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Several kinds of paper (Bond, Amate, Rice, Press, and Whatman#1) were studied in their original condition and were then exposed to gamma radiation between 3 and 15 kGy (0.9 kGy/h) with intervals of 3 kGy. The length and width of fibers (SEM) as well as pH were measured, and the chemical composition was determined by EDS. Pyrolysis characteristics (TGA and DTC), transmittance spectra by IR and X-ray diffraction patterns were studied as well. Whatman#1 contains only cellulose; whereas Bond, Press and Rice papers also contain calcite and Amate whewellite. All X-ray diffraction patterns showed Type I semicrystalline cellulose, but a slight presence of Type II was noted in the artisan papers (Amate and Rice). These results were confirmed by IR spectra and thermogravimetric analyses. Due to gamma irradiation no acidification nor change of fiber sizes or alteration of other studied parameters were observed. Therefore, these conditions may be recommended for the treatment of some deteriorated documents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research on Émile Zola's involvement with the French press of the late Second Empire and early Third Republic has clarified the shape of this history of his engagement with journalism, including a supposed absence from the fray between 1881 and 1895. This article, however, identifies in the period 1888 to 1892, between the idealism of Le Rêve and the reflexivity of Le Docteur Pascal, a period of particular reflection on the press by Zola which illuminates 'le retour du réel et de l'actualité' in his novels: La Bête humaine, L'Argent and La Débâcle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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One of the surface treatments of paper is surface sizing. In this operation, hydrophobic polymers are added to paper in a size press, usually dissolved in an aqueous starch solution. We investigated the penetration of starch solutions in paper in a puddle size press. Starch penetration in paper was followed by x-ray microscopy. A mathematical model was developed, which explains the observed penetration depths. The model is an extension of the classical Lucas–Washburn theory, modified by a build-up of pressure inside the sheet during liquid penetration. The model predicts liquid penetration as a function of paper speed, nip load, viscosity of sizing solution and porosity, and surface chemistry of paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports that blogs are re-shaping newspaper publishing. Journalist-written blogs give readers more information and wider perspectives. Through blogging or commenting on the blogs, readers are able to interact with the newspaper's online site. In the process, more readers visit the site, thus bringing income to the paper through advertising sponsors. Analysts forecast that newspaper revenues from blogging shall hit $55 billion by 2010. The partnership between newspapers and blogs helps build a community by initiating conversations.