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The calculation accuracy and efficiency of reliability analysis of prefabricated box culvert components are studied using the probability density evolution method based on the actual project. Firstly, the function of prefabricated box culvert is established, the generalized probability density evolution equation of the function is derived, and the finite difference method is used to solve the problem. Secondly, the probability density function is integrated to get the failure probability of components, and then the corresponding reliability index is obtained. Finally, it is compared with Monte Carlo method to analyze the applicability of probability density evolution method. The results show that: in the process of solving the reliability of prefabricated box culvert components, the probability density evolution method fully considers the randomness of component parameters and the probability relationship between sample points based on the relationship between physical system and stochastic system. Compared with Monte Carlo method- probability density evolution method can avoid random convergence effectively, and improve the accuracy and efficiency of calculation under the premise of guaranteeing the unique result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]