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Background: For many low and middle-income countries poor quality health care is now responsible for a greater number of deaths than insufficient access to care. This has in turn raised concerns around the distribution of quality of care in LMICs: do the poor have access to lower quality health care compared to the rich? The aim of this study is to investigate the extent of inequalities in the availability of quality health services across the Indonesian health system with a particular focus on differences between care delivered in the public and private sectors. Methods: Using the Indonesian Family Life Survey (wave 5, 2015), 15,877 households in 312 communities were linked with a representative sample of both public and private health facilities available in the same communities. Quality of health facilities was assessed using both a facility service readiness score and a knowledge score constructed using clinical vignettes. Ordinary least squares regression models were used to investigate the determinants of quality in public and private health facilities. Results: In both sectors, inequalities in both quality scores existed between major islands. In public facilities, inequalities in readiness scores persisted between rural and urban areas, and to a lesser extent between rich and poor communities. Conclusion: In order to reach the ambitious stated goal of reaching Universal Health Coverage in Indonesia, priority should be given to redressing current inequalities in the quality of care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia has been afflicted by an economic crisis since July 1997. The economic crisis was preceded by a long drought associated with El Nino. The result has been a decline in food production, especially rice. In the eastern part of the country, especially in Irian Jaya, there was food insecurity during the early stages of the economic crisis. When the crisis escalated to become an economic, social and political crisis in 1998, food insecurity spread to other provinces, especially to urban areas in Java. The crisis led to increasingly high inflation, unemployment, poverty, food insecurity and malnutrition. The official figures indicate that poverty in Indonesia increased from 22.5 million (11.3%) in 1996 to 36.5 million (17.9%) in 1998. Food production decreased by 20–30% in some parts of the country. Compared with prices in January 1998, food prices had escalated 1.5- to threefold by August/November 1998 when acute food shortages occurred, especially in urban Java. Coupled with a drop in purchasing power, the higher food prices worsened health, nutritional status and education of children of urban poor and unemployed families. Despite social and political uncertainties, the Indonesian Government has taken prompt action to prevent a worsening of the situation by massive imports of rice, instituting food price subsidies for the poor and launching social safety net programmes to cope with food shortages and malnutrition. The present paper attempts to highlight the impact of the economic crisis on food insecurity and malnutrition in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data in the world states that 462 million are underweight, 47 million children under the age of 5 are wasting, 14.3 million are very thin, and 144 million are stunting. Previous study reports about 45% of child deaths <5 years are related to malnutrition--the study aim to analyzing the relationship between poverty and nutritional status of the toddler in Indonesia ecologically. The study used secondary data from the official report of the Indonesia Ministry of Health. The study takes all provinces as samples. Moreover, the study used the percentage of poor people as an independent variable. On the other hand, the researchers analyzed three other variables as dependent variables: the proportion of underweight toddlers, the proportion of stunting toddlers, and the proportion of wasting toddlers. The study examined the data using a scatter plot to determine the relationship. The results show that the greater the percentage of an underweight toddler in a country, the higher the proportion of underweight toddler in that region. Meanwhile, the more significant the proportion of the deprived population in an area, the more considerable proportion of stunting in that area. Moreover, the higher the poor people in the province, the higher the proportion of wasting in that province. The study concluded that poverty has a relationship with nutrition status of the toddler in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Randomised Control Trials (RCT) are both widely used in development, reaching hundreds of millions through RCT informed policy, and highly regarded, receiving a Nobel Prize in Economics. Proponents, largely academic economists, position RCTs as a scientific and ideologically neutral way to get to the heart of 'what works' in development. However, this new and radical micro-experimental approach to poverty reduction has sat uneasily within the broader development sphere, including critical geographers. We contribute to this debate by empirically examining the practical manifestation of the methodology within 'PNPM Generasi' – an innovative Indonesian cash transfer program evaluated through the largest RCT to date. Drawing primarily on field interviews, our examination finds three departures from the gold standard proclamations of the RCT methodology in practice. First, we find that randomising aid delivery breached ethical guidelines and compromised the effectiveness of the program being studied, largely as a result of RCTs being run in secret from local communities and politicians. Second, we find applying the RCT methodology on the ground was technically complex and financially costly, requiring not only an excessive use of scarce program funds, but also undermining the validity of the evaluation results. Finally, we find RCT results were not widely used in practice. We demonstrate these findings are not restricted to our specific case, but rather, reflect systemic deficiencies with RCT evaluations. Our results suggest that RCTs may have value if applied judiciously, and as part of multi-pronged approaches, but we caution against their growing monopoly influence on poverty reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper contrasts the achievements of Indonesia and Thailand in reducing poverty through the 1980s. It is argued that estimates produced by the World Bank suggesting that the headcount incidence of poverty in Thailand in 1990 was higher than Indonesia were flawed because the poverty line used was not truly comparible. But there can be little doubt that the reduction in the headcount incidence of poverty was greater in Indonesia than in Thailand over the 1980s, as was the decline in the absolute numbers of poor people, even though rates of GDP growth were faster in Thailand. Three possible reasons for the superior performance of Indonesia are suggested: regional disparities in economic growth have been more pronounced in Thailand, the expansion of post-primary education has been very slow, and Indonesia was starting from a much higher incidence of poverty in 1980 than was Thailand. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Describes a study of the low-income inhabitants in Jakarta, Indonesia. Typical income range; Better conditions faced by the poor in Jakarta in comparison with the rural poor; Differences among the poor; Consequences for expenditure; Income for various street occupations.

The article presents a general discussion on an article involving the slow economic recovery of Indonesia after an economic crisis. It notes that the post-crisis economic performance of the country was not disappointing, considering the massive economic decline triggered by the Thai contagion and the hesitant policy response of Indonesia's government. Its major focus is on the continued decline in the rate of investment during the post-crisis period. It also questions the reason behind the decline of poverty level in the country in the immediate post-crisis period.

This research discusses ecological relations in rural areas with the people, thereby placing it within the village's poverty frame for a long time. By taking the case in Parakansalak Village, Sukabumi District, West Java, Indonesia, this research is expected to contribute to poverty studies related to natural resources and the environment. Noting the Indonesian people's great work is poverty alleviation, this research tries to provide a rationale for several villages still in the puddle. Thus, the research method used is the ethnographic method so that the strong character gets what Clifford Geertz calls thick descriptions. The results of this study reveal the facts why this is so by raising several basic things, namely: a) associated with citizens as farmers who have a level of dependence on the land that is their source of livelihood in agriculture, b) in terms of agricultural land production which is very dependent in climate, c) the level of production is not enough to provide benefits for the fulfillment of the needs of farmers because of the absence of agricultural land - because the land is only limited by a handful of citizens, and d) creating a social structure that is fully agreed with the land, thus creating poverty as a form of social morphology. The impact of spatial production as a form of social morphology illustrates poverty conditions in Parakansalak Village. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The canonical approach to analyse the poverty impact of growth is based on the comparison of poverty before and after growth. Measurement tools endorsing this approach fail to capture the different experiences of poverty dynamic in the population: there can be groups of the population made poorer or non‐poor made poor by growth. We propose an approach that allows measuring this individual poverty incidence of growth and show how it is related with existing models. We apply our framework to evaluate the poverty impact of growth in Indonesia, by comparing the 1993–2000 with the 2000–07 and 2007–14 growth spells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aims to determine the effect of the distribution of zakat, infaq and alms funds in BAZNAS Indonesia, education expenditure and health expenditure on poverty. The method used is a quantitative research method. The independent variable is the distribution of zakat, infaq and alms funds in BAZNAS Indonesia, education expenditure and health expenditure, while the dependent variable is poverty. The analysis technique used is multiple regression analysis techniques. The results of this study indicate that the variables of zakat, education expenditure, health expenditure partially have a negative effect on poverty, meaning that if zakat, education expenditure, health increases, poverty will decrease. In the simultaneous test, all the independent variables jointly influence poverty reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The prevalence of child marriage in Indonesia has more than doubled in the last three decades but is still one of the highest in the East Asia and Pacific region. In the Grobogan District in 2016 an increase in the number of marriages at an early age in women was 36.5 percent. This study is a qualitative-naturalistic study. The main data source of this study is the results of Focus Group Discussions, interviews and observations and also supported by secondary data in the form of previous research results. The reason for early marriage is mostly due to the incidence of pregnancy outside marriage in adolescents. It is suspected that there is a relationship between early marriage, low level of education and poverty. Religious education, morals and strict control from parents, schools and communities must be done with a variety of strategies, because most of the reasons for early marriage are getting pregnant first. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This research explores the agent dynamics, learning processes, and enabling conditions for the implementation of microscale win-win solutions that contribute to energy poverty eradication and climate resilience in a selection of low-income rural and peri-urban communities in India, Indonesia, and South Africa. We define these micro-solutions as energy-related interventions and resilience services or products—used at community, household, small production unit, or business level—that yield both economic and climatic gains. Our analysis identifies five elements critical for the robust design of these interventions: (i) The ability to collaborate and share different kinds of expertise with a range of networks operating at multiple levels of activity; (ii) The application of place-based systems-learning perspectives that enable project participants to integrate different types of solutions to meet different needs at the same time; (iii) The ability to yield tangible short-term benefits as part of long-term strategic visions and commitment; (iv) The use of novel technologies and financial instruments in ways that foreground the needs of poor populations; and (v) The inclusion and empowerment of economically marginalised groups through institutional and technological innovations and responsible business models. We conclude that the most critical aspect of successful micro win-win solutions is support for communities' own endogenous transformative capacities as this helps ensure that solutions are shared and continuously adapted to changing conditions over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of informal and unskilled workers are the two major characteristics of the Indonesian labor market, representing around 57.27% of the total workers in 2019. Moreover, many studies on poverty dynamics have highly emphasized education attainment as an essential factor against poverty. However, how education can influence poverty especially through the labor market has not been deeply explored. Theoretically, people having higher educational levels would have greater chances to be hired in formal jobs that provide better incomes, enabling workers to move out of poverty. This study aims to analyze the effect of education on employment mobility from informal to formal workers (informal turnover), as well as its effect on the poverty dynamics in Indonesia. The exploration of the National Panel Socio-Economic Survey (2011-2013) revealed that those with improved education tended to move out of the informal sector, indicating that education had a significant effect on the tendency of moving out of informality. The study also found that the predicted informal turnover decreased the probabilities of being transient poor and always poor by 69% and 14%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Espacios is the property of Talleres de Impresos Oma and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This research aims to see the extent to which the real conditions of society can be separated from the trap of poverty due to consuming cigarettes. This research uses secondary data which taken from various sources of publication. The variables used are input variables and output variables. Input variables are in the form of community income. Output variables used are average per capita expenditure. Data analysis using Dynamic System Analysis with software of ITHINK ® Ver. 6.01 from the High Performance System (2000). The result of this research indicate that in the condition of the community consuming 1 cigarette per day shows that groups of community are difficult to escape from the trap of poverty until the end of Medium Term and Long Term Development Plan is poor society, almost poor society and middle to lower society. While middle to middle society, middle to upper society and rich society still have an income balance from the beginning of the research year to the next 20 years. While the result of the scenario of consumption of 2 packs of cigarettes per day show besides poor society, almost poor society and middle to lower society are difficult to escape from the trap of poverty, middle to middle society are in poverty for the next 20 years as well. Therefore the goal of the first SDGs in Indonesia to eliminate poverty is difficult to achieve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: As an underdeveloped region of Indonesia, West Timor faces a significant challenge of childhood disability compounded by environmental risk factors such as poverty, discrimination and stigma, and limited access to basic services. However, very little is currently known about how this important social issue is viewed from the perspective of parents and local leaders, who play an influential role in local society. This research aimed to explore the views of these groups, towards childhood disability, within an environmental risk context. Method: Data were collected via semi-structured interviews and photovoice with 23 parents and 15 local leaders such as a midwife, priest, headmaster and staff from international and local non-government organisations. Results: The results of the study suggest that local culture, including religion has a strong influence on the perceptions of disability and environmental risk factors, while available services are seen by parents as being inaccessible. Conclusions: Implications of the results are presented together with multi-sectoral recommendations for best supporting parents raising children with disabilities in rural areas in low-income jurisdictions such as West Timor. Grass-root healthcare providers, such as community health centres in Indonesia should work with community leaders to improve health literacy and awareness on disability Initiatives like inclusive village might eliminate barriers to services such as stigma and distance to health centres Decision-makers should aim to empower religious and cultural figures to provide social support for parents of children with disabilities [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the welfare and energy poverty implications of energy price change scenarios in Indonesia. Our analysis extends previous analyses of energy price impacts at the household level in three ways. First, by employing a household energy demand system (QUAIDS), we are able to distinguish between first- and second-order welfare effects over the income distribution. Second, our results point to the ownership of energy-processing durables as another source of impact heterogeneity. Third, we extend the welfare analysis beyond the money-metric utility effects and look at energy poverty, which is understood as the absence of or imperfect access to reliable and clean modern energy services. The analysis indicates that energy prices may serve as an effective instrument to reduce energy use but also have important adverse welfare effects. The latter can, however, be mitigated by appropriate compensation policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The measurement of poverty can be analyzed by various methods and each method has its own advantages and disadvantages. The single dimensional model has a weakness since it only measures poverty in its monetary aspect, as income, while multidimensional method measures poverty by considering various dimensions but excluding the income aspect. Furthermore, it is important to combine both models so that the measurement of poverty could be more comprehensive. The study describes the method of poverty measurement by using: 1) single dimension poverty measurement, promoted by the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the World Bank, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO); 2) Multidimensional poverty measurement, promoted by the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS), and Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) by Alkire and Foster. The study was conducted in Bengkulu Province, Indonesia, and the data was collected by means of interviewing 90 marine capture fishermen, randomly selected. The results of this study show that each poverty measurement gives a difference in the poverty level of fishermen because it is not able to describe the actual condition of fishermen's poverty. By combining both models, it is found that fishermen's poverty is affected by ship weight, fishing distance, and household size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When citizens are offered cash and gifts by candidates, they can either vote for candidates offering the money, refuse the money, or take the money and vote for whichever candidate they prefer (e.g., "vote their conscience"). Which citizens "vote their conscience" versus the other options available to them? This manuscript examines the effect of poverty, education, and social pressure on how citizens in the Central Java city of Semarang, Indonesia react to offers of cash from politicians. We find that poverty and education interact to create important and interesting patterns of responses. The citizens most likely to "vote their conscience" are those with lower income yet higher levels of formal education whereas higher income, more highly educated citizens are most likely to refuse the money. We also examine factors that create social pressure for citizens to "sell" their votes by supporting the candidates offering cash. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Share: Journal of Islamic Economics & Finance / Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan Islam is the property of Share Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan Islam and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Poverty in Indonesia is one of many problems that has always been discussed since the independence of Indonesia for about seven decades ago. However, the problem is not merely in the poverty itself, but in the way the people who live below the poverty line respond to their condition. Moreover, since the monetary and economic crisis was over, the number of people who live below the poverty line has increased drastically. Poverty also threatens the youths who live in poverty stricken slum areas. This article will describe community service activities that focus on empowering the youth to make them responsible and self-sufficient adults. The activities that have been developed in this article focus on economic empowerment for unemployed youth who live in poor areas in the city of Jakarta. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conflict in Poso Indonesia, leaving a variety of problems that can happen again at any time. Social issues become important enough to be linked to the development of Indonesia's vision program to overcome poverty. The welfare gap is a major factor in poverty alleviation, such as increasing income in various sectors. agriculture, services, livestock, and entrepreneurship into the leading sectors. World Vision Indonesia as an organization engaged in social and community empowerment can be a pilot project that works with the government to address various social problems caused by the conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia has enjoyed a long spell of sustained and relatively rapid economic expansion, largely on the back of strong commodity prices. No commodity boom lasts forever, however, and threats to the continuation of this growth are mounting. Indonesia now faces the challenge of locking in gains and setting a course to sustain future development in less favourable times. Post-2000 growth differs from earlier experience in that exports of agricultural products, especially palm oil, have played a leading role. In contrast to the country's earlier oil and gas export boom, the gains from agricultural export growth have accrued mainly to private actors, including corporations, smallholders, and the agricultural labour force, with a much smaller share passing through government budgets. The government can no longer simply mandate the use of funds for development purposes; many other actors and institutions are involved. It is reasonable to suppose that the benefits from such a decentralised export boom would be widely diffused, with relatively large effects on rural and farm households and lower-skilled workers. However, this boom has been accompanied by a sharp rise in inequality and virtually no real wage growth. Moreover, while spending rose robustly during the boom, it is not clear that poor, farm-based households have chosen (or been able) to use gains to smooth consumption or to invest for future generations. The capacity to lock in gains at micro and macro levels is subject to significant policy influence. In line with the maxim that ‘the time to repair a roof is when the sun is shining’, currently healthy global economic conditions present an opportune moment for Indonesian policymakers to take stock and to look ahead, with an eye to optimal development policy settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diarrhoea is an important health issue in low- and middle-income countries, including Indonesia. We applied a multilevel regression analysis on the Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey to examine the effects of drinking water and sanitation facilities at the household and community level on diarrhoea prevalence among children under five (n = 33,339). The role of the circumstances was explored by studying interactions between the water and sanitation variables and other risk factors. Diarrhoea prevalence was reported by 4820 (14.4%) children, who on average were younger, poorer and were living in a poorer environment. At the household level, piped water was significantly associated with diarrhoea prevalence (OR = 0.797, 95% CI: 0.692–0.918), improved sanitation had no direct effect (OR = 0.992, 95% CI: 0.899–1.096) and water treatment was not related to diarrhoea incidence (OR = 1.106, 95% CI: 0.994–1.232). At the community level, improved water coverage had no direct effect (OR = 1.002, 95% CI: 0.950–1.057) but improved sanitation coverage was associated with lower diarrhoea prevalence (OR = 0.917, 95% CI: 0.843–0.998). Our interaction analysis showed that the protective effects of better sanitation at the community level were increased by better drinking water at the community level. This illustrates the importance of improving both drinking water and sanitation simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The amount of family financial resources available in early life influences child health and development. Using data from the 2000 and 2007 waves of the Indonesian Family Life Survey, we estimated the associations of early- life poverty (at age <7 years) and poverty in later childhood (at age 7-14 years) with cognitive function at age 7-14 years. Our analysis provided little support for the idea that an early intervention to support household income has a larger effect than intervention later in childhood; both seemed equally important. We also decomposed the effect of poverty at age <7 years into direct and indirect effects mediated through poverty and schooling/home environment at age 7-14 years. For decomposing the effects, we used 3 approaches: 1) joint mediators, 2) path-specific, and 3) intervention analog. Being exposed to poverty before age 7 years had a larger direct effect (difference in cognitive function z score) on child cognitive function at age 7-14 years (i.e., joint mediators β = -0.07, 95% confidence interval: -0.12, -0.02) than the indirect effects mediated through later poverty at age 7-14 years (β = -0.01, 95% confidence interval: -0.04, 0.01) and school attendance/home environment at age 7-14 years. The effect of poverty on cognitive function was small; nevertheless, financial intervention may still benefit children's cognitive function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research describes the other side in the implementation of Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH). This program refers to one of many poverty mitigation programs which can afford the poor (beneficiary) in urban and rural areas by giving grantin- aid to education and health sectors due to the capacity of these sectors in suppressing poverty rate. The location of research is Hiri Island District, North Maluku Province, East Indonesia. Research focuses on the role of facilitator in the implementation of Program Keluarga Harapan, main substance to discuss is empowerment. Method of research is qualitative using case study. Research has found that the implementation of PKH in small island is not yet optimum despite the claim of its capacity to reduce poverty rate. Responsibility and good supervision from facilitator and participant are the key of successful program implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses various reports within the issue on topics including the dynamics of poverty in Indonesia, the consumer price index of the country, and the measurement of the income inequality in the country.

The Indonesia Update Conference, now in its 28th year, was held at the Australian National University on 24-25 September. Convened by Chris Manning (Indonesia Project, ANU) and Sudarno Sumarto (SMERU Research Institute, Jakarta), the conference attracted around 300 participants from academia, government, NGOs and the business community, including many from Indonesia. Apart from the traditional political and economic updates, both of which are published in this issue of BIES, six broad topics were covered: employment, migration and microenterprises; education and health; health care for the poor; trends in poverty and social protection; government interventions; and the politics of poverty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We critically review conceptual and empirical issues surrounding the derivation of the international poverty line, expressed in PPP-adjusted dollars and linked to various rounds of the International Comparison Program (ICP). We find that there are some limitations in the current estimation of these lines, but show that statistically superior methods lead to lines that are relatively robust and confirm the $1.25 using 2005 PPPs and suggest $1.67-1.71 using 2011 PPPs (or close to the $1.90 proposed by the World Bank if we follow the World Bank's approach of adjusting inflation rates in some countries); they also roughly confirm the current shape of the proposed 'weakly relative' poverty line. Using the new absolute line based on 2011 PPPs would lead to substantially lower poverty in our estimation. The extent of the decline depends on whether and how one treats China, India, and Indonesia differently from other countries in the 2005 and 2011 PPPs. More seriously, we note that the dependence on successive ICP rounds creates conceptual and empirical problems that have become worse over time so that we suggest that it would be best to consider alternatives to the current reliance on ICP rounds and the resulting PPPs. As a short-term solution we propose to fix the international poverty line in national currencies using either the 2005 or 2011 level; in the medium term, we argue for global poverty measurement based on internationally coordinated national poverty measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Positive mental health, rather than just the absence of mental illness, is rarely investigated among the internally displaced persons (IDPs) affected by violent conflict in low-income countries. The purpose of this study was to investigate a model that could explain the interrelationship between factors contributing to positive mental health in displaced populations. In a longitudinal study we examine poverty, exposure to traumatic events and the change of material well-being after one year. We collected data in two consecutive years (2005 and 2006) from a community-based sample of IDPs in Ambon, Indonesia, through face-to-face structured interviews with consenting adults. Participants of this study were IDPs lived in Ambon during the violent conflict period. We interviewed 471 IDPs in the first year and reinterviewed 399 (85%) of the same subjects in the second year. The IDPs possessed good sense of coherence and subjective well-being. Our final model, which was generated by the use of structural equation modeling, fits the data well (χ2 = 52.51, df = 45,p = .21, CFI = .99, RMSEA = .019). Exposure to violent conflict had a negative impact on IDPs’ mental health initially and better economic conditions improved it (r = −.30 and .29 respectively). Mental health status one year previously was a strong predictor of future mental health, followed by individual economic growth in the past year (r = .43 and .29 respectively). On a group level the IDPs were resilient and adaptive to survive in adverse living conditions after devastating violent conflict, and the economic improvement contributed to it. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In contemporary Indonesia as in many other parts of the global south, policy plays a limited role in guiding the practice of rural development. What proliferates, instead, is the project: a time bound intervention with a fixed goal and budget, framed within a technical matrix which renders some problems amenable to intervention, while leaving others out of account. Thinking about rural development in terms of projects has become so routine that alternative ways of thinking and acting are scarcely considered. Yet, it was not always so. This article compares the present conjuncture, in which the project system dominates, with historical conjunctures at which projects did not take the center stage. Two empirical studies serve to illustrate how a disparate set of actors – Indonesian government officials and politicians, social development experts at the World Bank, transnational conservation agencies and rural villagers – converged on the project system, with refractory results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The political authority of President Joko Widodo (Jokowi) was bolstered in the third quarter of 2015 by a cabinet reshuffle, his coalition's gaining a parliamentary majority, and several foreign-policy developments. Indonesia's request to rejoin OPEC, for example, after having left in 2008, seemed more about international relations than oil prices, while official visits to the Middle East and the United States allowed Jokowi to project his presidency on the international stage. He still faces resistance from within his own party, however. Jokowi's politically bold reshuffle of economic ministers in August soon yielded a range of policy announcements. In September and October, his government introduced its first substantial set of reforms—a number of economic policy packages intended, among other things, to attract investment and stimulate domestic demand. If even half of these policies are put in place, the impact on Indonesia's economy should be tangible. Few countries have escaped the effects of falling global commodity prices and China's growth slowdown. At 4.7%, year on year, in the third quarter Indonesia's rate of economic growth again fell short of the government's target. Slowing growth and a negative outlook have lowered market expectations and weakened the rupiah, which is also burdened by the large outstanding external debt held by corporate borrowers. Indonesia's real effective exchange rate has recently begun to depreciate, however, which may stimulate exports. Growth prospects will also improve if the substantial increase in capital and infrastructure spending allocated in the state budget is realised. Against this backdrop, we focus on what has happened to poverty and inequality in Indonesia since Jokowi took office. The distributional impacts of the current macroeconomic climate are likely to be hardest felt by the poor. Indonesia is well known for its record on poverty reduction, but between September 2014 and March 2015 the share of the population in poverty increased, even though economic growth was close to 5.0%. Slowing growth, rising food prices, the falling real wages of farmers, and the delayed disbursement of fuel-price compensation all had an effect. Such impacts may be mitigated in the medium term by Jokowi's budget reallocations to infrastructure, if realised, and his expansion of social spending. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Despite the prevalence of protected areas, evidence of their impacts on people is weak and remains hotly contested in conservation policy. A key question in this debate is whether socioeconomic impacts vary according to social subgroup. Given that social inequity can create conflict and impede poverty reduction, understanding how protected areas differentially affect people is critical to designing them to achieve social and biological goals. Understanding heterogeneous responses to protected areas can improve targeting of management activities and help elucidate the pathways through which impacts of protected areas occur. Here, we assessed whether the socioeconomic impacts of marine protected areas (MPAs)--designed to achieve goals for both conservation and poverty alleviation--differed according to age, gender or religion in associated villages in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Using data from pre-, mid- and post-implementation of the MPAs for control and project villages, we found little empirical evidence that impacts on five key socioeconomic indicators related to poverty differed according to social subgroup. We found suggestive empirical evidence that the effect of the MPAs on environmental knowledge differed by age and religion; over the medium and long terms, younger people and Muslims showed greater improvements compared with older people and Christians, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars have called for further critical reflection on and hence advancement of popular theories of risk. Classic texts such as Beck’s risk society thesis have been criticised for their Eurocentricity, making them difficult to use in non-Western contexts. This limitation is especially problematic given that so many risks and natural hazards occur in precisely the Southern, developing regions of the world which Beck’s work largely neglects. In this article, I draw on data from a year of anthropological fieldwork (2010–2011) plus shorter follow up visits to the research area in 2014 and 2015. I use these data to examine the relationship between Jakartan slum dwellers’ experiences and perceptions of severe, recurrent flood risk and the central arguments of Beck’s thesis. I argue that while some elements of Beck’s theoretical framework provide insights into a non-Western, highly risk-prone context, other aspects of his thesis are less helpful and need to be reworked using alternative theories of risk. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article analyses the consumption growth elasticity and inequality elasticity of poverty in Indonesia, with a particular focus on the decentralisation period. Using provincial panel data, we show that the effectiveness of growth in alleviating poverty across provinces was greater during decentralisation—that is, between 2002 and 2010—than at any other point since 1984. The growth elasticity of poverty since 2002 is estimated to have been –2.46, which means that a 10% increase in average consumption per capita would have reduced the poverty rate by almost 25%. However, we also find that rising income inequality negated a quarter to a third of the 5.7-percentage-point reduction in the headcount poverty rate. This increasing inequality has contributed to a lower level of pro-poor growth than that maintained in Indonesia before decentralisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A popular rural development strategy in recent years has been through the adoption of what has been widely called a ‘value chain approach’, where improved linkages between small producers in underdeveloped rural communities and ‘lead firms’ constitute the foundations for development interventions. Whilst the global value-chain framework can deliver insights into the broad structural processes shaping livelihood possibilities, the adoption of value chains as a development strategy tends to disregard the complexity of smallholder livelihoods that shape poverty alleviation pathways in different contexts. The relationships between global value chains, development interventions, and rural livelihoods are explored in this article through a case study of smallholder coffee farming in the Toraja region of Indonesia. In this case, value-chain interventions in the coffee sector are unlikely to significantly contribute to improved rural welfare due to the diversified reality of local livelihoods, the nuances of how coffee production is embedded within Torajan culture and economy, and excellent prevailing market opportunities. The livelihood framework, therefore, provides an important corrective for the sometimes excessive optimism presented by advocates of a value-chain approach to rural development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of the studies on the poverty impact of economic shocks as well as policy reforms assumed the poverty line as a fixed line; thus, the poverty outcome of shocks may underestimate (overestimate) and mislead in policy guidance. This research aims at empirically investigating the difference of poverty outcome between applying a fixed and an endogenous poverty line. Applying computable general equilibrium microsimulation (CGE-MS), this study has empirically proven that, if a fixed poverty line is applied, the poverty impact of economic shocks which significantly increase (decrease) price will always be underestimated (overestimated). This study empirically found that there is a 0.316 percentage point difference in the poverty outcome between applying the endogenous poverty line and the fixed poverty line when analyzing the impact on poverty in Indonesia of a doubling in the imported soybean price. Supposing the fixed poverty line, the poverty rate will increase by 0.167 percentage points, while supposing the endogenous poverty line, the poverty rate will increase by 0.483 percentage points. Therefore, applying either an endogenous or a fixed poverty line will have a different policy implication. This study strongly suggested that the endogenous poverty line should be applied when analyzing the poverty impact of shocks due to the precision in outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia's poverty alleviation programs are implemented by two approaches target, those are the pockets (areas) of poverty and the poor households. Related with poverty alleviation programs targeting poor areas, in the Medium Term Development Plan (RPJM) 2010-2014, the government through the Development Backward Areas Ministry (KPDT) has determined the backward or underdeveloped regions at the level of district/city. There is no district/city in the province of Yogyakarta (DIY) are classified as underdeveloped region, but in 2011 the poverty rate in DIY is the highest compared with other provinces in Java and Bali. Therefore, the classifications of underdeveloped areas are not optimal if applicable only within the district, but it needs to be seen in the smaller scope, such as village. The main purpose of this study is to determine the underdeveloped villages in DIY in 2011. The average per capita household expenditure is a key indicator in measuring poverty. Susenas data can only be used to estimate the average per capita household expenditure to the level of district. Therefore, to obtain the estimated value in village level, this study used Small Area Estimation approach by combining census data (Podes 2011) and survey data (Susenas 2011). This study used Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) with Adaptive Gaussian Kernel Bandwidth weighting function. GWR is a linear regression model that produces the local parameters in all locations. GWR parameters estimated are performed by Weighted Least Squares (WLS) method which involving spatial aspects. The results found that there were 13 underdeveloped villages in DIY. Furthermore, the Local Indicator of Spatial Association (LISA) is used to look at the tendency of cluster in underdeveloped villages. Then, maps are used to compare characteristic of underdeveloped villages among others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2008 global food price crisis and more recent food price spikes have led to a greater focus on policies and programs to cushion the effects of such shocks on poverty and malnutrition. Analysis of the income elasticities of micronutrients and their changes during food price crises can shed light on the potential effectiveness of cash transfer and nutrition supplement programs. This article examines these issues using data from two cross-sectional household surveys in Indonesia, taken before (1996) and soon after (1999) the 1997–98 economic crisis, which led to a sharp increase in food prices. First, using nonparametric and regression methods, the article examines how the income elasticity of calories from starchy staples as a share of total calories differs between the two survey rounds. Second, the article estimates income elasticities of important nutrients in Indonesia. The analysis finds that, although summary measures such as the income elasticity of the starchy staple ratio might not change during crises, this stability masks important differences across individual nutrients. In particular, income elasticities of some key micronutrients, such as iron, calcium, and vitamin B1, are significantly higher in a crisis year than in a normal year, yet the income elasticities of others—such as vitamin C—remain close to zero. These results suggest that cash transfer programs might be even more effective during crises to ensure the consumption of essential micronutrients. But to ensure that all key micronutrients are consumed, nutrition supplement programs are also likely required. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

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Yet rural in nature, Asia is proceeding with a wide-ranging scale and fast pace of urbanization, resulting in accelerated economic growth. This article attempts a comparison on urbanization of six largest Asian countries: Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, and the Philippines. Among these countries, urban transition is underway in China, Indonesia, and the Philippines, which are also on track to mature as middle-income countries. India and Pakistan will soon graduate from low-income to lower-middle income countries, reaching the platform for faster urbanization with consequent economic growth. Regardless of the level of urbanization across countries, cities generate four-fifths of national income and the prominence of cities in generating country's national income is escalating. Still, urbanization primarily takes place through the development of large cities with surrounding industrial zones. Large cities will continue to play a significant role in absorbing future anticipated growth, but a decrease of growth rates in large cities is expected. Most of future city growth will occur in medium- and small-sized cities where existing coverage of basic public services is grossly inadequate, that entails greater concentration of power, investment, and services. To maximize the benefits of urbanization, countries need to judiciously plan the course of future urbanization--whether it should be a concentrated growth, a balanced growth, or a distributed growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microinsurance programs have expanded rapidly in many developing countries over the past 20 years and are now widely regarded as an integral part of the social protection system. To examine the role of microinsurance in social protection, this article discusses the Indonesian government's Asuransi Kesejahteraan Sosial (Askesos)—or Social Welfare Insurance Program (SWIP)—which is operated in partnership with community-based organizations and is targeted at informal sector workers. Although the program is currently small and pays limited benefits, it helps informal sector workers and their families cope with the risks that challenge their livelihoods. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]