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The proportion of older people in the population is rapidly increasing, both nationally and globally. This demographic shift poses some pressing practical challenges for governments as they seek to provide care for an ageing population; but in addition, it raises sociocultural and theological questions about how the role and significance of older people is understood in contemporary developed economies. In response to these challenges, the present paper attempts to identify the outlines of an emerging Catholic Social Teaching on Old Age in the encyclicals and words of the last three popes. Two key themes are identified which inform a distinctive Catholic perspective on old age. These are the continuing pilgrimage, role and contribution of older people to the end of life on the one hand’ and their challenge to the values of a ‘throwaway culture’ on the other. The foundational significance of these themes for an emerging Catholic witness form the basis for the concluding recommendations.

The last few decades have witnessed a global rise in the number of older individuals. Despite this demographic shift, morbidity within this population group is high. Many factors influence healthspan; however, an obesity pandemic is emerging as a significant determinant of older people’s health. It is well established that obesity adversely affects several metabolic systems. However, due to its close association with overall cardiometabolic health, the impact that obesity has on cholesterol metabolism needs to be recognised. The aim of the present review is to critically discuss the effects that obesity has on cholesterol metabolism and to reveal its significance for healthy ageing.

With the increasing demographic shift towards a larger population of elderly, it is essential for policy makers and planners to have an understanding of travel characteristics of elderly and their difference with younger counterparts. Existing studies emphasize elderly's travel mode, travel frequency, travel distance, travel purpose and affecting factors, however, very few aim at comparing the spatio-temporal characteristics difference between weekday and weekend. In this paper, based on GPS data and Smart Card data of buses in Qingdao, the two cohorts' basic spatio-temporal travel patterns in aspects of travel distance, travel frequency and travel start time in weekday and weekend are compared. In addition, directed weighted networks of elderly's trips and younger people's trips in weekday and weekend are constructed for analyzing spatial characteristics. Results show that although the number of elderly experiences a reduction on weekend their travel frequency and travel distance show growth on weekend. In contrast with younger people, larger geospatial expansion of elderly's travel on weekend is observed. Elderly are found to prefer traveling in areas with high elderly people's residential density. Our study provides a deeper and nuanced understanding of elderly's spatio-temporal travel characteristics difference between weekday and weekend, so as to support better traffic policy making and the promotion on age-friendly public transport service.

The City of Toronto is undergoing a significant demographic shift as a result of the aging ‘Baby Boom’ generation, the first of whom turned 65 years old in 2011. By 2031, the seniors population in Toronto is expected to almost double, increasing to 22 percent of the total population (Hemson Consulting Ltd, 2012) from only 14 percent in 2011 (Statistics Canada, 2011). This will produce a number of housing related planning challenges for the City, as aging Boomers are expected to demand an increasing amount of housing. This estimate is used to approximate the potential housing limitations in 2021 and 2031. As the largest seniors demand is projected to be for ground-related private dwellings, whose supply is physically constrained, the report will investigate the benefits of developing retirement homes to meet the growing seniors housing demand. The two-fold challenge to increase the stock and capture rate of retirement homes in Toronto will be examined. Creative mechanisms will be proposed for the City to incentivize retirement homes development and for potential developers to attract Boomer seniors to retirement homes.

Population ageing, and the decline in the working-age population, represent a profound global demographic shift. What political consequences do ageing populations have for the economies of advanced democracies? To address this question, we carry out a wide-ranging, systematic literature review using network-based community detection algorithms and manual coding to select almost 150 articles. We find that research in this area typically focuses on a few mechanisms and is therefore – by design – unable to identify gaps in existing knowledge or assess interactions between different strands of literature. Our review suggests that ageing has important implications for a variety of domains including electoral behaviour, social policy preferences, and public spending. Taken together, the political consequences of population ageing are likely to have previously overlooked and indirect impacts on economic outcomes. Future research should, therefore, examine how population ageing shapes political dynamics and policy choices in ways that also affect the economy.

Population shifts in the workforce have been noted for the past few decades. In the United States, the number of people aged 65 and older is expected to double, reaching almost a quarter of the population.1 By 2045, the US is expected to experience a demographic shift, with an increase in the percentage of minority populations to greater than 50%.

The presence of women in genitourinary (GU) specialty training and practice has lagged significantly behind other fields. Current challenges include maternity leave, sexual harassment, and pay disparities. Despite these obstacles, the prevalence of women in GU specialty training has risen rapidly. One consequence of retiring male providers and higher numbers of female graduates will be a notable demographic shift in the percentage of GU care provided by these younger women. It will be essential to anticipate and acknowledge the unique concerns of this workforce, particularly in light of the concomitant aging of the US population and the associated increase in demand for GU care.

The demographic shift in the age structure has the effects that many ageing employees work in organisations. Migration can slow down the ageing of population but could not stop it. More and more people with immigration background work in organisations. Therefore, the question is whether diversity sensitive attitudes count for all diversity aspects. The central aim of the study is to deal with the problem fields of multicultural teamwork. Thereby, the focus is on the collaboration of employees with and without immigration background. The interviews with employees with and without an immigration background of various company branches were conducted. The results show that employees with an immigration background have more contact and feel comfortable with persons from different cultures than employees without an immigration background. The qualitative analysis indicates that there is a high need of competence development, especially intercultural and social competences in organisations. The results of the study reveal that personality traits and characteristics of employees play a role to what extent they accept diversity and are willing to work with persons from another culture. Age is not important regarding intercultural competence development.

The number of Americans over the age of 65 has been growing much faster than the overall population's growth rate. These changes can be largely attributed to the improvement in life expectancy. This demographic shift yields a unique and exciting opportunity to provide both expedient and cost-efficient care to a growing patient population.

One of the primary risk factors in the development of cancer is older age. The demographic shift to an ageing population has given rise to an increased number of older patients with cancer. The extreme heterogeneity within this population renders applying standardised treatment pathways hazardous [1]. Disparities in physiological reserve and an increased risk of multiple comorbidities further exacerbates the complexity of cancer treatment management in older patients [2]. Individual modifications to tailor treatment for each specific patient would be the gold standard; thus, detailed patient assessment providing a comprehensive health profile in addition to existing diagnostic test results are paramount when devising a personalised treatment care approach [3].

The population of India is aging rapidly. Between 2001 and 2031, the percentage of people 60 years and older will almost double, and by mid-century will increase to an estimated 20%. In general, this has been brought about by the continuing declines in “communicable, maternal, neonatal and nutritional” causes of morbidity and mortality, to an increased burden of disease from non-communicable illness and injuries, including self-harm. The resulting demographic shift brings with it a host of challenges to the health and well-being. For example, diseases of the elderly, e.g., cardiovascular conditions, diabetes, and cancer, are now among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in India, and the prevalence rates of these conditions are expected to increase significantly in the coming decades. Still, the government attitude toward to it is in sad state and need to be talked. In India where we regard the old age people high on ground of our ethics and still a large population are started abandoning their old age parents and its difficult time for them as they were in their last years of life and need extra care on health and many things. In rural area it’s a bad condition with respect to govt. policies implication. This paper talks about all the problem related with ageing and well-being India with data available and tries to link all the aspect.

According to many measures, Mapuche women have become empowered due to education, employment, and a demographic shift from the countryside to the major cities of Chile where their income-generating opportunities are greater. The Mapuche comprise 10% of the population of Chile and were only subjugated and incorporated into the Chilean nation as of the late 1800s. This chapter applies an intersectional and postcolonial framework to analyse a series of interviews with Petronila Catrileo, a Mapuche woman leader and elder, who worries that the achievements of the twenty-first century may pale when compared to the loss of Mapuche ways of life, connection to the land, and language in present-day Chile. This research is particularly important for Chile on a policy level where government offices serving women and indigenous people seldom interact, and when they do, they tend to reify differences between state employees and the people they serve. This chapter is also relevant for researchers and policymakers, more broadly, who often apply their own particular analytical lenses instead of an intersectional one when working with marginalized populations.

Otília Menyhárt,1,2 János T Fekete,2 Balázs Győrffy1,2 1MTA TTK Lendület Cancer Biomarker Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; 22nd Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary Background: Population aging is a common demographic pattern in developed countries, and aging increases the risk of cancer. The disproportionately high cancer burden, as a consequence, is especially pronounced in Central and Eastern European countries, including Hungary. Methods: We summarized current and projected future cancer incidences and mortalities utilizing data from the last two decades. Predictions are based on cancer incidence and mortality collected between 1996 and 2015 in Hungary. In addition to the crude rates, data were age standardized to the European standard population (ESP) of 2013, ESP of 1976, and local census of 2011.Results: The lifetime probability of developing cancer and cancer-related mortality has already reached 56.9% and 27.6% in men, respectively, and 51.9% and 21.7% in women. Between 2016 and 2030, the total population is expected to shrink by 6%, while the number of 60-year olds and above will grow by 18%. This will lead to a 35% increase in cancer incidence and 30% increase in cancer death among 65–85-year olds. Joinpoint regression identified the period 2007–2015 as starting point for this coming increase in new cases. In women, lung and breast cancer will increase yearly by 1.9% and 1.7%, respectively, between 2016 and 2030, while in men, the prostate and colorectal cancer rates will increase yearly by 3.6% and 2.1%.Conclusion: In the aging population of Hungary, cancer incidence will increase considerably over previous projections. Although a large portion of the most rapidly rising cancers are avoidable by implementing public health programs, a substantial portion remains inevitably incurable. Keywords: cancer, biostatistics, aging, lung cancer, colon cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancerA Letter to the Editor has been received and published for this article.&nbsp

America’s school-age population is experiencing a demographic shift. In 1972, students of color represented 22% of the school-age population; in 2005, minority students accounted for 33% of public school enrollment (Statistics, 2007 Villegas, 2002). This study sought to explore how these changing demographics affected University Town Community Schools, the district’s interventions, and teachers’ perceptions to those interventions. This study also explored teachers’ feelings of efficacy when teaching minority students. Using a qualitative study among third-, fourth-, fifth-, and sixth-grade elementary school teachers, a random sample of 9 teachers from schools comprising a minority population of at least 40% were interviewed. Data analysis involved the use of themes that emerged from the interview data, observations, and quotations from participants. The findings indicated that the district acted on a school-by-school basis, with no specific actions to target any one racial group. Meanwhile, teachers were inconsistent when discussing race, behavior, and learning. Teachers felt comfortable assigning behaviors based on race and culture, but were hesitant to assign learning strengths and weaknesses based on race or culture. Abstract Approved: _________________________________________ Thesis Supervisor _________________________________________ Title and DepartmentApproved: _________________________________________ Thesis Supervisor _________________________________________ Title and Department

The topic of parent care recently has captured the attention of the mass media. Within one month in the spring of 1985, for example, Newsweek devoted a cover story to the emotional and financial toll of caring for aging parents,' PBS sponsored a special program on Frontline entitled, "What About Mom and Dad?'2 and Ellen Goodman wrote a syndicated column about replacing the burdens of childcare with those of parental care.3 A dramatic demographic shift amply justifies the concern bestowed on this issue. The elderly represented just 4 percent of the population in 1900 but grew to 11 percent in 1980. By the year 2030, it is projected, those over the age of sixty-five will constitute almost one-quarter of the total population.4 The rate of increase of the very old, who are most at risk of sickness and dependency, is particularly striking. Although the population aged sixty-five and over is expected to rise by 28 percent during the next twenty years, those over the age of seventy-five are expected to increase by 53 percent and those over eighty-five by a startling 64 percent. A very high proportion of the elderly are women. For every 51 men aged seventy-five and older, there are 100 women-almost twice the number.5 Moreover, elderly women are far more likely than elderly men to be indigent, to live alone, to be in poor health

In the next 45 years it is estimated that individuals aged 65 and older will increase by 93% in the United States. This population will require a reexamination in thinking related to what retirement is and how seniors desire to maintain their quality of life. Thus, with this demographic shift, new career opportunities will be available for students in older adult fitness, and kinesiology graduates can be at the forefront of providing physical activity to promote public health. Through the exploration of an off-campus clinical exercise gerontology experience at Northern Illinois University, specifics of the program and potential barriers are discussed, with an eye toward assisting other institutions that wish to begin/enhance a similar program. Finally, benefits and future opportunities are highlighted showing how this partnership has led to an improved quality of life for seniors and strengthened relationships with the larger community.

The presence of raptors in cities brings up many questions for wildlife managers and agencies and raises some fundamental questions about how to respond to emerging demands for limited wildlife conservation budgets. According to population estimates, a major demographic shift in the world’s human population occurred in May 2007 when we, as a species, became more urban than rural.1 This rural to urban shift happened in the United States around the late 1910s.1 In Texas, this shift occurred in the 1940s.2 As of the time of this writing, the US Census Bureau estimates that more than 80 percent of the US population lives in urban areas. However, the vast urban population of the United States resides on just 3 percent of the land area.3 This juxtaposition serves as the foundation for one of the most critical issues being debated today in state wildlife agencies regarding the future of wildlife conservation. Where and how should we allocate our limited wildlife conservation resources? Similarly, how are state wildlife agencies to remain relevant to the vast urban public given that 97 percent of the land is rural?

Despite astounding economic growth and TB control efforts, incidence remains the highest among high-income countries., After the Korean War (1950–1953), nearly 6.5% of South Korea’s population had active tuberculosis (TB). In response, South Korea implemented the National Tuberculosis Program in 1962. From 1965 to 1995, the prevalence of bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary TB in South Korea decreased from 940 to 219 cases per 100,000 population. Astounding economic growth might have contributed to this result; however, TB incidence in South Korea remains the highest among high-income countries. The rate of decrease in TB incidence seems to have slowed over the past 15 years. A demographic shift toward an older population, many of whom have latent TB and various concurrent conditions, is challenging TB control efforts in South Korea. The increasing number of immigrants also plays a part in the prolonged battle against TB. A historical review of TB in South Korea provides an opportunity to understand national TB control efforts that are applicable to other parts of the world.

Amidst a national opioid epidemic, the need for treatment of Opioid Use Disorder continues to grow. A demographic shift now suggests that older adults comprise a greater proportion of those receiving Methadone Maintenance Treatment (MMT); Recent findings from a study of MMT recipients living in New York City suggests that 13% of the population is over 60 years of age. Additionally, adults aged 50 – 59 years are among the largest age demographic, evidence that the total number of older adults receiving MMT will continue to increase. As medical comorbidities, cognitive impairment, and neurobehavioral changes often accumulate with age, older adults on MMT become increasingly vulnerable. Additionally, cost of MMT and logistical considerations pose challenges to continued care. This growing and understudied population warrants a reconsideration of emerging concerns and health policies. Especially relevant is the need for evidence-based guidelines and supportive policies that consider the unique treatment needs of older populations receiving MMT. Given the changing health care system and the growing opioid epidemic, re-consideration of this topic is especially timely.

The world’s population is ageing and an important part of this demographic shift is the development of chronic illness. In short, a person who does not die of acute illnesses, such as infections, and survives with chronic illnesses is more likely to develop additional chronic illnesses. Chronic respiratory diseases are an important component of these diseases associated with ageing. This article reviews the relationship between ageing and chronic respiratory disease, and also how certain chronic diseases cluster with others, either on the basis of underlying risk factors, complication of the primary disease or other factors, such as an increased state of inflammation. While death is inevitable, disabling chronic illnesses are not. Better understanding of how individuals can age healthily without the development of multiple chronic illnesses should lead to an improved global quality of life.

BackgroundIt appears that the medical profile of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery has changed. The impact of this demographic shift on CABG outcomes, such as sternal ...

In response to increasing high school graduation requirements along with emerging skills in the workforce, the focus of career academies has evolved from one of keeping students enrolled in high school through graduation to a more robust preparation for college and careers for all students. This new focus may have resulted in a demographic shift in the students participating in career academies. To that end, the purpose of this study was to describe the demographics of students who participated in career academies in one Southeastern school district over a six-year period from 2007 – 2012. Findings indicate that a gender gap continues to exist among career academies. Additionally, when compared to the population across the district's high schools, while the career academies are becoming more diverse, participation of minority groups in career academies still lags behind that of their Caucasian counterparts. Implications for administrators and future research opportunities are also articulated.

Recent Census Bureau projections indicate that racial/ethnic minorities will comprise over 50% of the U.S. population by 2042, effectively creating a so-called “majority–minority” nation. Across four experiments, we explore how presenting information about these changing racial demographics influences White Americans’ racial attitudes. Results reveal that exposure to the changing demographics evokes the expression of greater explicit and implicit racial bias. Specifically, Whites exposed to the racial demographic shift information preferred interactions/settings with their own ethnic group over minority ethnic groups; expressed more negative attitudes toward Latinos, Blacks, and Asian Americans; and expressed more automatic pro-White/anti-minority bias. Perceived threat to Whites’ societal status mediated the effects of the racial shift information on explicit racial attitudes. These results suggest that rather than ushering in a more tolerant future, the increasing diversity of the nation may instead yield intergroup hostility. Implications for intergroup relations and media framing of the racial shift are discussed.

Using panel data for 142 countries for the period from 1960 to 2014, we assess the effects of population aging on economic growth. We find that population aging proxied by old-age population share (or old-age dependency ratio) negatively affects economic growth only when it reaches a certain high level and its negative effects grow stronger as population aging deepens. The nonlinear relationship between population aging and economic growth is associated with the historical nonlinear relationship between the shares of old and working-age population. In the early stages of a demographic shift in most countries, as the old-age population share increases, the working-age population share also tends to increase. Only when the share of old-age population is sufficiently high, the increase in the share of old-age population has coincided with the decline in the share of working age population, thereby having a negative relationship with economic growth. These results can clarify why some previous papers failed to uncover a negative relationship between aging population and economic growth. We also find that population aging has hampered economic growth during more recent years, especially in more aged countries which are mostly developed countries.

Objectives: The population of India is aging rapidly. This demographic shift brings with it a host of challenges to the health and well-being of older adults, including the increased prevalence of non-communicable diseases, among them depressive disorders. In this paper, we report on qualitative research intended to inform the development of a locally acceptable and appropriate intervention to improve the well-being of older adults in Goa, India and, specifically, to prevent late-life depression. Method: Semi-structured interviews with 20 individuals, aged 60 years and older, attending two primary care clinics in Goa, India. Transcripts were reviewed to identify emerging themes, a coding scheme was developed and thematic analyses were conducted. Results: Analyses of the interview transcripts revealed the following key themes: (1) notions of old age tended to be negative and there were widespread fears of becoming widowed or incapacitated; (2) the most frequently reported health conditions were joint pain, diabetes and heart disease; (3) emotional distress was described using the terms ‘tension’, ‘stress’, ‘worry’ and ‘thinking’; (4) family issues often involved financial matters, difficult relationships with daughters-in-law and conflicted feelings about living with the family or independently; (5) other than a pension scheme, participants did not know of community resources available to older adults. Conclusions: Our findings are in general agreement with those of previous research, and with our experiences of working with older adults in Pittsburgh and the Netherlands. This research will inform the development of an intervention to prevent depression in older adults in Goa.

Population aging is affecting almost every country in the world and has become a global issue. This demographic shift creates huge challenges and opportunities in societies where the population of older adults is large and growing. A productive aging perspective that addresses the challenges of an aging population by drawing on the capacity of the older population is critical. Knowledge about the best ways to support such productive engagement will be essential to shaping societies where older adults, families, and communities all benefit. Culturally-specific and cross-cultural knowledge is also needed. This paper reviews four key elements of a cross-cultural research agenda to develop knowledge on productive engagement in later life: definitions, theoretical frameworks, key research questions, and core values. The aim of this paper is to catalyze research on an important topic and to ensure that this research is carried forward as effectively as possible.

Background: Older adults make up 13% of the U.S. population, but are projected to account for 20% by 2040. Coinciding with this demographic shift, the rate of climate change is accelerating, bringing rising temperatures; increased risk of floods, droughts, and wildfires; stronger tropical storms and hurricanes; rising sea levels; and other climate-related hazards. Older Americans are expected to be located in places that may be relatively more affected by climate change, including coastal zones and large metropolitan areas. Objective: The objective of this review is to assess the vulnerability of older Americans to climate change and to identify opportunities for adaptation. Methods: We performed an extensive literature survey and summarized key findings related to demographics; climate stressors relevant to older adults; factors contributing to exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity; and adaptation strategies. Discussion: A range of physiological and socioeconomic factors make older adults especially sensitive to and/or at risk for exposure to heat waves and other extreme weather events (e.g., hurricanes, floods, droughts), poor air quality, and infectious diseases. Climate change may increase the frequency or severity of these events. Conclusions: Older Americans are likely to be especially vulnerable to stressors associated with climate change. Although a growing body of evidence reports the adverse effects of heat on the health of older adults, research gaps remain for other climate-related risks. We need additional study of the vulnerability of older adults and the interplay of vulnerability, resilience, and adaptive responses to projected climate stressors.

Population-based active surveillance in India showed higher incidence rates for influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 among children during pandemic versus postpandemic periods (345 vs. 199/1,000 person-years), whereas adults had higher rates during postpandemic versus pandemic periods (131 vs. 69/1,000 person-years). Demographic shifts as pandemics evolve should be considered in public health response planning.

Major changes in social welfare, economic conditions and medical knowledge over the last 60 years have pro- duced a demographic shift in the population. More individuals are living longer, and in a decade there will be more people over 65 than infants under 5 for the first time in history. Taking the analysis beyond mere numbers reveals that older indi- viduals are now physically more active than their forebears and travel more widely. This provides a greater opportunity for encountering infectious agents which could present a considerable problem. Older individuals are more susceptible to infection and do not respond as well as younger people to vaccination because of an age related decline in immunity, a state which has been termed immunosenesence. This decline is not uniform and some older individuals show a greater de- cline in their immune response than others. In this review we have sought to consider who are the 'at risk' individuals, how they might best be treated and when.

Vaccination is a powerful public health tool that has been of tremendous benefit in protecting vulnerable populations from specific infections. Moreover, in addition to the direct benefits to vaccinated individuals, the indirect effects of protection at the community level have also been demonstrated and termed 'herd immunity'. The predicted demographic shift in the population landscape towards an ever-increasing aging population and the evidence suggesting that older individuals produce less-than-optimal vaccine responses have raised the question of rethinking vaccine schedules. This article provides evidence that even if herd immunity might be an option to indirectly protect the aging and aged adult population, the highest priorities for the near future must be to understand how vaccine responses in older individuals can be improved, to break down the public, cultural, societal and political barriers to vaccination and to counter the antivaccination movement that inhibits the worldwide spread of lifelong immunization programs.

turning 65 (based on a popular reference that places the origins of this generation at 1946), 2011 opened a massive demographic shift that will dramatically age the U.S. population over the next few decades. Yet for a coalition of seven national organizations representing millions of marginalized older adults nationwide, 2011 had a broader resonance. It was the year that the Diverse Elders Coalition entered the federal stage to highlight the policy needs of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) older adults and elders of color.1 It was the year that this visionary coalition achieved what rarely moves beyond theoretical circles; it seeded a multi-organization, advocacy apparatus that in less than a year has begun refocusing the mainstream policy conversation on our most disadvantaged communities. The Diverse Elders Coalition and LGBT Aging: Connecting Communities, Issues, and Resources in a Historic Moment

Download CitationEmailPrintRequest PermissionsMany recent studies document a demographic shift towards an older and healthier population [1]. The challenges posed by an aging society include care needs and social costs [2]. Many elderly citizens, following retirement, quickly become marginalized, losing their social links, which often leads to loneliness. Some consider the elderly a cost burden, rather than a resource capable of "value creation" in the society.

This paper analyzes trends in demographic shift from regional areas to large metropolitan areas, and economic factors resulting from this demographic shift. First, we analyzed the status of demographic shifts between the large metropolitan areas of Tokyo, Osaka and Aichi Prefectures, and then other individual prefectures for 5-year periods starting from 1970, 1980, 1990 and 2000, and for age segments of 5-14, 20-24, 25-64 and over 65 years. As a result, we observed population inflow from regional areas to the large metropolitan areas in Tokyo and Osaka Prefectures for the age segments up to 24 years old and population outflow from large metropolitan areas to regional areas for the age segments of 25-64 years, except for the period starting from 1970. As for Aichi Prefecture, the trends of population inflow from regional to metropolitan areas was observed since 1990 for the age segments above 25 years as well as the age segments up to 24 yearsNext, we extracted “inflow populations to Tokyo, Osaka and Aichi Prefectures from other individual prefectures” as the ratio of inflow/outflow populations to each prefecture's population and “regional economic factors constituting the regional economy” as the ratio of each prefecture's factors against Tokyo, Osaka and Aichi Prefectures for the above-mentioned periods, and conducted attribution analyses with a multiple regression analysis approach. As for regional economic factors, we adopted 13 factors including industrial composition ratio, administrative investment, academic background index, sales turnover in retail industry that resulted in the economic factors attributing to demographic shifts for each period. The factors affecting the three large metropolitan areas most were the “tertiary industry ratio” , “industrial shipment value”, “administrative investment value” and “retail sales value”. To control population outflows from regional areas to large metropolitan areas in the future, upgrading industrial structure, turning from a reliance on public works and improving intellectual levels should be important.JEL Classification: R00, R1

The aging of the US population, and Western society populations in general, has been of concern to demographers and health planners for a number of years. The implications of this demographic shift include both increased economic and health care burdens for the United States. The growth of the end-stage renal disease population in the 1980s and 1990s suggested massive increases in this very expensive and frail population. However, recent incidence rates suggest that future growth may not be as great as thought just a few years ago.

In developing countries, the past decades have seen a marked demographic shift from rural to urban. By the year 2000, 40% of the population of the Third World will live in urban areas. We have limited specific knowledge of the similarities and differences in diet, nutrition status, and health effects of diet and lifestyle between the traditional rural populations and the emerging urban poor. Such information will be useful for basic descriptive information as well as for assistance in the design and execution of health and nutrition projects for the urban poor.

Die Entwicklungen des Alterns stellen veränderte Herausforderungen an die medizinische Versorgung und das Management von geriatrischen Patienten. Der betagte Patient mit seinen altersbedingten Funktionseinschränkungen und der Multimorbidität ist durch alternsphysiologische Veränderungen sowie durch unreflektierte Pharmakotherapie gefährdet und auf die hausärztliche Hilfestellung angewiesen. Beim geriatrischen Patienten ist die Verordnung der geeigneten Arzneiform und der praktikablen Applikationsform der Schlüssel zum Therapieerfolg. Altersgerechte Einnahmeverordnungen, wiederholte Aufklärung und Einnahmeschulung sind unersetzliche Versorgungsleistungen in der hausärztlichen Praxis und dem klinischen Alltag, die zunehmend an Bedeutung gewinnen.

China's one child per couple policy (OCP), with its depressive effects on fertility rates, was established in 1979. Since then numerous studies have documented the effects of the OCP on the aging of China's population. The increasing proportion of elderly in China is producing profound social and economic complications that require the development of appropriate policies. This article addresses this issue in a novel way, by focusing on the sandwich generation , i.e., those who oftentimes care for both younger and older generations. Qualitative data recently collected from diverse representatives of this generation are presented in an attempt to personalize the consequences of this demographic shift and to introduce possible solutions for lessening its effects. We determine that in urban areas many possibilities exist, while in rural areas challenges are more urgent given the proportionately larger number of elderly residents and the lack of options.

Churches across the nation are experiencing a rate of aging that dramatically exceeds the trend in the general population. In light of the demographic shift, it is imperative that a new model of senior adult ministry be adopted. The new model emphasizes ministry with senior adults rather than just to them, contains social, service, and spiritual components, and is biblically-based. The emergence of the new model has implications for seminary curriculum, existing senior adult ministries, and intergenerational efforts in the local church.

According to excavations and surveys in the Sharon area, the process of reurbanization of Eretz Israel during the early phases of the MBIIA occurred along the Coastal Plain. This meant there was a concentration of population in large, fortified cities in the Sharon Plain. During the MBIIB there was a demographic shift: These sites were abandoned and settlement moved southwards, especially to the southern Coastal Plain and western Negev.The artefacts found at Shuni Site 18, located at the southern tip of the Carmel ridge, indicate that it was a small, rural, unfortified village. As such, it may represent the first stage of a settlement wave in the northern Sharon area and fill a gap in the data about the MBIIA urbanization process there.

For many years gerontologists have discussed the consequences of advances that have lengthened lives but have been less successful at improving the quality of those lives. While this debate continues, the resulting demographic shift in the age profile of the United States threatens to overwhelm our ability to care for those who most need assistance. In the absence of major policy changes or dramatic medical discoveries, or both, the need for institutional care among the population 85 and older will soon exceed the available resources.

The article examines Philip Jenkins's popular thesis that "Southern Christianity" represents a conservative return to a pre-Tridentine Christendom. While acknowledging the importance of Jenkins's emphasis on the demographic shift of the Christian population from the "North" to the "South" and its vast implications for the church's mission, the article argues that the form of Christianity that is taking place in the so-called Third World, at least in Asian Roman Catholicism, is anything but a return to the pre-Tridentine Christianity. The various phenomena that Jenkins notes such as healing, prophecy, popular piety, and a literalist reading of the Bible, should be viewed within the new context of the church's commitment to renewal and mission in terms of liberation, interculturation, and interreligious dialogue.

Planners in the USA and other Western European countries are faced with the dilemma of how to deal with the demands of an increasingly multicultural population. This problem has become more acute as the number of immigrants from non-European countries has grown in the last several decades. This paper examines how this demographic shift impacts on planning practice. Two planning practice issues are examined; historic preservation and housing for ethno-cultural groups. The paper discusses why these two issues and other emerging demands of ethno-cultural groups matter to planners. A suggestion is made for changing the culture of planning and planning processes to recognize plurality as points of departure in planning practice.

This chapter is a comparison between the German, Italian, and American Healthcare Systems. All three systems are designed to be redistributive and help needy populations receive healthcare. While the American system is treated as ineffective since it does not cover vast portions of the population, problems in Italy are grounded in the local governments and its power on funding the system. And the future of the universal healthcare system in Germany is threatened by a large demographic shift towards an aged population. This chapter briefly compares the health care system in the three countries, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses, and illuminates healthcare policy from a global point of view. The chapter ends with some policy recommendations indicating a direction for future global healthcare policies.

Our analysis of over 28,000 osteometric measurements from fossil remains dating between c. 5600 and 1500 BCE reveals a substantial reduction in body mass of 33% in Neolithic central European domestic cattle. We investigate various plausible explanations for this phenotypic adaptation, dismissing climatic change as a causal factor, and further rejecting the hypothesis that it was caused by an increase in the proportion of smaller adult females in the population. Instead we find some support for the hypothesis that the size decrease was driven by a demographic shift towards smaller newborns from sub-adult breeding as a result of intensifying meat production strategies during the Neolithic.

The United States is undergoing a demographic shift in which White Americans are predicted to comprise less than 50% of the US population by mid-century. The present research examines how exposure to information about this racial shift affects perceptions of the extent to which different racial groups face discrimination. In four experiments, making the growing national racial diversity salient led White Americans to predict that Whites will face increasing discrimination in the future, compared with control information. Conversely, regardless of experimental condition, Whites estimated that discrimination against various racial minority groups will decline. Explorations of several psychological mechanisms potentially underlying the effect of the racial shift information on perceived anti-White discrimination suggested a mediating role of concerns about American culture fundamentally changing. Taken together, these findings suggest that reports about the changing national demographics enhance concerns among Whites that they will be the victims of racial discrimination in the future.

The demographic shift in the average age of the population worldwide calls for careful attention to the nutritional health needs of the elderly. Frailty is associated with increased disability, post surgical complications and increased mortality. This geriatric disorder is not given proper attention in clinical settings.

The population of New Zealand, along with those of other developed countries, is ageing rapidly. The rate of population ageing is unprecedented, with the number of New Zealanders aged 65 years and over projected to increase from 553,000 in 2009 to 1.07 million in 2031, and to 1.44 million in 2061. Importantly, the ratio of those aged 65 years and over to those aged 15–64 is projected to increase from 0.19 (older people per person aged 15–64) in 2009 to 0.34 in 2031 and to 0.43 in 2061. This more than doubling of the ratio of older people to those in the prime working and income-earning ages represents a dramatic demographic shift which has implications for New Zealand, particularly in terms of the ability to support New Zealand Superannuation (NZS) at current levels. • Michael P. Cameron teaches in the Department of Economics at the University of Waikato. Matthew Roskruge is with the National Institute of Demographic and Economic Analysis, University of Waikato.

With the demographic shift in the U.S. to an older and heavier population, there has been a well-documented increase in the incidence of diabetes mellitus ([1][1]). Paralleling this rise in diabetes has been a growth in the number of Americans with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Estimates of the

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is an ever present threat to aging men. The gradual demographic shift of the population of the western world appears to be towards the elderly. The increasing burden on both individuals and the healthcare system, therefore, is going to increase in the foreseeable future. Although BPH is not a life-threatening condition, it can have serious consequences on the normal function of the lower urinary tracts. The overlap in terms of presentation exists with malignant prostatic disease and this needs to be considered when investigating these patients. The morbidity caused by BPH should not be underestimated for the sufferer, especially where there are ready treatments available and the opportunity to exclude other even more serious conditions.