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In the electrical power systems, load is one of the most difficult elements to be represented by an adequate mathematical model due to its complex composition and dynamic and non-deterministic behavior. Nowadays, static and dynamic load models have been developed for several studies such as voltage and transient stability, among others. However, on the issue of power quality, dynamic load models have not been taken into account in fault location. This paper presents a fault location technique based on sequence components, which considers static load models of constant impedance, constant current and constant power. Additionally, an exponential recovery dynamic load model, which is included in both the fault locator and the test system, is considered. This last model is included in order to consider the dynamic nature of the load and the performance of the fault locators under this situation. To demonstrate the adequate performance of the fault locator, tests on the IEEE 34 nodes test feeder are presented. According to the results, when the dynamic load model is considered in both the locator and the power system, performance is in an acceptable range.

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• Practical method to determine whether shunt/series ESS can mitigate voltage sags. • Auxiliary chart obtained easily and analytically. • The method obtains Energy Storage System capacity required to mitigate voltage sags. • The method obtains the optimum power factor for operation of Energy Storage System. Energy storage systems (ESS) have attracted significant interest and investments. Despite this interest, industry and utility engineers have not widely considered this technology as a potential solution to improve the power quality supplied for critical loads. This is in part because of the high cost and in part because of the high complexity to assess this type of solution. This paper, therefore, proposes a practical approach to determine whether shunt/series ESS can mitigate voltage sags assuming the availability of system information, as short-circuit impedance and historical voltage sags, and load information. This is done by analyzing a chart obtained analytically, which can be easily constructed based on simple information from the system and load, without resorting to computer simulations. By inspecting this chart, engineers can quickly determine not only the ESS capacity required to mitigate specific sags, but also which is the optimum power factor for operation. Sensitivity studies are provided to reveal key factors affecting ESS capability to mitigate voltage sags and to validate the proposed approach. Results outline that the requirements of shunt ESS depend on the system short-circuit level and X / R ratio, whereas requirements of series ESS depend on the load demand and power factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]