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Purpose: Audit studies reveal frequent non-compliance with dosing and monitoring guidelines for vancomycin. This study aimed to qualitatively explore the barriers and facilitators of compliance with vancomycin dosing and monitoring guidelines., Methods: Interviews were conducted with 16 prescribers in a large tertiary teaching hospital in Sydney, Australia. Questions explored knowledge, attitudes, and perceived complexities associated with vancomycin use. Interviews were analysed using thematic analysis., Results: Prescribers reported utilising vancomycin guidelines, citing familiarity with guidelines, a positive perception of guidelines, awareness of poor guideline compliance, and assistance from specialist staff as facilitators of the uptake of guideline recommendations. Barriers existing within the prescribing environment such as the prescribing culture, a lack of time, and poor communication and coordination of therapeutic drug monitoring processes were identified as hindrances to guideline compliance., Conclusions: The provision of guidelines may not be sufficient in ensuring appropriate prescribing and monitoring of vancomycin when barriers relating to the prescribing environment exist. Developing interventions targeted toward these barriers, such as having dedicated phlebotomists for vancomycin blood sampling, fostering better handover processes, and educating staff on poorly understood aspects of guidelines, is likely to improve the uptake of guideline recommendations for vancomycin and other medications requiring therapeutic drug monitoring.

Objective: To explore the views of nurses and doctors during the early stages of implementation of a computerized provider order entry (CPOE) system in a pediatric hospital and to examine changes in perceptions and reported behaviors as use of the CPOE system became routine., Methods: Semi-structured interviews were undertaken at four time points following CPOE implementation: during week one, week three, week six and then six months following implementation. In total, 122 users were interviewed. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Emergent themes were mapped to the Extended Technology Acceptance Model (e-TAM)., Results: Initial perceptions were driven by unfamiliarity with the system. As users became more proficient and efficient in using the CPOE system, additional safety benefits become apparent. However, accompanying increased reports of benefits were reports of usability problems and new types of errors arising from CPOE use. Reports of workarounds appeared for the first time at 6-month interviews. These workarounds were adopted to allow routine work to continue and to attenuate some of the perceived negative consequences of CPOE, including delayed medications and reduced patient interaction., Conclusion: This study is one of the first to examine changes in perceptions of CPOE at multiple points, demonstrating the trajectory of changes in views over time. It provides new information about the time point at which workarounds begin to be embedded in practice and are potentially most receptive to identification and remediation. It suggests an adaptive implementation and support program would be beneficial, as reported difficulties and concerns change during the first six months of use., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Patients admitted to hospital on weekends have a greater risk of mortality compared to patients admitted on weekdays. Junior medical officers (JMO) make up the majority of medical staff on weekends. No previous study has quantified JMO work patterns on weekends., Aim: To describe and quantify JMO work patterns on weekends and compare them with patterns previously observed during the week., Methods: Observational time and motion study of JMO working weekends using the Work Observation Method by Activity Timing (WOMBAT; Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia) software. Descriptive statistics were used to determine the proportion of total observed time spent in tasks., Results: Weekend JMO predominately spent time in indirect care (32.0%), direct care (23.0%) and professional communication (22.1%). JMO spent 20.9% of time multitasking and were interrupted, on average, every 9 min. Weekend JMO spent significantly more time in direct care compared with weekdays (13.0%; P < 0.001) and nights (14.3%; P < 0.001). Weekend JMO spent significantly less time on breaks (8.5%), with less than 1 h in an 11-h shift, compared with JMO during weekdays (16.4%; P = 0.004) and nights (27.6%; P = <0.001). Weekend JMO were interrupted at a higher rate (6.6/h) than on weekdays (rate ratio (RR) 2.9, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 2.6, 3.3) or nights (RR 5.1, 95% CI 4.2, 6.1). Multitasking on weekends (20.9%) was comparable to weekdays (18.9%; P = 0.19) but significantly higher than nights (6.4%; P = <0.001)., Conclusion: On weekends, JMO had few breaks, were interrupted frequently and engaged in high levels of multitasking. This pattern of JMO work could be a potential contributing factor to the weekend effect in terms of JMO abilities to respond safely and adequately to care demands., (© 2016 Royal Australasian College of Physicians.)

Much clinical information is computerised and doctors' use of mobile devices such as iPad tablets to access this information is expanding rapidly. This study investigated the use of iPads during ward rounds and their usefulness in providing access to information during ward rounds. Ten teams of doctors at a large teaching hospital were given iPads for ten weeks and were observed on ward rounds for 77.3 hours as they interacted with 525 patients. Use of iPads and other information technology devices to access clinical information was recorded. The majority of clinical information was accessed using iPads (56.2%), followed by computers-on-wheels (35.8%), stationary PCs (7.9%) and smartphones (0.1%). Despite having read-only access on iPads, doctors were generally happy using iPads on ward rounds. These findings provide evidence of the value of iPads as a tool to access information at the point of care.

Objectives: To determine the frequency with which computerized alerts occur and the proportion triggered as a result of prescribers not utilizing e-prescribing system functions., Methods: An audit of electronic inpatient medication charts at a teaching hospital in Sydney, Australia, was conducted to identify alerts fired, to categorize the system functions used by prescribers, and to assess if use of short-cut system functions could have prevented the alerts., Results: Of the 2209 active orders reviewed, 600 (27.2%) triggered at least one alert. Therapeutic duplication alerts were the most frequent (n=572). One third of these (20.2% of all alerts) was 'technically preventable' and would not have fired if prescribers had used a short-cut system function to prescribe. Under-utilized system functions included the option to 'MODIFY' existing orders and use of the 'AND' function for concurrent orders. Pregnancy alerts, set for women aged between 12 and 55 years, were triggered for 43% of drugs ordered for this group., Conclusion: Developers of decision support systems should test the extent to which technically preventable alerts may arise when prescribers fail to use system functions as designed. Designs which aim to improve the efficiency of the prescribing process but which do not align with the cognitive processes of users may fail to achieve this desired outcome and produce unexpected consequences such as triggering unnecessary alerts and user frustration. Ongoing user training to support effective use of e-prescribing system functions and modifications to the mechanisms underlying alert generation are needed to ensure that prescribers are presented with fewer but more meaningful alerts.

Resistance to adoption has been identified as one of the major barriers to successful implementation of technological systems in hospitals. Acceptance of an electronic prescribing (e-prescribing) system is expected to occur if prescribers perceive a need for e-prescribing systems to reduce prescribing errors. We set out to examine doctors' perceptions of their prescribing competency and to identify perceived advantages and disadvantages of using an e-prescribing system, with the objective of determining the value doctors ascribed to the e-prescribing system. This study was conducted at a teaching hospital in Sydney, Australia. Sixteen prescribers participated in a 20-minute semi-structured interview where they were asked to comment on prescribing errors (their own errors and errors they believed to be common) and advantages and disadvantages of the e-prescribing system. Prescribers held the view that they rarely made prescribing errors. Although users recognised advantages and disadvantages of using the e-prescribing system, most preferred paper to electronic prescribing. Prescribers most likely overestimated their prescribing competency and so failed to see the value of an e-prescribing system to reduce prescribing errors. E-prescribing system implementation is a challenging task for any hospital. These results suggest that keeping prescribers informed about their prescribing errors and the quality improvement benefits of e-prescribing may lead to greater acceptance of and satisfaction with an e-prescribing system.