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Multiple indicators (trace fossils, trace metals, and δ13Corg) are used to assess the depositional environments and controls on organic carbon accumulation in the Lower Carboniferous Nanmingshui Formation, Junggar Basin, NW China. The majority of trace fossils belong to the Nereites ichnofacies, representing low energy, oxygen‐poor, and relatively quiet bottom water environments. However, the shallow water trace fossil Planolites also appears in the strata, possibly reflecting variations in the bottom water oxygen contents of the turbidite succession. Redox proxies Th/U, V/Sc, and V/(V + Ni) reveal variable redox conditions; most of the samples are in the range from suboxic to anoxic depositional conditions. Ni and Cu show a positive correlation with TOC, but U and V have no correlation with TOC, also suggesting the redox conditions were mainly suboxic. The P/Al and Cu/Al ratios of all samples are higher than those of Post‐Archean Australian Shales (PAAS), and about two‐thirds of the samples' Ba/Al and Ni/Al ratios are close to or higher than PAAS, suggesting the Early Carboniferous Junggar Basin had relatively high palaeo‐productivity levels. δ13Corg values average − 23.75‰, reflecting a mixture of terrestrial organic and marine organic matter. The indexes of Ba/Al, Cu/Al, Ni/Al, and δ13Corg show good positive correlations with TOC, indicating the palaeo‐productivity played an important role for the organic matter accumulation. On the other hand, the TOC correlates inversely with redox proxies (Th/U, V/Sc, and V/(V + Ni)), suggesting the preservation conditions (anoxia) are not the control factor of organic matters accumulation. Using these multiple approaches, our results indicate that productivity was the primary factor controlling organic matter accumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]