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Presently, lightweight devices such as mobile phones, notepads, and laptops are widely used to access the Internet throughout the world; however, a problem of privacy preservation and authentication delay occurs during handover operation when these devices change their position from a home mesh access point (HMAP) to a foreign mesh access point (FMAP). Authentication during handover is mostly performed through ticket-based techniques, which permit the user to authenticate itself to the foreign mesh access point; therefore, a secure communication method should be formed between the mesh entities to exchange the tickets. In two existing protocols, this ticket was not secured at all and exchanged in a plaintext format. We propose a protocol for handover authentication with privacy preservation of the transfer ticket via the Diffie-Hellman method. Through experimental results, our proposed protocol achieves privacy preservation with minimum authentication delay during handover operation.

Intelligent and networked vehicles help build an efficient vehicular network's infrastructure. The widespread use of electronic software exposes these networks to cyber‐attacks. Intrusion detection systems (IDS) are useful for preventing vehicle network assaults. IDS have been customized using machine and deep learning networks for greater real‐time performance. Current learning‐based intrusion detection systems demand substantial processing capabilities to train and update intricate training models in vehicular devices, resulting in decreased efficiency and ability to defend against assaults. This study presents Blockchain‐based Multi‐Layer Federated Extreme Learning Machines (MLFEM) enabled IDS (BEF‐IDS) for safe data transfers. The proposed IDS leverages federated learning to generate Multi‐Layered Extreme Learning Machines, which are offloaded to dispersed vehicular edge devices such as Road‐Side Units (RSU) and connected vehicles. This federated strategy decreases resource use without sacrificing security. Blockchain technology records and shares training models, assuring network security. Using real‐time data sets, the suggested algorithm's performance under different attack scenarios were extensively tested. The suggested method obtained 98% accuracy and Recall, 97.9% Precision, and 97.9% F1 Score performance, which suggests it's incredibly secure and costs very little to transmit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Every individual in our technologically evolved world needs proper data security. The procedure of exchanging medical information is increasingly concerned with data privacy. Many techniques have been offered for preserving data security. These techniques use approaches such as k‐anonymity, l‐diversity, and others. However, such solutions are vulnerable to attribute disclosure, homogeneity, and background knowledge risks due to their syntactic nature. In this work, we describe a safe and secure architecture and semantic approach for data sharing that is based on blockchain, local differential privacy (LDP), and federated learning (FL). The proposed framework generates an atmosphere devoid of trust in which data owners are no longer required to have trust in the controllers. The FL models enable the whole network to decentralize its data‐driven learning. Interplanetary file system (IPFS) is used to provide data security in a distributed environment because each file in IPFS has a digital fingerprint that is computed using a cryptographic hash function on the file's whole contents. Due to the rigorous privacy guarantee, data owners no longer need to be worried about the security of their data. The proposed model's assessment parameters include latency, throughput, privacy, and accuracy. The data privacy of the proposed model is protected via LDP and FL, and its latency and throughput communication transactions on permissioned blockchain are calculated and compared with those of the benchmark model. The findings indicate that the proposed model delivers 85% more accurate privacy than the benchmark model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) promises to deliver innovative business models across multiple domains by providing ubiquitous connectivity, intelligent data, predictive analytics, and decision-making systems for improved market performance. However, traditional IIoT architectures are highly susceptible to many security vulnerabilities and network intrusions, which bring challenges such as lack of privacy, integrity, trust, and centralization. This research aims to implement an Artificial Intelligence-based Lightweight Blockchain Security Model (AILBSM) to ensure privacy and security of IIoT systems. This novel model is meant to address issues that can occur with security and privacy when dealing with Cloud-based IIoT systems that handle data in the Cloud or on the Edge of Networks (on-device). The novel contribution of this paper is that it combines the advantages of both lightweight blockchain and Convivial Optimized Sprinter Neural Network (COSNN) based AI mechanisms with simplified and improved security operations. Here, the significant impact of attacks is reduced by transforming features into encoded data using an Authentic Intrinsic Analysis (AIA) model. Extensive experiments are conducted to validate this system using various attack datasets. In addition, the results of privacy protection and AI mechanisms are evaluated separately and compared using various indicators. By using the proposed AILBSM framework, the execution time is minimized to 0.6 seconds, the overall classification accuracy is improved to 99.8%, and detection performance is increased to 99.7%. Due to the inclusion of auto-encoder based transformation and blockchain authentication, the anomaly detection performance of the proposed model is highly improved, when compared to other techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the advancement of cyber threats, blockchain technology has evolved to have a significant role in providing secure and reliable decentralized applications. One of these applications is a remote voting system that allow voters to participate in elections remotely. This work proposes a privacy-preserving e-voting system supporting score voting using blockchain technology. The main challenge with score voting compared to the regular yes/no voting approach is that a voter is allowed to assign a score from a defined range for each candidate. To preserve privacy, votes shall be encrypted before submission to the Blockchain, however, a malicious voter can modify the score value before encrypting it to manipulate the elections result for the favor of a certain candidate. To address this challenge, the proposed scheme allows voters to first prove that the submitted score lies in the predefined range before the vote is added to the Blockchain to ensure fairness of the election. The performance of our scheme is evaluated against a set of comprehensive experiments designed to determine optimal bounds for workload and transaction send rates and measure the impact of exceeding these bounds on critical performance metrics. The results of these simulations and their implications therefore indicate that the proposed scheme is secure while being able to handle up to 10,000 transactions at a time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data publication and sharing are critical components of assessing network infrastructures in the Internet of Things for quality-of-service enhancement. Especially, the advancement in communication technology (e.g., 5G/6G) enables the improvement of the current bottlenecks in the Industrial Internet of Things. Recent approaches remove raw data and their source to achieve a privacy guarantee. However, the data are already anonymized; these still reveal the victim’s extra information using linkage attacks. When data are updated and combined or noise is introduced as part of conventional privacy protection approaches, such as $k$ -anonymity, l-diversity, or differential privacy, the usefulness of the released data is diminished, however, posing data utility and computation constraints. In recent years, lightweight privacy-preservation techniques have been proposed for these reasons. However, most of the focus is on syntactic privacy instead of semantic privacy guarantee. Therefore, this article proposes a lightweight semantic privacy-preservation framework for maintaining privacy with high utility efficiency. The proposed paradigm ensures semantic privacy by combining probabilistic random sampling with Instant_Anonymity. Compared to $k$ -anonymity, the suggested model demonstrates improved data utility with lower utility errors of 0.00036 and 0.41 for Kullback–Leibler divergence and query error, respectively. The classification accuracy is improved by 0.2%. In addition, the proposed approach is simpler to implement in computation time than the existing state-of-the-art lightweight privacy-preserving strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Federated learning (FL) is known to perform machine learning tasks in a distributed manner. Over the years, this has become an emerging technology, especially with various data protection and privacy policies being imposed. FL allows for performing machine learning tasks while adhering to these challenges. As with the emergence of any new technology, there will be challenges and benefits. A challenge that exists in FL is the communication costs: as FL takes place in a distributed environment where devices connected over the network have to constantly share their updates, this can create a communication bottleneck. This paper presents the state-of-the-art of the conducted works on communication constraints of FL while maintaining the secure and smart properties that federated learning is known for. Overall, current challenges and possible methods for enhancing the FL models' efficiency with a perspective on communication are discussed. This paper aims to bridge the gap in all conducted review papers by solely focusing on communication aspects in FL environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Augmented reality is currently of interest in biomedical health informatics. At the same time, several challenges have appeared, in particular with the rapid progress of smart sensor technologies, and medical artificial intelligence. This yields the necessity of new needs in biomedical health informatics. Collaborative learning and privacy are just some of the challenges of augmented reality technology in biomedical health informatics. This paper introduces a novel secure collaborative augmented reality framework for biomedical health informatics-based applications. Distributed deep learning is performed across a multi-agent system platform. The privacy strategy is then developed for ensuring better communications of the different intelligent agents in the system. In this research work, a system of multiple agents is created for the simulation of the collective behaviours of the smart components of biomedical health informatics. Augmented reality is also incorporated for better visualization of medical patterns. A novel privacy strategy based on blockchain is investigated for ensuring the confidentiality of the learning process. Experiments are conducted on real use cases of the biomedical segmentation process. Our strong experimental analysis reveals the strength of the proposed framework when directly compared to state-of-the-art biomedical health informatics solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The manufacturing industry undergoes a new age, with significant changes taking place on several fronts. Companies devoted to digital transformation take their future plants inspired by the Internet of Things (IoT). The IoT is a worldwide network of interrelated physical devices, which is an essential component of the internet, including sensors, actuators, smart apps, computers, mechanical machines, and people. The effective allocation of the computing resources and the carrier is critical in the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) for smart production systems. Indeed, the existing assignment method in the smart production system cannot guarantee that resources meet the inherently complex and volatile requirements of the user are timely. Many research results on resource allocations in auction formats which have been implemented to consider the demand and real-time supply for smart development resources, but safety privacy and trust estimation issues related to these outcomes are not actively discussed. OBJECTIVES: The paper proposes a Hierarchical Trustful Resource Assignment (HTRA) and Trust Computing Algorithm (TCA) based on Vickrey Clarke-Groves (VGCs) in the computer carriers necessary resources to communicate wirelessly among IIoT devices and gateways, and the allocation of CPU resources for processing information at the CPC. RESULTS: Finally, experimental findings demonstrate that when the IIoT equipment and gateways are valid, the utilities of each participant are improved. CONCLUSION: This is an easy and powerful method to guarantee that intelligent manufacturing components genuinely work for their purposes, which want to integrate each element into a system without interactions with each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: An isolated robot must take account of uncertainty in its world model and adapt its activities to take into account such as uncertainty. In the same way, a robot interaction with security and privacy issues (RISAPI) with people has to account for its confusion about the human internal state, as well as how this state will shift as humans respond to the robot. OBJECTIVES: This paper discusses RISAPI of our original work in the field, which shows how probabilistic planning and system theory algorithms in workplace robotic systems that work with people can allow for that reasoning using a security robot system. The problem is a general way as an incomplete knowledge 2-player game. RESULTS: In this general framework, the various hypotheses and these contribute to thrilling and complex robot behavior through real-time interaction, which transforms actual human subjects into a spectrum of production systems, robots, and care facilities. CONCLUSION: The models of the internal human situation, in which robots can be designed efficiently, are limited, and achieve optimal computational intractability in large, high-dimensional spaces. To achieve this, versatile, lightweight portrayals of the human inner state and modern algorithms offer great hope for reasoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Securing a wireless sensor system is a hard task for researchers today. Strengthening the authentication system before connection establishment is the right way to enhance the architecture and also to provide secured communication from eavesdroppers. In this paper, we present a novel algorithm to enhance the security of data using a hybrid model which uses an adaptive encoding technique alongside Chaotic Hopfield Neural Network. The proposed computation upgrades the security of a key shared between any nodes. Our experimental results show that the security of transmitted data is better than traditional algorithms. Moreover, we also show that the computational time for the proposed algorithm is less than known traditional algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent anticipated advancements in ad hoc Wireless Mesh Networks (WMN) have made them strong natural candidates for Smart Grid's Neighborhood Area Network (NAN) and the ongoing work on Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI). Fault detection in these types of energy systems has recently shown lots of interest in the data science community, where anomalous behavior from energy platforms is identified. This paper develops a new framework based on privacy reinforcement learning to accurately identify anomalous patterns in a distributed and heterogeneous energy environment. The local outlier factor is first performed to derive the local simple anomalous patterns in each site of the distributed energy platform. A reinforcement privacy learning is then established using blockchain technology to merge the local anomalous patterns into global complex anomalous patterns. Besides, different optimization strategies are suggested to improve the whole outlier detection process. To demonstrate the applicability of the proposed framework, intensive experiments have been carried out on well-known CASAS (Center of Advanced Studies in Adaptive Systems) platform. Our results show that our proposed framework outperforms the baseline fault detection solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utility of virtual circuit (VC) based devices - UAVs, Drones, and similar other IoT based devices have gained immense momentum in the present day and age. These devices are predominantly used for aerial surveying in sensitive and remote areas. It is alarming that issues pertaining to stalking and information control have increased with the growth of technology. This paper presents a Blockchain Technology (BCT) based solution to improve the security and privacy of VC based device data. The proposed design is evaluated by implementing an IoT based application in a virtual vehicle monitoring system. The technical information about the instructions to the vehicle (devices), authentication, integrity, and vehicle reactions are stored in a cloud platform wherein Pentatope based Elliptic curve cryptography and SHA are used to ensure privacy in data storage. The data is later stored in an Ethereum based public blockchain to enable seamless BCT transactions. This system uses the Ganache platform for BCT that ensures data protection and privacy. Furthermore, metamask wallet for E t h balance is required to perform transactions over BCT. The proposed methodology thus helps to protect data from stalkers, plaintext attacks as well as ciphertext attacks. The results, when compared with the state-of-the-art, justify the efficiency and security aspects of the proposed approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent times, security and privacy at the physical (PHY) layer has been a major issue of several communication technologies which comprise the internet of things (IoT) and mostly, the emerging fifth-generation (5G) cellular network. The most real-world PHY security challenge stems from the fact that the passive eavesdropper's information is unavailable to the genuine source and destination (transmitter/receiver) nodes in the network. Without this information, it is difficult to optimize the broadcasting parameters. Therefore, in this research, we propose an efficient sequential convex estimation optimization (SCEO) algorithm to mitigate this challenge and improve the security of physical layer (PHY) in a three-node wireless communication network. The results of our experiments indicate that by using the SCEO algorithm, an optimal performance and enhanced convergence is achieved in the transmission. However, considering possible security challenges envisaged when a multiple eavesdropper is active in a network, we expanded our research to develop a swift privacy rate optimization algorithm for a multiple-input, multiple-output, multiple-eavesdropper (MIMOME) scenario as it is applicable to security in IoT and 5G technologies. The result of the investigation show that the algorithm executes significantly with minimal complexity when compared with nonoptimal parameters. We further employed the use of rate constraint together with self-interference of the full-duplex transmission at the receiving node, which makes the performance of our technique outstanding when compared with previous studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While federated learning (FL) is a well-known privacy-preserving (PP) solution, recent studies demonstrate that it still has privacy problems and vulnerabilities, particularly in the context of the Next Generation Internet-of-Things (NG-IoT). Attackers on the server can potentially retrieve sensitive information such as data tabs and memberships. Additionally, current FL studies often overlook critical FL issues such as user dropout and low-quality data, which are prevalent in NG-IoT environments. In this article, we propose a privacy-preserving federated model in hybrid terms based on synchronous + asynchronous manner. This federated model removes the fundamental issues of FL-enabled NG-IoT environments while applying Two-Trapdoor Homomorphic Encryption (TTHE) to ensure the privacy and confidentiality of all components in the proposed model. Furthermore, our server protocol removes the effect of irregular users. In this regard, to control the impact of user dropout, we developed the hybrid LEGATO algorithm, which is asynchronous. To tackle users with low-quality data, we utilize the data-sharing method. Security analysis of the proposed model guarantees correctness, auditing, and PP in a federated setup. Also, in the performance evaluation, we achieved a high level of functionality and accuracy compared to peer works, while system overheads are shown to be lower. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the drastic increase in the number of vehicles, searching for available parking spots has become a major problem for drivers, especially in crowded and big cities. Thus, a smart parking system is crucial not only to facilitate drivers' ability to find parking spaces, but also to reduce traffic congestion, pollution, and vehicles' gas consumption. A growing number of public parking lots have been constructed to provide parking spots for drivers. Meanwhile, homeowners and landowners leave their private spaces that can be utilized and rented for other drivers seeking parking spaces. This paper proposes a decentralized smart private-parking scheme built on top of Blockchain. Blockchain is used to run and organize the developed parking scheme to help drivers find nearby parking spots owned by private homeowners and landowners. However, parking owners and drivers should send requests/offers that include the location/time information of spots and/or desired locations to park at. This information can be used to track daily live activities for both drivers and parking owners such as whether a parking owner is at home or not, drivers' destinations, etc. To preserve privacy, in the proposed scheme, drivers/parking owners submit their requests/offers in an encrypted format, and the Blockchain can find feasible matches among the encrypted requests and offers without the need to get access to original sensitive information. In addition, an overlapping and partitioning technique is used to generate the requests/offers to increase matching results by finding more nearby drivers to park and thus maximizing parking owners' profits. Finally, the proposed scheme has been implemented on Hyperledger Blockchain and extensive evaluations have been conducted using different simulation scenarios. The results indicate that the scheme is efficient in terms of scalability and throughput under different case scenarios. Also, security and privacy analysis are conducted to demonstrate that the scheme can run the services securely while ensuring drivers/parking owners' privacy. • Propose a smart private-parking system built on Blockchain to ensure security and reliability. • Data from drivers and parking owners is encrypted using a lightweight matching technique. • An overlapping and partitioning technique is used so that owners can maximize their profits. • Caliper framework used on test cases and results indicate efficiency and scalability with low latency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]