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Introduction. Bleeding scoring systems are used for predicting the risk of a specific primary outcome in a specific population.In this article, we present scoring systems frequently used in internist practice. Bleeding scoring systems for acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Are divided into clinical, endoscopic,and combined scoring systems, according to the type of variables included. Besides traditional systems (Rockall, Glasgow-Blatchford), we primarily present clinical scoring systems used for upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Bleeding scoring systems for patients with atrial fibrillation on anticoagulant therapy. We refer to the most significant scoring systems - ATRIA, HAS-BLED, and ORBIT. Since the prognostic performance of the existing scoring systems is less than satisfactory, medical organizations suggest they should be used for recognizing patients who deserve close monitoring during anticoagulant therapy. Bleeding scoring systems for patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with percutaneous coronary intervention. ACUITY-HORIZONS was proven to be superior to other scoring systems in predicting bleeding within 30 days in patients with a myocardial infarction treated with transradial percutaneous coronary intervention. Bleeding scoring systems for bleeding disorders. Scoring systems enable the detection of bleeding disorders before performing laboratory tests. Considering the frequency severity of symptoms, newer systems have been developed for the pediatric population and self-testing by modifying the original scoring system. Conclusion. Although medical organizations encourage the implementation of scoring systems in clinical practice, the development of newer and enhanced existing systems requires a comprehensive approach and critical analysis of the existing systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study the correlation and the prognostic value of the morphometric parameters of angiogenesis for optimal therapeutic response to tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy in patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML), i.e. complete cytogenetic response (CCgR) and major molecular response (MMoR), were investigated. Microvascular density (MVD) and a number of different size- and shape-related morphometric parameters of microvessels of bone marrow biopsy from 40 CML patients and 20 controls were examined. Microvessels of bone marrow were examined by using immunohistochemical staining for CD34 and quantified in the region of the most intense vascularisation by using image analysis. CML patients had significantly higher angiogenesis parameters when compared with controls. A statistically significant correlation was found between some parameters of angiogenesis and evaluated CCgR and MMoR. For achievement of CCgR, lower values of MVD, minor axis, area, circularity, and roundness and higher value of aspect ratio, while for achievement of MMoR only lower values of MVD have been identified as positive prognostic factors. Besides confirming increased angiogenesis in CML patients, this study also demonstrated prognostic significance of the degree of angiogenesis for the clinical outcome and identified angiogenic predictive factors for achieving optimal response on TKIs therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]