R. W. (1967) A monographic revision of the ant genus Ponera Latreille (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Pacific Insects Monograph, 13, 1 - 112."]}

Ponera wui sp. n. http://zoobank.org/ 325D05C9-0F30-4151-8AEA-F0BC098BDEA3 (Figs. 65, 67: holotype worker; Figs. 66, 68: paratype worker; Figs. 69, 70: paratype dealate queen) Holotype. Worker. TAIWAN. Orchid Island, Taitung county, 11 IX 1997, WH Tsai leg (NMNS: CMPon029). Paratypes. TAIWAN. 2 alate queens, (NMNS: CMPon004; NIAES: CMPon030) and 3 workers, same collection data as holotype, NTU: CMPon002; NIAES: CMPon031; CAS: CMPon032). 1 worker, Orchid Island, Taitung county, 17 V 1997, WH Tsai leg (HKUBM: CMPon005). Measurements (mm) and indices. Holotype. Worker: HL 0.61; HW 0.51; SL 0.42; A06L 0.03; A07L 0.03; A08L 0.05; A09L 0.06; A10L 0.08; PrW 0.38; WL 0.85; PeH 0.38; PeNL 0.20; PeW 0.31; ATL 0.42; ATW 0.49; CI 83, SI 84, PeI 82, LPeI 51, DPeI 159, ATI 85. Paratype workers (n=4): HL 0.60–0.62; HW 0.49–0.52; SL 0.40–0.45; A06L 0.03; A07L 0.03; A08L 0.05; A09L 0.06; A10L 0.08; PrW 0.38–0.40; WL 0.80–0.86; PeH 0.39–0.41; PeNL 0.21–0.22; PeW 0.31–0.34; ATL 0.39–0.41; ATW 0.48–0.51; CI 81–84, SI 78–88, PeI 81–86, LPeI 52–57, DPeI 147–157, ATI 77–85. Paratype alate queens (n=2): HL 0.65–0.67; HW 0.54–0.56; SL 0.42–0.46; A06L 0.04; A07L 0.04; A08L 0.05; A09L 0.07; A10L 0.09; PrW 0.49–0.50; WL 0.95–0.99; PeH 0.46; PeNL 0.23–0.24; PeW 0.39–0.40; ATL 0.48–0.51; ATW 0.59–0.60; CI 82–83, SI 75–86, PeI 77–81, LPeI 50–52, DPeI 160–174, ATI 79–86. Diagnosis (worker). Ponera wui can be distinguished from other Asian Ponera species by the combination of the following characters: in P. wui, (1) the subpetiolar process has an acute and well-developed subpetiolar teeth, (2) the petiolar node is moderately thick and trapezoid, (3) the clypeal margin presents an acute median tooth, (4) the antennal scapes almost reach the posterior margin of head, and (5) in lateral view the propodeum is shining and smooth. Based on its morphology, Ponera wui is most similar to P. alisana, P. japonica, P. scabra, P. diodonta, P. chapmani and P. oreas. However, P. wui is distinct by the absence of a metanotal groove (strongly distinct in P. alisana, P. japonica, P. chapmani and P. oreas) and its thick petiolar node when observed in dorsal view (thin in P. diodonta). Also Ponera wui can be distinguished from P. scabra by its indistinctly incised mesopleural suture (Fig. 65B) and relatively thin petiolar node in lateral view (Fig. 65B), contrasting with the distinctly incised lateral mesopleural suture (Fig. 65A) and well thick petiolar node (Fig. 65A) of P. scabra. Description of worker. Head. In full-face view, head subrectangular and distinctly longer than broad (CI: 81–84), with almost straight posterior margin, convex lateral margins and bluntly rounded posterolateral corners (Fig. 66). Eye small; composed of a total of 4–5 indistinct facets (Fig. 67C). Anterior clypeal margin with distinctly acute medial tooth (Fig. 67A). Masticatory margin of mandibles with a series of about eight indistinct teeth (Fig. 67B) and three large teeth on the apical part. Antennal scape, when laid backward, with a remaining distance of about 5% of the scape length to the posterolateral corner; average ratio of the length of antennomeres = 1.42: 2.23: 2.74: 3.59 (n=5). Mesosoma. Mesosomal dorsum in lateral view convex (Fig. 68A). Pronotum in dorsal view arched, with convex lateral margins (Fig. 68B). Metanotal groove indistinct and almost obliterated (Fig. 69B). Propodeal dorsum in dorsal view moderately broad, with straight lateral margins. Lateral mesopleural suture indistinctly incised and almost obliterated (Fig. 69B). Posterodorsal corner in lateral view augular; propodeal dorsum and declivity forming approximatively a 130 degree angle. Metasoma. Petiolar node in dorsal view broader than long, with convex anterior margin, straight posterior margin, and broadly convex lateral margins (Fig. 68B). Petiolar node in lateral view moderately thick and trapezoidal, with straight anterior margin, slightly convex posterior margin, and broadly convex dorsum (Fig. 68A). Subpetiolar process with medium and oval fenestra, anteroventral corner blunt, and posteroventral corner concave with a pair of developed and acute teeth (Fig. 67D). The third abdominal tergum distinctly broader than long (ATI: 77–85) and moderately narrow anteriad, with slightly convex anterior and posterior margins, and slightly convex lateral margins. Sculpture. Head densely punctate (Fig. 67A). Mandible sparsely punctate (Fig. 67B). Mesosomal dorsum densely punctate. Mesopleuron with moderately striate lower portion, weakly striate and evenly punctate upper portion. Metapleuron with weakly striate lower portion and smooth upper portion (Fig. 69A). Lateral face of propodeum sparsely punctate. Propodeal declivity smooth. Lateral face of petiole with sparsely punctate, posterior face smooth, dorsum with few punctures. The third and fourth abdominal segments with evenly punctate, others segments smooth and shining with sparsely punctate. Pubescence. Head, antennae, mesosoma, petiole, and gaster with evenly distributed short hairs; but upper portion of metapleuron smooth and glabrous (Fig. 69A). Dorsal and ventral faces of head, anterior margin of clypeus, sides of mandibles, dorsum of petiolar node, gastral sterna and posterior half of gastral terga with numerous long erected hairs. Subpetiolar process with a few long erect hairs. Color. Color dark brown. Mandible, clypeus, antennae, legs, and apex of metasoma yellowish brown. Description of queen. Head. (Fig. 70A) Similar to worker caste, but with large and oval Eye, maximum diameter of eye about 0.18 mm with 8 ommatidia along the maximum diameter. Three ocelli present, and forming an equilateral triangle. Antennal scape similar to worker; average ratio of the length of antennomeres = 1.26: 2.09: 2.96: 4.15 (n=2). Mesosoma. Mesosomal dorsum in lateral view broadly convex (Fig. 71A). Pronotum in dorsal view arched, with broadly convex lateral margins. Scutum subtrapezoidal and narrow posteriad, with broadly convex anterior margin, and straight posterior margin (Fig. 71B). Transcutal suture distinct. Scutellum oval. Anapleural sulcus distinctly incised. Propodeal-metapleural suture indistinct. Propodeal dorsum broad, with straight lateral margins. Propodeal corner in lateral view round; propodeal dorsum and declivity forming approximatively a 120 degree angle. Metasoma. Petiolar node in dorsal view thick and subrectangular, distinctly broader than long, with slightly convex anterior margin, straight posterior margin, slightly convex lateral margins. Petiolar node in lateral view moderately thick and subtrapezoidal, with straight anterior and posterior margins (Fig. 71A). Subpetiolar process with middle and oval fenestra, anteroventral corner blunt, straight ventral margin, and posteroventral corner concave with big teeth. The third abdominal segment similar to worker caste (ATI: 79–86). Sculpture. Similar to worker caste; except lateral propodeum with increased puncture and striation. Pubescence. Similar to worker caste; except lateral propodeum with increased short decumbent hairs. Wing. Forewing (Fig. 70B): Rsf1 and Mf1 forming a blunt angle; Rsf short, Mf1 distinctly straight. Mf2 very short; almost absent, Rs+M with second abscissa distad 1m-cu, cell dc1 rectangular. 2rs-m juncture with Rsf4 distad 2r-rs. Mf1 diverging from M+Cu distad cu-a. Cell smc2 distinctly shorter than cell mc1. Hindwing (Fig. 70C): A vein reaching wing outer margin, but Rsf, Cuf, Mf almost reaching outer margin. Color. Similar to worker caste. Etymology. The specific name is given in honor of the Taiwanese entomologist, Dr. Wen-Jer Wu for his contribution to the entomological research in Taiwan. Distribution. Taiwan (Taitung county: Orchid Island).

Ponera yuhuang Terayama, 2009 (Fig. 72: worker) Ponera yuhuang Terayama, 2009: 110 (w.). Type locality: Yilan Pref.: Nanshan-Anleng. Type material examined: TAIWAN. Holotype. Worker, Nanshan-Anleng, Yilan Pref., 28 VII to 2 VIII 1988 (NIAES). Note that ���Nanshan-Aleng��� mean Nanshan to Anleng, Taiwan, holotype specimen was collected by the members of the Japanese Society of Soil Zoology using Berlese funnel (per. comm. Dr. Maromu Terayama). Non-type material examined: TAIWAN. 2 workers, 24.39��N; 121.67��E, 1300 m alt., Mysterious Lake, Yilan county, 6 V 1995, CC Lin leg (CMPon027, CMPon028). Measurements (mm) and indices. Holotype. worker: HL 0.45; HW 0.37; SL 0.29; A06L 0.02; A07L 0.02; A08L 0.03; A09L 0.05; A10L 0.06; PrW 0.29; WL 0.62; PeH 0.28; PeNL 0.14; PeW 0.21; ATL 0.34; ATW 0.41; CI 83, SI 78, PeI 71, LPeI 51, DPeI 148, ATI 83. Worker (n=1): HL 0.46; HW 0.37; SL 0.27; A06L 0.02; A07L 0.02; A08L 0.03; A09L 0.04; A10L 0.06; PrW 0.30; WL 0.62; PeH 0.31; PeNL 0.15; PeW 0.25; ATL 0.33; ATW 0.39; CI 81, SI 73, PeI 82, LPeI 49, DPeI 159, ATI 85. Diagnosis (worker). Although Ponera yuhuang presents similarities with P. bishamon, P. japonica, and P. taiyanghen, it can be distinguished by its four segmented club and its subpetiolar process without distinct teeth. Description of worker. Head. In full-face view, head rectangular and distinctly longer than broad (CI: 81���83), with slightly concave posterior margin, slightly convex lateral margins and rounded posterolateral corners (Fig. 72C). Eye small; composed of a total of 2���3 indistinct facets. Anterior clypeal margin with very blunt medial tooth. Masticatory margin of mandible with a series of about seven indistinct denticles, and three large on the apical part. Antennal scape, when laid backward, with a remaining distance of about 20% of the scape length to the posterolateral corner; average ratio of the length of antennomeres = 1.00: 1.35: 2.38: 3.47 (n=2). Mesosoma. Mesosomal dorsum in lateral view convex (Fig. 72A). Pronotum in dorsal view arched, with acutely convex anterior margin and slightly convex lateral margins (Fig. 72B). Metanotal groove distinct with a fine suture. Lateral mesopleural suture distinctly incised. Propodeal dorsum in dorsal view broad with straight and parallel lateral margins. Posterodorsal corner of propodeum rounded, propodeal dorsum and declivity forming approximatively a 125 angle. Metasoma. Petiolar node in dorsal view thick and arched, with moderately convex anterior margin and straight posterior margin (Fig. 72B). Petiolar node in lateral view moderately thick and rectangular, with straight anterior and posterior margins, anterodorsal corner forming a right angle, anterodorsal corner as high as posterodorsal corner (Fig. 72A). Subpetiolar process with small and circular fenestra, anteroventral corner blunt, almost straight ventral margin, posterovental corner concave without distinct teeth. Third abdominal tergum distinctly broader than long (ATI: 85) with straight anterior and posterior margins, straight lateral margins. Sculpture. Head densely punctate. Mandible sparsely punctate. Mesosoma evenly punctate. Mesopleuron with slightly striate lower portion and sparsely punctate upper portion. Metapleuron and propodeum densely striate, but especially smooth in the portion contained between metapleuron and propodeum. Propodeal declivity smooth and shining. Lateral face of petiole evenly punctate, posterior face shining, dorsum with few punctures. The third and fourth abdominal segments evenly punctate, other segments smooth and shining with few punctures. Pubescence. Head, antennae, mesosoma, petiole, and gaster with evenly distributed short hairs. Mesopleuron, metapleuron, propodeum and lateral face of petiole with few short hairs. Dorsal and ventral faces of head, anterior margin of clypeus, sides of mandibles, dorsum of petiolar node, gastral sterna and posterior half of gastral terga with many long erect hairs. Subpetiolar process with a few long erect hairs. Color. Body color black brown. Mandible, clypeus, antennae, legs, and apex of metasoma lighter. Description of queen. Unknown. Description of male. Unknown. Distribution. Taiwan (Yilan county: Mysterious Lake). Remarks. P. yuhuang was described from a single specimen, for which the external morphology cannot be clearly observed. We redescribed P. yuhuang based on the holotype and additional specimens. Although P. yuhuang is closely related to P. taiyangshen, differences in the antennal segment ratios and the form of the subpetiolar teeth can demonstrate that they are separated species., Published as part of Leong, Chi-Man, Gu��nard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng & Lin, Chung-Chi, 2019, Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species, pp. 1-86 in Zootaxa 4594 (1) on pages 77-83, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2667081, {"references":["Terayama, M. (2009) A synopsis of the family Formicidae of Taiwan (Insecta, Hymenoptera). Research Bulletin of Kanto Gakuen University, Liberal Arts, 17, 81 - 266."]}

Ponera tamon Terayama, 1996 (Fig. 55: worker; Fig. 56: dealate queen) Ponera tamon Terayama, 1996: 11 (w. q.). Type locality: Japan, Kagoshima Pref., Anami-oshima, Uken-son. Type material examined: JAPAN. Paratypes, 2 workers, Okinoerabu-jima, Kagoshima Pref., 17 III 1989, M Terayama leg (MTC). 1 worker, Sonai, Iriomote-jima, Okinawa Pref., 31 III 1 985, M Terayama leg (MTC: LCM_MT-Ponera-25). 1 dealate queen and 2 workers, Uken-son, Amami-oshima, Kagoshima Pref., 1 VII 1983, M Terayama leg (MTC: LCM_MT-Ponera-26, LCM_MT-Ponera-28). 3 workers, Nago, Okinawai Is., 3 X 1984, M Terayama leg (MTC: LCM_MT-Ponera-27). 9 workers, Sumiyo-son, Amami-oshima, Kagoshima Pref., VII 1983, M Terayama (MTC: LCM_MT-Ponera-29, LCM_MT-Ponera-30, LCM_MT-Ponera-31, LCM_MT-Ponera-32). Non-type material examined: JAPAN. 4 workers and 1 dealate queen, Okuyona forest road, Okinawa Pref., 20IV2001, CC Lin leg (CMPon175, CMPon176, CMPon177, CMPon178, CMPon179). 2 workers, Naha, Okinawa Pref., 18 IV 2001, CC Lin leg (CMPon180, CMPon181). 1 worker, Aminoko-toge, Setouchi-cho, Amami-Oshima Island, Kagoshima Pref., 26 I 2008, Sk Yamane leg (CMPon169). TAIWAN. 2 workers, Taroko Nat. Par. (Wenshan), Hualien county, 23 I 1989, CC Lin leg (CMPon68; CMPon69). 1 worker and 1 dealate queen, 23.3549��N; 121.1867��E, Maravi, Hualien county, 31 X 2016, WH Lin leg (CMPon161, CMPon162). Measurements (mm) and indices. Workers (n=22): HL 0.51���0.59; HW 0.44���0.52; SL 0.32���0.41; A06L 0.02; A07L 0.03; A08L 0.04; A09L 0.06; A10L 0.07; PrW 0.33���0.40; WL 0.66���0.84; PeH 0.30���0.42; PeNL 0.16���0.21; PeW 0.26���0.33; ATL 0.37���0.45; ATW 0.41���0.52; CI 83���91, SI 71���86, PeI 74���87, LPeI 46���55, DPeI 152���184, ATI 76���93. Queens (n=3): HL 0.59���0.61; HW 0.52���0.55; SL 0.40���0.45; A06L 0.03; A07L 0.03; A08L 0.05; A09L 0.06; A10L 0.08; PrW 0.44���0.50; WL 0.88���1.11; PeH 0.33���0.47; PeNL 0.19���0.21; PeW 0.27���0.39; ATL 0.40���0.54; ATW 0.46���0.65; CI 89���92, SI 77���81, PeI 65���80, LPeI 45���57, DPeI 150���185, ATI 84���90. Diagnosis (worker). Ponera tamon can be easily by its short antennal scape not reaching the posterior margin of the head, a clypeus with blunt medial tooth, a metanotal groove distinctly visible, a subtriangular petiolar node when observed in lateral view with a moderately convex posterior margin, and its brown body color. Description of worker. Head. In full-face view, head structure subrectangular and slightly longer than broad (CI: 84���91), with slightly convex posterior margin, moderately convex lateral margins and broadly rounded posterolateral corners (Fig. 55C). Eye small; composed of a total of 4 to 5 indistinct facets. Anterior clypeal margin with blunt medial tooth. Masticatory margin of mandible with a series of about ten indistinct denticles, and three large teeth on the apical part. Antennal scape, when laid backward, with a remaining distance of about 5% of the scape length to the posterolateral corner; average ratio of the length of antennomeres = 1.17: 1.89: 2.41: 3.08 (n=22). Mesosoma. Mesosomal dorsum in lateral view convex (Fig. 55A). Pronotum in dorsal view with acutely convex anterior margin, and convex lateral margins (Fig. 55B). Metanotal groove distinctly incised with fine suture. Lateral mesopleural suture weakly incised. Propodeal dorsum in dorsal view broad, with straight lateral margins. Propodeal corner in lateral view rounded; propodeal dorsum and declivity forming approximatively a 115 degree angle. Metasoma. Petiolar node in dorsal view arched and moderately thin, with broadly convex anterior margin, and slightly convex posterior margin (Fig. 55B). Petiolar node in lateral view subtriangular and moderately thick, with straight anterior margin, and moderately convex posterior margin; with distinct projection on posterodorsal corner, dorsum forming a blunt angle (Fig. 55A). Subpetiolar process with small and circular fenestra, anteroventral corner blunt, concave ventral margin with small teeth. Third abdominal tergum generally broader than long (ATI: 76���93), with slightly convex anterior margin, almost straight lateral margins. Sculpture. Head densely punctate. Mandible sparsely punctate. Mesosoma evenly punctate. Mesopleuron with weakly striate lower portion and sparsely punctate upper portion. Metapleuron with weakly striate lower portion and smooth upper portion. Propodeal declivity smooth and shining. Lateral face of petiole evenly punctate, posterior face smooth, dorsum with few punctures. The third and fourth abdominal segments evenly punctate, other segments with few punctures. Pubescence. Head, antennae, mesosoma, petiole, and gaster with evenly distributed short hairs. Mesopleuron, metapleuron, propodeum and lateral face of petiole with few short hairs, and with glabrous upper portion of mesopleuron. Dorsal and ventral faces of head, anterior margin of clypeus, sides of mandibles, dorsum of petiolar node, gastral sterna and posterior half of gastral terga with many long erect hairs. Subpetiolar process with a few long erect hairs. Color. Body color brown. Mandible, clypeus, antennae, legs, and apex of metasoma lighter. Description of queen. Head. (Fig. 56C) Similar to worker caste, but with large and oval Eye, maximum diameter of each eye about 0.13 mm with 10 ommatidia along the maximum diameter. Three ocelli present, and forming an equilateral triangle. Antennal scape similar to worker; average ratio of the length of antennomeres = 1.22: 1.74: 2.16: 2.75 (n=3). Mesosoma. Mesosomal dorsum in lateral view broadly convex (Fig. 56A). Pronotum in dorsal view with convex anterior margin, and broadly convex lateral margins (Fig. 56B). Scutum subtrapezoidal, narrow posteriad, with broadly convex anterior margin, and concave posterior margin. Transcutal suture distinct and broad. Scutellum subrectangular. Anapleural sulcus clearly incised. Propodeal-metapleural suture indistinct. Propodeal dorsum in dorsal view broad, with straight lateral margins. Propodeal corner rounded and almost forming approximatively 115 degree angle. Metasoma. Petiolar node in dorsal view oval and moderately thin, broader than long, with broadly convex anterior margin, and slightly convex posterior margin (Fig. 56B). Petiolar node in lateral view subconical and moderately thick, moderately convex anterior and posterior margins, dorsum well convex (Fig. 56A). Subpetiolar process with small and circular fenestra, anteroventral corner blunt, concave ventral margin, and posteroventral corner concave with a pair of small teeth. The third abdominal segment similar to worker caste (ATI: 105). Sculpture. Similar to worker caste. Pubescence. Similar to worker caste. Color. Similar to worker caste. Description of male. Unknown. Distribution. Japan (Kyushu, Okinawa Is., Satsunan Is., and Yaeyama Is.) and Taiwan (Taitung county: Maravi and Wenshan)., Published as part of Leong, Chi-Man, Gu��nard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng & Lin, Chung-Chi, 2019, Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species, pp. 1-86 in Zootaxa 4594 (1) on pages 61-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2667081, {"references":["Terayama, M. (1996) Taxonomic Studies on the Japanese Formicidae, Part 2 Seven Genera of Ponerinae, Cerapachyinae and Myrmicinae. Nature and Human Activities, 1, 9 - 32."]}

Ponera alisana Terayama, 1986 (Fig. 31: worker; Figs. 32, 33: dealate queen; Figs. 34, 35: male) Ponera alisana Terayama, 1986: 591 (w. q.). Type locality: Taiwan, Chiayi Hsien, Fenchihu. Yoshimura et al. 2009: 198 (w. q.). Type material examined: TAIWAN. Paratypes, 1 worker and 1 alate queen, Chiayi county, Fenchihu, ca. 1400 m alt., 3 III 1980, M Terayama leg (TARI), 1 worker and 1 alate queen, same collecting data (NIAES). Non-type material examined: TAIWAN. 3 workers, 6 alate queens and 1 male, Chiayi county, Fenchihu, ca. 1400 m alt., 8 X 1997, WH Tsai leg (NTU: CMPon046, CMPon047, CMPon048, CMPon049, CMPon050, CMPon051, CMPon052, CMPon053, CMPon054, CMPon055). Measurements (mm) and indices. Workers (n=4): HL 0.76���0.81; HW 0.62���0.65; SL 0.61���0.66; A06L 0.05; A07L 0.06; A08L 0.09; A09L 0.10; A10L 0.11; PrW 0.45���0.53; WL 1.05���1.16; PeH 0.45���0.49; PeNL 0.24���0.27; PeW 0.35���0.38; ATL 0.53���0.55; ATW 0.61���0.65; CI 78���83, SI 98���105, PeI 70���79, LPeI 51���60, DPeI 141���151, ATI 85���89. Queens (n=6): HL 0.82���0.84; HW 0.65���0.70; SL 0.64���72; A06L 0.06; A07L 0.07; A08L 0.09; A09L 0.10; A10L 0.12; PrW 0.60���0.65; WL 1.28���1.32; PeH 0.53���0.56; PeNL 0.25���0.29; PeW 0.42���0.43; ATL 0.62���0.64; ATW 0.72���79; CI 79���83, SI 103���106, PeI 66���72, LPeI 45���52, DPeI 146���171, ATI 81���87. Male (n=1): HL 0.62; HW 0.55; SL 0.06; PrW 0.77; WL 1.27; PeH 0.37; PeNL 0.20; PeW 0.30; ATL 0.62; ATW 0.60; CI 88, SI 11, PeI 39, LPeI 53, DPeI 151, ATI 104. Diagnosis (worker). This large species (HW: 0.58���0.65 mm) is characterized by a long antennal scape exceeding the posterior margin of the head; a clypeus with acute medial tooth; a subpetiolar process with large teeth; and a deeply incised metanotal groove. Ponera alisana presents similarities with P. nangonshan but can be distinguished from the latter by the long antennal scape, which exceeds the posterior margin of head and the presence of an acute medial tooth on the clypeus (blunt medial tooth in P. nangonshan). Description of worker. Head. In full-face view, head subrectangular and distinctly longer than broad (CI: 78���83), with concave posterior margin, convex lateral margins and strongly rounded posterolateral corners (Fig. 31C). Eye small; composed of a total of 3���4 indistinct facets. Anterior clypeal margin with strong and acute medial tooth. Masticatory margin of mandible with a series of about 15 indistinct denticles, and three large teeth on the apical part. Antennal scape, when laid backward, exceeding by about 10% of the scape length past the posterodorsal corner; average ratio of the length of antennomeres = 1.19: 1.93: 2.17: 2.26 (n=4). Mesosoma. Mesosomal dorsum in lateral view almost straight (Fig. 31A). Pronotum in dorsal view with acutely convex anterior margin, and broadly convex lateral margins (Fig. 31B). Metanotal groove in dorsal view and lateral view strongly and broadly incised. Lateral mesopleural suture in lateral view deeply incised. Propodeal dorsum in dorsal view broad with straight lateral margins, narrow anteriad. Posterodorsal corner of propodeum in lateral view angular, propodeal dorsum and declivity forming approximatively a 120 degree angle. Metasoma. Petiolar node in dorsal view thick and arched, with slightly convex anterior margin, almost straight posterior margin, and broadly convex lateral margins (Fig. 31B). Petiolar node in lateral view moderately thick and rectangular, with straight anterior and posterior margins, and slightly convex dorsum, posterodorsal corner higher than anterodorsal corner (Fig. 31A). Subpetiolar process with big and oval fenestra, anteroventral corner blunt, concave ventral margin, and posteroventral corner concave with a pair of developed teeth. Third abdominal tergum distinctly broader than long (ATI: 85���89), with straight anterior margin and slightly convex lateral margins. Sculpture. Head densely punctate. Mandible sparsely punctate. Pronotum and mesonotum evenly punctate. Mesopleuron and metapleuron weakly striate. Propodeal dorsum sparsely punctate. Propodeum in lateral view with weakly striate lower portion and evenly punctate upper portion. Propodeal declivity smooth with few punctures. Lateral and anterior faces of petiole evenly punctate, smooth posterior face, dorsum with few punctures. The third and fourth abdominal segments evenly punctate, other segments smooth and shining with few punctures. Pubescence. Head, antennae, mesosoma, petiole, and gaster with evenly distributed short hairs; mesopleuron, metapleuron, propodeum and lateral face of petiole with scattered short hairs. Dorsal and ventral faces of head, anterior margin of clypeus, sides of mandibles, dorsum of petiolar node and gaster with many long erect hairs. Subpetiolar process with a few long erect hairs. Color. Body color reddish brown. Mandible, clypeus, antennae, legs, and apex of gaster lighter. Description of queen. Head. (Fig. 32C) Similar to worker caste, but with large and oval eye, maximum diameter of each eye about 0.20 mm with 11 ommatidia along the maximum diameter. Three ocelli present, and forming an equilateral triangle. Antennal scape similar to worker; average ratio of the length of antennomeres = 1.20: 1.54: 1.82: 2.07 (n=6). Mesosoma. Mesosomal dorsum in lateral view broadly convex (Fig. 32A). Pronotum in dorsal view with acutely convex anterior margin and broadly convex lateral margins (Fig. 32B). Scutum subtrapezoidal and narrow posteriad, with moderately convex anterior margin and straight posterior margin. Transcutal suture distinct. Scutellum oval. Anapleural sulcus distinctly incised. Propodeal-metapleural suture indistinct. Propodeal dorsum in dorsal view broad with straight lateral margins. Propodeal corner in lateral view angular; propodeal dorsum and declivity forming approximatively 115 degree angle. Metasoma. Petiolar node in dorsal view thin and broader than long, with broadly convex anterior margin and slightly convex posterior margin (Fig. 32B). Petiolar node in lateral view thin and trapezoidal, with straight anterior and posterior margins; posterodorsal corner higher than anterodorsal corner (Fig. 32A). Subpetiolar process with big and oval fenestra, anteroventral corner blunt, distinctly concave ventral margin, and posteroventral corner concave with a pair of developed teeth. The third abdominal segment similar to worker caste (ATI: 81���87). Sculpture. Similar to worker caste; except metapleuron and lateral propodeum with increased puncture and striation. Pubescence. Similar to worker caste; except metapleuron and lateral propodeum with increased short decumbent hairs. Wing. Forewing (Fig. 33A): Rsf1 and Mf1 forming a blunt angle; Rsf1 long, Mf1 distinctly straight. Mf2 long and straight, Rs+M juncture Mf2 with distad 1m-cu, cell dc1 subrectangular. 2rs-m juncture with Rsf4 distad 2r-rs; Rsf4 and Rsf2���3 with triangular gap. Mf1 diverging from M+Cu distad cu-a. Cell smc2 distinctly shorter than cell mc1. Hindwing (Fig. 33B): A vein reaching wing outer margin, but Rsf, Cuf, Mf almost reaching outer margin. Color. Similar to worker caste. Description of male. Head. In full-face view, head circular and longer than broad (CI: 88), excluding eye (Fig. 34C). Three ocelli present, and forming an equilateral triangle. Compound eye in lateral view big and oval, with convex anterior margin and straight posterior margin, the maximum diameter of each eye about 0.28 mm with 20 ommatidia along the maximum diameter. Labrum suboval, with convex anterior margin, and as long as the mandible. Palpal formula 4, 2; third maxillary palpomere slightly shorter than fourth maxillary palpomere; second labial palpomere broader than first labial palpomere, and 1/3 times as long as first labial palpomere. Mandible subtriangular with convex medial margin and straight lateral margins, masticatory margin edentate with sharp apex. A total of 13 antennal segments, scape short; the average ratio of the length of antennomeres approximately 1 st to 13 th = 1.0: 1.3: 4.1: 3.4: 3.9: 3.7: 3.7: 3.7: 4.2: 3.6: 3.6: 3.6: 5.9 from base (n=1). Mesosoma. Mesosomal dorsum in lateral view uneven, with sub-right anterior corner (Fig. 34A). Scutum in dorsal view well-developed and large, with broadly convex anterior margin, slightly convex lateral and posterior margins (Fig. 34B). Scutum in lateral view broadly convex. Transcutal suture distinct and broad. Scutellum subcircular. Anapleural sulcus distinctly and clearly incised. Propodeal-metapleural suture weakly incised. Propodeal dorsum in dorsal view broad. Propodeal corner in lateral view angular; propodeal dorsum and declivity forming approximatively a 130 degree angle. Each fore, middle and hind leg bearing one pectinate tibial spur. Metasoma. Petiolar node in dorsal view thin, and broader than long. Petiolar node in lateral view look subtriangular (broken), with straight and sloping anterior and posterior margins (Fig. 34A). Subpetiolar process subtriangular without fenestra. Third abdominal tergum arched (ATI: 64), and third abdominal sternum prior with a small spine. Helcium broad and crossribbed. Pygidium triangular, apex forming a median spine. Hypopygium subtriangular. Sculpture. Head sparely punctate. Pronotum in dorsal view with abundance short striae forming two striped lines, with longitudinal striate on their posterior portion. Posterior portion of scutum with longitudinal striae. Anepisternum evenly punctate. Katepisternum and mesopleuron with scattered striae. Posterodorsal portion of propodeum evenly punctate. Propodeal declivity smooth with few punctures. Dorsal face of petiole smooth evenly punctate, smooth posterior face. The third and fourth abdominal segments with sparsely punctate, other segments smooth and shining with few punctures. Pubescence. Body with evenly distributed short hairs. Dorsal and ventral faces of head, anterior margin of clypeus, sides of mandibles, dorsum of petiolar node and gaster with many long erect hairs. Subpetiolar process with a few long erect hairs. Wing. Similar to gyne caste, except for Cu1f1 slightly convex in forewing (Figs. 33, 35). Color. Body color reddish brown; mandible, antennae, legs, and apex of gaster lighter. Distribution. Japan (Yakushima Island), Taiwan (Chiyai county: Fenchihu)., Published as part of Leong, Chi-Man, Gu��nard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng & Lin, Chung-Chi, 2019, Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species, pp. 1-86 in Zootaxa 4594 (1) on pages 21-27, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2667081, {"references":["Terayama, M. (1986) Two new ants of the genus Ponera (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from Taiwan. Kontyu, 54, 591 - 595.","Yoshimura, M., Hosoishi, S., Kuboki, Y., Onoyama, K. & Ogata, K. (2009) New synonym and new Japanese record of the ant genus Ponera (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Entomological Science, 12, 194 - 201. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1479 - 8298.2009.00325. x"]}

Ponera wui sp. n. http://zoobank.org/ 325D05C9-0F30-4151-8AEA-F0BC098BDEA3 (Figs. 65, 67: holotype worker; Figs. 66, 68: paratype worker; Figs. 69, 70: paratype dealate queen) Holotype. Worker. TAIWAN. Orchid Island, Taitung county, 11 IX 1997, WH Tsai leg (NMNS: CMPon029). Paratypes. TAIWAN. 2 alate queens, (NMNS: CMPon004; NIAES: CMPon030) and 3 workers, same collection data as holotype, NTU: CMPon002; NIAES: CMPon031; CAS: CMPon032). 1 worker, Orchid Island, Taitung county, 17 V 1997, WH Tsai leg (HKUBM: CMPon005). Measurements (mm) and indices. Holotype. Worker: HL 0.61; HW 0.51; SL 0.42; A06L 0.03; A07L 0.03; A08L 0.05; A09L 0.06; A10L 0.08; PrW 0.38; WL 0.85; PeH 0.38; PeNL 0.20; PeW 0.31; ATL 0.42; ATW 0.49; CI 83, SI 84, PeI 82, LPeI 51, DPeI 159, ATI 85. Paratype workers (n=4): HL 0.60���0.62; HW 0.49���0.52; SL 0.40���0.45; A06L 0.03; A07L 0.03; A08L 0.05; A09L 0.06; A10L 0.08; PrW 0.38���0.40; WL 0.80���0.86; PeH 0.39���0.41; PeNL 0.21���0.22; PeW 0.31���0.34; ATL 0.39���0.41; ATW 0.48���0.51; CI 81���84, SI 78���88, PeI 81���86, LPeI 52���57, DPeI 147���157, ATI 77���85. Paratype alate queens (n=2): HL 0.65���0.67; HW 0.54���0.56; SL 0.42���0.46; A06L 0.04; A07L 0.04; A08L 0.05; A09L 0.07; A10L 0.09; PrW 0.49���0.50; WL 0.95���0.99; PeH 0.46; PeNL 0.23���0.24; PeW 0.39���0.40; ATL 0.48���0.51; ATW 0.59���0.60; CI 82���83, SI 75���86, PeI 77���81, LPeI 50���52, DPeI 160���174, ATI 79���86. Diagnosis (worker). Ponera wui can be distinguished from other Asian Ponera species by the combination of the following characters: in P. wui, (1) the subpetiolar process has an acute and well-developed subpetiolar teeth, (2) the petiolar node is moderately thick and trapezoid, (3) the clypeal margin presents an acute median tooth, (4) the antennal scapes almost reach the posterior margin of head, and (5) in lateral view the propodeum is shining and smooth. Based on its morphology, Ponera wui is most similar to P. alisana, P. japonica, P. scabra, P. diodonta, P. chapmani and P. oreas. However, P. wui is distinct by the absence of a metanotal groove (strongly distinct in P. alisana, P. japonica, P. chapmani and P. oreas) and its thick petiolar node when observed in dorsal view (thin in P. diodonta). Also Ponera wui can be distinguished from P. scabra by its indistinctly incised mesopleural suture (Fig. 65B) and relatively thin petiolar node in lateral view (Fig. 65B), contrasting with the distinctly incised lateral mesopleural suture (Fig. 65A) and well thick petiolar node (Fig. 65A) of P. scabra. Description of worker. Head. In full-face view, head subrectangular and distinctly longer than broad (CI: 81���84), with almost straight posterior margin, convex lateral margins and bluntly rounded posterolateral corners (Fig. 66). Eye small; composed of a total of 4���5 indistinct facets (Fig. 67C). Anterior clypeal margin with distinctly acute medial tooth (Fig. 67A). Masticatory margin of mandibles with a series of about eight indistinct teeth (Fig. 67B) and three large teeth on the apical part. Antennal scape, when laid backward, with a remaining distance of about 5% of the scape length to the posterolateral corner; average ratio of the length of antennomeres = 1.42: 2.23: 2.74: 3.59 (n=5). Mesosoma. Mesosomal dorsum in lateral view convex (Fig. 68A). Pronotum in dorsal view arched, with convex lateral margins (Fig. 68B). Metanotal groove indistinct and almost obliterated (Fig. 69B). Propodeal dorsum in dorsal view moderately broad, with straight lateral margins. Lateral mesopleural suture indistinctly incised and almost obliterated (Fig. 69B). Posterodorsal corner in lateral view augular; propodeal dorsum and declivity forming approximatively a 130 degree angle. Metasoma. Petiolar node in dorsal view broader than long, with convex anterior margin, straight posterior margin, and broadly convex lateral margins (Fig. 68B). Petiolar node in lateral view moderately thick and trapezoidal, with straight anterior margin, slightly convex posterior margin, and broadly convex dorsum (Fig. 68A). Subpetiolar process with medium and oval fenestra, anteroventral corner blunt, and posteroventral corner concave with a pair of developed and acute teeth (Fig. 67D). The third abdominal tergum distinctly broader than long (ATI: 77���85) and moderately narrow anteriad, with slightly convex anterior and posterior margins, and slightly convex lateral margins. Sculpture. Head densely punctate (Fig. 67A). Mandible sparsely punctate (Fig. 67B). Mesosomal dorsum densely punctate. Mesopleuron with moderately striate lower portion, weakly striate and evenly punctate upper portion. Metapleuron with weakly striate lower portion and smooth upper portion (Fig. 69A). Lateral face of propodeum sparsely punctate. Propodeal declivity smooth. Lateral face of petiole with sparsely punctate, posterior face smooth, dorsum with few punctures. The third and fourth abdominal segments with evenly punctate, others segments smooth and shining with sparsely punctate. Pubescence. Head, antennae, mesosoma, petiole, and gaster with evenly distributed short hairs; but upper portion of metapleuron smooth and glabrous (Fig. 69A). Dorsal and ventral faces of head, anterior margin of clypeus, sides of mandibles, dorsum of petiolar node, gastral sterna and posterior half of gastral terga with numerous long erected hairs. Subpetiolar process with a few long erect hairs. Color. Color dark brown. Mandible, clypeus, antennae, legs, and apex of metasoma yellowish brown. Description of queen. Head. (Fig. 70A) Similar to worker caste, but with large and oval Eye, maximum diameter of eye about 0.18 mm with 8 ommatidia along the maximum diameter. Three ocelli present, and forming an equilateral triangle. Antennal scape similar to worker; average ratio of the length of antennomeres = 1.26: 2.09: 2.96: 4.15 (n=2). Mesosoma. Mesosomal dorsum in lateral view broadly convex (Fig. 71A). Pronotum in dorsal view arched, with broadly convex lateral margins. Scutum subtrapezoidal and narrow posteriad, with broadly convex anterior margin, and straight posterior margin (Fig. 71B). Transcutal suture distinct. Scutellum oval. Anapleural sulcus distinctly incised. Propodeal-metapleural suture indistinct. Propodeal dorsum broad, with straight lateral margins. Propodeal corner in lateral view round; propodeal dorsum and declivity forming approximatively a 120 degree angle. Metasoma. Petiolar node in dorsal view thick and subrectangular, distinctly broader than long, with slightly convex anterior margin, straight posterior margin, slightly convex lateral margins. Petiolar node in lateral view moderately thick and subtrapezoidal, with straight anterior and posterior margins (Fig. 71A). Subpetiolar process with middle and oval fenestra, anteroventral corner blunt, straight ventral margin, and posteroventral corner concave with big teeth. The third abdominal segment similar to worker caste (ATI: 79���86). Sculpture. Similar to worker caste; except lateral propodeum with increased puncture and striation. Pubescence. Similar to worker caste; except lateral propodeum with increased short decumbent hairs. Wing. Forewing (Fig. 70B): Rsf1 and Mf1 forming a blunt angle; Rsf short, Mf1 distinctly straight. Mf2 very short; almost absent, Rs+M with second abscissa distad 1m-cu, cell dc1 rectangular. 2rs-m juncture with Rsf4 distad 2r-rs. Mf1 diverging from M+Cu distad cu-a. Cell smc2 distinctly shorter than cell mc1. Hindwing (Fig. 70C): A vein reaching wing outer margin, but Rsf, Cuf, Mf almost reaching outer margin. Color. Similar to worker caste. Etymology. The specific name is given in honor of the Taiwanese entomologist, Dr. Wen-Jer Wu for his contribution to the entomological research in Taiwan. Distribution. Taiwan (Taitung county: Orchid Island)., Published as part of Leong, Chi-Man, Gu��nard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng & Lin, Chung-Chi, 2019, Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species, pp. 1-86 in Zootaxa 4594 (1) on pages 72-77, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2667081