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In order to achieve continuous and dynamic detection of sugarcane nodes, improve the automatic production efficiency of pre-cut sugarcane seed, and lower the cost of mechanized sugarcane production, a detection method based on linear array charge-coupled device (CCD) photoelectric sensor signal processing was developed. Firstly, the mechanical drive unit was controlled to drive the photoelectric detection system to acquire the signal of the vertical projection of the sugarcane profile. The projection information was then binarized into profile information using the Otsu algorithm. The profile signal was then decomposed using a variable mode decomposition algorithm optimized based on the sparrow search algorithm, and the component reflecting the node content was regarded as the feature signal. Finally, the position of the wave peaks above the judgment threshold in the normalized feature signal was considered the position of the sugarcane nodes. One-way and two-way experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of scan speed and illuminance on identification precision. The results showed that the identification rate, average response time, and average error values were 98.40%, 0.13 s, and 1.36 mm at a scan speed of 75 mm/s and an illuminance of 91.91 lx. Compared to other node identification methods discussed in this article, the proposed method has a high identification rate and accuracy with a high response speed, which can improve the automation efficiency of sugarcane seed production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]