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The molecular biomarkers human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) and trefoil factor 3 (TFF3) are reported to play important roles in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer (GC). In this study, we investigated the clinicopathological and prognostic significance of TFF3 and HER2 expression in GC and explored the correlation between these two biomarkers. Ninety-two patients who were diagnosed with GC were enrolled. TFF3 and HER2 expression was determined on tumor tissues. The results showed that TFF3 and HER2 were positively expressed in 42.7 and 10.9% of the cases, respectively. There were significantly higher rates of TFF3 positivity in patients with deep invasive tumors and advanced stage ones. Patients with negative TFF3 staining survived longer than those with the presence of TFF3, with 5-year overall survival (OS) rates of 57.1 ± 7.1 and 39.5 ± 7.5%, respectively (P = 0.033). However, HER2 positivity was not significantly associated with OS (P = 0.262). Multivariate analysis demonstrated TFF3 expression to be an independent indicator for short-term survival, with a hazard ratio of 2.327 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.202-4.507, P = 0.012). There was a trend that the expression of TFF3 was more frequent in HER2 negative tumors than in HER2 positive ones (positive rates: 16.3 vs. 4.7%, P = 0.098). Patients with HER2-negative/TFF3-negative GC presented higher OS than those with other phenotypes (P = 0.009). This study suggests that TFF3 is an independent indicator for survival in GC, while HER2 is not associated with the outcome. Patients with HER2-negative/TFF3-negative GC have the best outcome.

Background: The outcome of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is limited by its complex molecular characteristics and changeable tumor microenvironment (TME). Here we focused on elucidating the functional consequences of Maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase (MELK) in the tumorigenesis, progression and metastasis of HCC, and exploring the effect of MELK on immune cell regulation in the TME, meanwhile clarifying the corresponding signaling networks. Methods: Bioinformatic analysis was used to validate the prognostic value of MELK for HCC. Murine xenograft assays and HCC lung metastasis mouse model confirmed the role of MELK in tumorigenesis and metastasis in HCC. Luciferase assays, RNA sequencing, immunopurification–mass spectrometry (IP-MS) and coimmunoprecipitation (CoIP) were applied to explore the upstream regulators, downstream essential molecules and corresponding mechanisms of MELK in HCC. Results: We confirmed MELK to be a reliable prognostic factor of HCC and identified MELK as an effective candidate in facilitating the tumorigenesis, progression, and metastasis of HCC; the effects of MELK depended on the targeted regulation of the upstream factor miR-505-3p and interaction with STAT3, which induced STAT3 phosphorylation and increased the expression of its target gene CCL2 in HCC. In addition, we confirmed that tumor cell-intrinsic MELK inhibition is beneficial in stimulating M1 macrophage polarization, hindering M2 macrophage polarization and inducing CD8 + T-cell recruitment, which are dependent on the alteration of CCL2 expression. Importantly, MELK inhibition amplified RT-related immune effects, thereby synergizing with RT to exert substantial antitumor effects. OTS167, an inhibitor of MELK, was also proven to effectively impair the growth and progression of HCC and exert a superior antitumor effect in combination with radiotherapy (RT). Conclusions: Altogether, our findings highlight the functional role of MELK as a promising target in molecular therapy and in the combination of RT therapy to improve antitumor effect for HCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2‐positive (HER2+) metastatic breast cancer (MBC) is a subtype of breast cancer with a worse prognosis. Little is known about the relationship between histology and prognosis among different distant metastasis sites (DMS). Our aims were to explore the prognostic value of histologic subtypes in different DMS and screen out specific subtypes with particular DMS that need more attention in HER2+ MBC. Methods: HER2+ MBC patient data were obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database between 2010 and 2014. Chi‐squared tests were utilized to compare histologic subtypes in four DMS. The logistic regression analyses were used to control confounding factors. The log‐rank tests were used to analyze the correlation of histologic subtype with disease‐specific survival and overall survival. The survival data was analyzed using Kaplan–Meier methods. Results: A total of 1174 HER2+ MBC patients were involved. First, the distribution of histological subtypes varied across metastatic sites, and the proportions of metastatic sites in different histological subtypes were also different. Furthermore, different histological subtypes within specific DMS showed divergent prognoses, and the different outcomes were shown by distinct DMS for specific histological subtypes. Among them, lobular carcinoma (ILC) subtypes showed the worst prognosis in bone metastasis, and lung metastasis predicted the worst prognosis in infiltration duct and lobular carcinoma (IDC‐ILC) subtypes. After further consideration of hormone receptor (HR) status, the IDC‐ILC subtype with liver metastasis in HR+/HER2+ MBC patients and the ILC subtype with bone metastasis in HR−/HER2+ MBC patients proved to be noteworthy. Conclusions: Histological subtypes are involved in determining the heterogeneity of HER2+ MBC patient prognosis, which is helpful to guide the prognosis prediction and monitoring of HER2+ breast cancer patients in clinics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: SMYD3, a member of the SET and MYND domain-containing (SMYD) family, is a histone methyltransferase (HMT) and transcription factor that plays an important role in transcriptional regulation in human carcinogenesis. Results: Using affinity purification and mass spectrometry assays to identify SMYD3-associated proteins in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells, we found several previously undiscovered SMYD3-interacting proteins, including the NuRD (MTA1/2) complex, the METTL family, and the CRL4B complex. Transcriptomic analysis of the consequences of knocking down SMYD3, MTA1, or MTA2 in HCC cells showed that SMYD3/NuRD complex targets a cohort of genes, some of which are critically involved in cell growth and migration. qChIP analyses showed that SMYD3 knockdown led to a significant reduction in the binding of MTA1 or MTA2 to the promoters of IGFBP4 and led to a significant decrease in H4K20me3 and a marked increase in H4Ac at the IGFBP4 promoter. In addition, we demonstrated that SMYD3 promotes cell proliferation, invasion, and tumorigenesis in vivo and in vitro and found that its expression is markedly upregulated in human liver cancer. Knockdown of MTA1 or MTA2 had the same effect as knockdown of SMYD3 on proliferation and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Catalytic mutant SMYD3 could not rescue the phenotypic effects caused by knockdown of SMYD3. Inhibitors of SMYD3 effectively inhibited the proliferation and invasiveness of HCC cells. Conclusions: These findings revealed that SMYD3 could transcriptionally repress a cohort of target genes expression by associating with the NuRD (MTA1/2) complex, thereby promoting the proliferation and invasiveness of HCC cells. Our results support the case for pursuing SMYD3 as a practical prognostic marker or therapeutic target against HCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a heterogeneous molecular disease with complex molecular pathogenesis that influences the efficacy of therapies. Exosomes play a crucial role in tumorigenesis and poor disease outcomes in HCC. Objective: The aim of this study was to identify the optimal gene set derived from exosomes in HCC with substantial predictive value to construct models for determining prognosis, recurrence risk and diagnosis and to identify candidates suitable for immunotherapy and chemotherapy, thereby providing new ideas for the individualized treatment of patients and for improving prognosis. Methods: Weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) and univariate and multivariate Cox PH regression analyses were applied to identify exosome-related signatures in the TCGA and exoRbase databases associated with clinical relevance, immunogenic features and tumor progression in HCC. Cell experiments were performed to further confirm the oncogenic effect of MYL6B and THOC2. Results: The models for prognosis and recurrence risk prediction were built based on two exosomal genes (MYL6B and THOC2) and were confirmed to be independent predictive factors with superior predictive performance. Patients with high prognostic risk had poorer prognosis than patients with low prognostic risk in all HCC datasets, namely, the TCGA cohort (HR=2.5, P< 0.001), the ICGC cohort (HR=3.15, P< 0.001) and the GSE14520 cohort (HR=1.85, P=0.004). A higher recurrence probability was found in HCC patients with high recurrence risk than in HCC patients with low recurrence risk in the TCGA cohort (HR=2.44, P< 0.001) and the GSE14520 cohort (HR=1.54, P=0.025). High prognostic risk patients had higher expression of immune checkpoint genes, such as PD1, B7H3, B7H5, CTLA4 and TIM3 (P< 0.05). Diagnostic models based on the same two genes were able to accurately distinguish HCC patients from normal individuals and HCC from dysplastic nodules. Conclusion: Our findings lay the foundation for identifying molecular markers to increase the early detection rate of HCC, improve disease outcomes, and determine more effective individualized treatment options for patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glioma is the most frequent primary malignant brain tumor, which is characterized by high incidence and mortality, with a poor prognosis. Numerous studies have revealed the abnormal expression of long non-coding RNAs in gliomas. This study explored the effects and potential mechanism of LINC00663 in glioma. The LINC00663 levels and their prognostic values were analyzed from the GEO databases using bioinformatics. Also, LINC00663 expression in tissue samples and cell lines was measured using qRT-PCR. The roles of LINC00663 in glioma were confirmed using CCK8, EdU assay as well as Transwell tests. Moreover, the influences of LINC00663 on the AKT/mTOR signal cascades were detected using western blotting assay. LINC00663 expression was higher in both glioma tissues and cell lines than that in the normal brain tissues and human astrocytes. High expression of LINC00663 led to the low overall survival rate of patients with glioma. LINC00663 knockdown notably restrained cell proliferation, migration, and invasion abilities by decreasing the activation of AKT and mTOR. This study indicated that LINC00663 might have a cancer-promoting role in accelerating glioma development and progression through regulating AKT/mTOR pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: High levels of circulating neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are associated with a poor prognosis in influenza A infection. It remains unclear whether NETs in the plasma or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) can predict clinical outcomes in influenza.Methods: One hundred eighteen patients who were diagnosed with H1N1 influenza in 2017-2018 were recruited. The NETs were assessed in plasma and BALF samples by quantifying cell-free deoxyribonucleic acid (cfDNA) and protein-DNA complexes. Predictions of severe illness and 60-day mortality were analyzed with receiver operating characteristic curves.Results: The NET levels were significantly elevated in the BALF and contributed to the pathology of lungs, yet it was not associated with disease severity or mortality in patients severely infected with H1N1. Plasma NET levels were significantly increased in the patients with severe influenza and positively correlated with the oxygen index and sequential organ failure assessment scores. High levels of plasma cfDNA (>286.6 ng/mL) or histone-bound DNA (>9.4 ng/mL) discriminated severe influenza from mild, and even higher levels of cfDNA (>306.3 ng/mL) or histone-bound DNA (>23.1 ng/mL) predicted fatal outcomes in severely ill patients.Conclusions: The cfDNA and histone-bound DNA in plasma represent early predictive biomarkers for the prognosis of influenza. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the impact of TP53 alteration on survival and clinicopathological features of glioma patients with H3K27M mutations. An individual-participant-data (IPD) meta-analysis was performed to investigate the impact of TP53 alteration on survival and clinicopathological features of patients with H3K27M mutations. Three hundred thirty-one individual records from 12 eligible glioma studies involving the H3K27M mutation were finally included in our meta-analysis, and a pooled hazard ratio (HR) of 1.53 (95%CI, 1.10-2.11; P = 0.01) indicated that TP53 alterations were associated with a shorter overall survival. The pooled odds ratios (ORs) indicated that TP53 alterations were significantly associated with the age at diagnosis ≥ 7 years (OR = 1.97, 95%CI = 1.15-3.38, P = 0.01), the status of histone H3.3 mutations (OR = 9.15, 95%CI = 4.18-20.06, P < 0.00001), and high WHO grade histology (III + IV) (OR = 2.70, 95%CI = 1.33-5.48, P = 0.006). However, no association was found between TP53 alterations and gender or tumor location. This IPD meta-analysis suggests that TP53 alteration is a valuable predictor for the prognosis of patients with H3K27M mutated gliomas. TP53 alteration may be used for identifying a subset of patients who potentially benefit from targeted reactivation of TP53 activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nuclear respiratory factor-1 (Nrf1) and mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) are involved in the regulation of a variety of mitochondrial functional genes, which are associated with decreased sensitivity of tumor cells to chemotherapy. However, the expression status of Nrf1 and TFAM, as well as their clinical significance in breast cancer, is unknown. In the present study, tumor tissues and corresponding adjacent normal tissues were collected from 336 patients with breast cancer, and Nrf1 and TFAM expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry using a tissue microarray. Expression of Nrf1 and TFAM was significantly increased in breast cancer tissue compared with adjacent normal tissues. In addition, patients positive for Nrf1 or TFAM had a poorer clinical prognosis than patients who were negative, and those positive for Nrf1 and TFAM had the shortest survival time. These results suggest that Nrf1 and TFAM are potential biomarkers for the determination of individualized therapy and the prognosis of breast cancer, and molecular targeting of Nrf1 and TFAM is a promising strategy for the sensitization of breast cancer cells to chemotherapeutics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The molecular biomarkers human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) and trefoil factor 3 (TFF3) are reported to play important roles in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer (GC). In this study, we investigated the clinicopathological and prognostic significance of TFF3 and HER2 expression in GC and explored the correlation between these two biomarkers. Ninety-two patients who were diagnosed with GC were enrolled. TFF3 and HER2 expression was determined on tumor tissues. The results showed that TFF3 and HER2 were positively expressed in 42.7 and 10.9 % of the cases, respectively. There were significantly higher rates of TFF3 positivity in patients with deep invasive tumors and advanced stage ones. Patients with negative TFF3 staining survived longer than those with the presence of TFF3, with 5-year overall survival (OS) rates of 57.1 ± 7.1 and 39.5 ± 7.5 %, respectively ( P = 0.033). However, HER2 positivity was not significantly associated with OS ( P = 0.262). Multivariate analysis demonstrated TFF3 expression to be an independent indicator for short-term survival, with a hazard ratio of 2.327 (95 % confidence interval (CI), 1.202-4.507, P = 0.012). There was a trend that the expression of TFF3 was more frequent in HER2 negative tumors than in HER2 positive ones (positive rates: 16.3 vs. 4.7 %, P = 0.098). Patients with HER2-negative/TFF3-negative GC presented higher OS than those with other phenotypes ( P = 0.009). This study suggests that TFF3 is an independent indicator for survival in GC, while HER2 is not associated with the outcome. Patients with HER2-negative/TFF3-negative GC have the best outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferroptosis is a novel form of cell death characterized by heavy iron accumulation and lipid peroxidation that plays a critical role in the tumor microenvironment. However, promising biomarkers associated with tumor immune cell infiltration and the immunotherapy response to ferroptosis regulators remain to be elucidated in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) patients. In this study, we defined ferroptosis regulators in LUAD through database analysis and experimental validation to determine the implementation of genes associated with clinical relevance, immunotherapy response and tumor microenvironment in LUAD patients. Multiomics data analysis was performed to explore the CNV features, molecular mechanisms and immunogenic characteristics of ferroptosis regulators in LUAD patients. Then, univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to identify three genes (DDIT4 , RRM2 , and SLC2A1) that were closely associated with the prognosis of LUAD patients. The prognostic model based on the determination of these three genes was an independent prognostic factor (p < 0.05, HR = 2.838), and patients with superior predictive performance and higher prognostic risk were more likely to have poor survival rates than those with lower prognostic risk in the training group (p < 0.001, HR = 3.19) and the test group (p < 0.001, HR = 2.94; p < 0.001, HR = 3.44). Activated immune cells, including T helper cells and activated CD8 T cells, were lower in the high-risk group, while type 2 T cells were higher (p < 0.05). Patients with higher prognostic risk were less likely to benefit from immunotherapy, partly due to low CTLA4 levels and an immunosuppressive microenvironment (p < 0.05). Combined with LUAD tissue samples and mouse trials, RRM2 was found to influence lung cancer progression and affect tumor immune cell infiltration. RRM2 inhibition effectively promoted M1 macrophage polarization and suppressed M2 macrophage polarization in vitro and in vivo. And ferroptosis inhibitor ferrostatin-1 treatment effectively re-blanced macrophage polarization mediated by RRM2 inhibition. Taken together, the results of the multiomics data analysis and experimental validation identified ferroptosis regulators as promising biomarkers and therapeutic targets associated with tumor immune infiltration in LUAD patients. [Display omitted] • Ferroptosis regulators in LUAD patients were defined and analyzed by multi-omics. • Superior specificity and sensitivity of our ferroptosis signature model in diagnostic and prognostic predictive performance. • The ferscore can predict patient response to immunotherapy with high specificity and sensitivity. • Higher ferscore with less benefit of immunotherapy partly due to low CTLA4 and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. • Ferroptosis regulator RRM2 promoted lung cancer progression and affected the tumor immune cell infiltration. • RRM2 inhibition effectively promoted M1 macrophage polarization and suppressed M2 polarization in vitro and in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims Previous studies indicated Squamous Cell Carcinoma Antigen 1 (SCCA1) may be involved in tumorigenesis and progress of various human malignancies by inhibiting cell apoptosis and promoting cell proliferative activity. The aim of the study was to further investigate SCCA1 expression in different extent of liver diseases and evaluate the clinical significance and prognostic value in HCC. Methods Eighty nine patient-matched tumors and peritumoral surgical specimens and 56 liver biopsies specimens from 23 patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), 19 with dysplastic nodule (DN), and 14 with HCC were enrolled. An additional four normal liver (NL) samples were used as controls. SCCA1 expression in liver tissue was measured by immunochemistry. Another 28 HCC specimens and paired non-tumor tissues were used for SCCA1 detection by Western blot. The prognostic value of SCCA1 expression in HCC was evaluated by the Cox proportional hazards regression model analysis. Results Western blot analysis showed SCCA1 positive rate in HCC was higher than the matched adjacent noncancerous tissues ( p <0.001). Immunohistochemistry revealed that SCCA1-positive rate increased gradually from NL, CHB, PNT to DN and HCC ( p <0.05). Clinicopathological analysis showed that SCCA1 expression was positively associated with tumor differentiation ( p = 0.043) and patients' Child-Pugh score ( p = 0.021). The SCCA1-poistive group showed better overall survival than the negative group ( p = 0.029). Importantly, SCCA1 expression was an independent prognostic factor for the overall survival of HCC patients (hazard ratio = 3.757, p <0.001). Conclusion SCCA1 expression pattern may relate to the progression of chronic liver diseases. Furthermore, our study supports a potential association of negative SCCA1 expression with poor outcome in HCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]