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ObjectiveYoung people are routinely exposed to e-cigarettes advertising. We examined the impact of e-cigarette advertising on e-cigarette use in a large representative sample of adolescents.MethodsData came from cross-sectional sample of the nationwide study on the health effects of tobacco products called PolNicoYouth, which included adolescents aged 15–18 years (N = 7,498). Data were collected through a detailed questionnaire recommended by international health organizations for monitoring tobacco use by adolescents. Simple and multiple logistic regression analyzes were conducted, adjusting for sex, age, type of school, place of residence, smoking of traditional cigarettes and parental smoking. Frequencies and proportions for descriptive statistics, and adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals for logistic regression models were reported.ResultsApproximately, 56% of interviewees had noticed some form of e-cigarettes advertising. Exposure to e-cigarette advertising was significantly associated with ever use of e-cigarettes (OR = 1.29; 95% CI: 1.09–1.53). Exposure to e-cigarette advertising via club/pub/disco was significantly associated with current e-cigarette use (OR = 1.58; 95% CI: 1.06–2.36). Adolescents who have ever used e-cigarettes were more likely than never users to report exposure to advertisements on club/pub/disco (OR = 1.57; 95% CI: 1.08–2.30) and internet (OR = 1.22; 95% CI: 1.01–1.47).ConclusionDespite the applicable advertising restrictions, the majority of young people declared contact with e-cigarette advertising, which shows the urgent need for more global action. The internet and advertisements in clubs, pubs and discos seem to be the key places of exposure. These forms of exposure need to be urgently addressed given their clear link to e-cigarette use.

Firms often engage in manipulating online reviews as a promotional activity to influence consumers' evaluation on their products. With the prevalence of the promotional activities, consumers may notice and discount the reviews generated by the promotional activities. Discounting the firm-generating reviews may cause systematic measurement errors in the valence variable and lead to a negative bias when estimating the effect of consumers' organic reviews on demand. To correct the bias, this study proposes including product-specific bias-correction terms representing the proportion of extreme reviews in analysis. For illustration, the proposed method is applied to a demand model for data of movies released in South Korea. The results confirm a negative bias in the estimate of the valence sensitivity of demand. The negative bias potentially leads to an underestimation of the magnitude of the contagion effect through social interactions, a key component of evaluating the value of a satisfied consumer.

Awareness among consumers in determining purchase intention (PI) and repurchase intention (RI) for energy drinks plays an important role. However, it has been overlooked in previous studies. In order to bridge this knowledge gap, we investigate the role of awareness of the potential negative effects of energy drinks (PAEEDs) as a moderating variable in the relationship of promotional activities with PI and RI among different young people. The data were collected from 415 students from Yemeni universities and analyzed using structural equations modeling via SmartPLS software. The results revealed that promotional activities affect PI among students with low awareness of the PAEEDs more than students with high awareness. In contrast, promotional activities affect RI among students with high or low awareness of the PAEEDs. This study provides additional evidence about the effects of energy drinks (EDs) promotional activities on PI and RI among young people in light of the awareness of these products and, thus, the urgent need for regulation and restrictions on youth consumption of EDs. Implications for theory and practice are discussed. Plain Language Summary: Purpose: Awareness among consumers in determining purchase intention (PI) and repurchase intention (RI) for energy drinks plays an important role. However, it has been overlooked in previous studies. In order to bridge this knowledge gap, we investigate the role of awareness of the potential negative effects of energy drinks (PAEEDs) as a moderating variable in the relationship of promotional activities with PI and RI among different young people. Methods: The data were collected from 415 students from Yemeni universities and analyzed using structural equations modeling via SmartPLS software. Conclusions: The results revealed that promotional activities affect PI among students with low awareness of the PAEEDs more than students with high awareness. In contrast, promotional activities affect RI among students with high or low awareness of the PAEEDs. Implications and limitations: This study provides additional evidence about the effects of energy drinks (EDs) promotional activities on PI and RI among young people in light of the awareness of these products and, thus, the urgent need for regulation and restrictions on youth consumption of EDs. Implications for theory and practice are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors that influence online purchase intention in the context of Bangladesh, specifically focusing on the relationship between eWOM, Website Quality, Promotional Activities, Trust, Security, and online purchase intention. Convenience sampling method was employed to gather data from 260 participants through online and offline surveys between January and February 2023. The study employed different statistical methods to analyze research data including Descriptive statistics, Cronbach’s Alpha, and Multiple Regression analysis. The results indicate that eWOM, Website Quality, Promotional Activities, and Trust have a significant impact on online purchase intention. Interestingly, security was not found to be a significant factor in determining online purchase intention. These findings contribute to online marketers’ knowledge of the factors that influence customers’ intention to buy products and services from online platforms and can assist them in developing value-driven online marketing strategies.

The disease of Covid-19 had a great impact in the political, economic and socio-cultural fields (Kanupriya, 2021). In Iran, people started a new lifestyle in order to avoid contracting this disease. The closure of sports centers was one of the negative consequences of the spread of Covid-19 in the world and Iran, the centers that were built for people's health and entertainment were suddenly closed due to the spread of this virus. The closure of sports centers, in addition to the quarantine of the athletes, also led to the economic quarantine of the club owners and brought the economic situation of many of the owners of these centers to the verge of bankruptcy (Heydari et al., 2021). Therefore, sports organizations are obliged to provide solutions for the development of sports in the era of covid-19. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the marketing capabilities beyond a slogan and advice and take on an operational form and status. Marketing capabilities are an integrated process in which companies use tangible and intangible resources to understand the complexity of specific customer needs, achieve a relative differentiation in products for competitive advantage, and ultimately achieve appropriate brand quality )Kachouie et al., 2018(. In this regard, Fajardo et al. (2020) state that risk-taking and innovation are significantly higher in sports clubs after the emergence of Covid-19 (EscamillaFajardo, 2020(. The findings of Rodrigues (2020) show that sports business managers have been able to react by reducing costs and increasing the use of digital communication as marketing measures in the era of Covid-19 (Rodrigues, 2020). The issue that is of concern here is that the disease of Kovid-19 has faced a great financial crisis in the sports community, and this financial crisis has included the unemployment of coaches, managers and employees of sports venues and competitions for several months, and compensating this financial loss from Another crisis is the spread of the corona virus. In the business sector related to the production and presentation of sports goods and equipment, due to the closure of places, spaces and sports clubs and the impossibility of doing sports, people feel less need to buy sports equipment and clothing than before. Considering the current situation, it is necessary for sports businesses, especially sports clubs, to adopt a suitable marketing system in order to reduce the damages caused by the recent crisis and to enable them to survive and gain a competitive advantage among their competitors. The current research was applied research and in terms of the data collection method, it was a correlational research based on the structural equation model, which was implemented in the field. The community studied in this research included all private gyms in Tehran. 82 samples from regions 8 and 13 (east of Tehran), 102 samples were selected as samples by cluster-random sampling method. The face and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by 11 professors and the construct validity was confirmed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. According to the results of the Pearson correlation test, it can be seen that there is a difference between customer relationship (Sig=0.001, r=0.216), differentiated service (Sig=0.001, r=0.370), customer service (r=0.001) Sig=0, r=0.703), promotion activities effectiveness (Sig=0.001, r=0.640), marketing research (Sig=0.001, r=0.718) and distribution network (0.001) (r=Sig, 0.608) there is a significant positive relationship with competitive advantage in private fitness clubs in Tehran. Also, based on the research findings, it can be seen that marketing capabilities have a significant positive effect (Sig=0.001, t=6.874, β=0.765) on the competitive advantage of sports clubs in Tehran during the Covid-19 pandemic. Based on the results of the present research, it was determined that the effectiveness of promotion activities, customer service, differentiated service and marketing research are among the most important marketing capabilities of fitness clubs during the Covid-19 pandemic, and these results are in line with the findings of Fajardo et al. (2020). Rodrigues (2020) agrees. Also, the results of the path analysis in the present study showed that marketing research has a positive effect on gaining a competitive advantage of sports clubs in Tehran during the Covid-19 pandemic. The obtained result is in line with the results of Fajardo et al. (2021). Finally, based on the results obtained in the current research, it can be said that during the period of Covid-19; The diverse markets of sports services, the pressure from new competitors, the potential of new sports services and the presence of customers are strongly visible, and among them, successful clubs are those that can create more values for customers and provide more reasons to customers to buy services and encourage long-term relationship with the club. On the other hand, clubs need to rely on marketing capabilities appropriate to the current situation in order to gain a competitive advantage during the Covid-19 pandemic. These capabilities can create a relatively stable competitive advantage for clubs, and in this way, their market share will increase. Also, considering that the components of the effectiveness of marketing and customer service activities have the greatest impact on creating a competitive advantage of fitness sports clubs, especially a stable and consistent competitive advantage during the Covid-19 pandemic; If these components are not taken into account, it will lead to less participation of sports customers and the failure of sports clubs in gaining a competitive advantage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors that influence online purchase intention in the context of Bangladesh, specifically focusing on the relationship between eWOM, Website Quality, Promotional Activities, Trust, Security, and online purchase intention. Convenience sampling method was employed to gather data from 260 participants through online and offline surveys between January and February 2023. The study employed different statistical methods to analyze research data including Descriptive statistics, Cronbach's Alpha, and Multiple Regression analysis. The results indicate that eWOM, Website Quality, Promotional Activities, and Trust have a significant impact on online purchase intention. Interestingly, security was not found to be a significant factor in determining online purchase intention. These findings contribute to online marketers' knowledge of the factors that influence customers' intention to buy products and services from online platforms and can assist them in developing value-driven online marketing strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 1990s, when the private sector entered the sphere of education in Serbia, competition in the higher education market has intensified. Considering that two and a half decades have passed since the founding of the first private art faculties in the country and that there is a noticeable lack of works on this topic, a qualitative study of students and professors at the Academy of Arts in Novi Sad (a public faculty) and at the Academy of Arts in Belgrade (a private faculty) has now been done. The main aim of this research is to determine the opinion of students and professors at these two faculties about the competitiveness of art faculties in the higher education market. The agenda for the interviews included two key topics - identification of the key criteria on the basis of which the target group of these faculties ( i.e., the customers) decides whether to enroll in a public or private art faculty and their evaluation of art studies (i.e., the product) as covering four research questions: assessment of study conditions, assessment of the quality of teaching at art faculties, assessment of criteria at those faculties, as well as the evaluation of obtainable diplomas.

This research aimed to identify how libraries promote their services and resources for awareness creation among library patrons and the role of the library staff in creating this awareness among users about information services and resources. The study was undertaken through a questionnaire-based survey. Data collection procedures were completed in two phases. In the first round, the data were collected from 13 in-charge librarians/ marketing officers and in the second round, data were collected from 243 library users. Data were analyzed using SPSS. Results demonstrate that planning and implementing promotional activities provide a chance to evaluate the utilization of information resources and services. Promotional activities not only create awareness but also justify the budget spent on the acquisition of information resources.

Younger generations comprise an essential segment for the mobile payment market to prosper. However, empirical evidence of the drivers/barriers of the young generation’s adoption of mobile payment has been inconclusive. This study intends to advance the body of knowledge on this subject based on the extended Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), incorporating the young generation’s risk perception and bonus/rewards provided by the mobile-pay firms. To this end, 295 samples with the majority being more tech-savvy, namely generation Y and generation Z, were collected from an online survey in Taiwan. The empirical results in this study demonstrate the uniquely positive effect of social influence on the young generations’ behavioral intention to adopt mobile payment. While behavioral intention and promotional activities are the drivers of the young generation’s actual usage of mobile payment, perceived risks are found to exert a negative impact, reflecting the risk-averse preferences of the young generation in Taiwan. The ignorable moderation effect of gender, on the other hand, suggests the absence of a gender gap in the use of mobile payment among the young generations. The findings in this research have important implications for the development of promotion programs motivating the young generation’s adoption of mobile payment.

Copyright of Marketing (0354-3471) is the property of SEMA - Srpsko udruzenje za Marketing i Ekonomski fakultet Beograd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

From the very beginning, the educational process of adolescents has emerged (and is conceived) as an important perspective for their mental, emotional and social adaptation to educational and subsequently life challenges. Often neglected as a scientific part in educational subjects with a medical focus, at the present time of the rapidly developing epidemiological diseases of non-infectious nature, hygiene is emerging as a major factor in the prevention and control. It is a basic preventive discipline, characterized as a science of health, determined by the interactions of the human body and environmental factors, be it natural or social. To a large extent, it sets standards and builds measures that can be successfully applied to prevent diseases, respectively creating optimal conditions for the life and well-being of the human individual. The aim of the present work is to reveal the importance of preventive disciplines and especially of hygiene as a science dealing directly with the impact of the conditions under which the individual (human) interacts with the environment, respectively with the development of strategies to address its challenges. . The emphasis is on building appropriate mechanisms to deal with labor factors caused by the constantly changing (and updating) work environment that adolescents face. In this way, the emphasis is on the need for a modern educational process and innovative schools helping to solve not only pedagogical but also hygienic problems, thus ensuring the multifaceted development of the personality. The health and working capacity of the younger generation is largely determined by the conditions of upbringing and training. The effective realization of the educational tasks at the present stage of the educational process undoubtedly depends on the conditions of the existing material base. The hygienic organization of the conditions for education and rational regime of work and rest of the students ensure a favorable course of the educational process. Based on the normative requirements, the areas in the schools must be grouped according to the age of the students. The so-called area for educational work during the first period of study includes the premises for the youngest students - those from 1st to 3rd grade. Compliance with these legal parameters allows adolescents to adequately use the classrooms, providing them with a normal learning and work process. Based on the above, it can be noted that in this way the first foundations are laid for building in adolescents adaptation mechanisms helping to overcome the challenges of the surrounding work environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The text deals with the work of public libraries in Serbia in conditions caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. It is based on the questionnaire sent to the librarians of parent departments, members of the Section for the Parent Libraries of the Serbian Library Association. Since less than half of the colleagues answered the questionnaire, the authors supplemented their knowledge with the data presented during Biblionet, the professional and scientific meeting held in Leskovac in 2021, which was dedicated to this topic. The respondents' answers were presented and interpreted, and attention was also given to the activities of public libraries on the official websites and social networks. This research provides an overview of the activities of libraries in the conditions of emergency and imminent danger to human health and lives. It shows the redirection of communication with users from the traditional provision of services in the institutions to a new, digital environment. It has been proven that these institutions have quickly and successfully adapted to the new circumstances and managed to animate a new user group by presenting their funds, collections, exhibitions, events, and various activities in the virtual world. The conclusions singled out by the respondents themselves can be divided into pessimistic and optimistic. It is obvious that librarians were concerned about the declining number of direct users and visits to the institutions, as well as about the users' dissatisfaction with the impossibility of staying in reading rooms and freely searching books in library funds. It is the fact that many of the users, especially those who do not cope well with a virtual environment and do not use social networks, have been deprived of certain contents, but one of the answers of the librarians who participated in the research, which, in the opinion of the authors, could be applied to all libraries, was that all the users who approached librarians were given service. Optimistic conclusions refer to the creativity of librarians and the flexibility of institutions to adapt to the new environment and new working conditions. The result of these activities is attracting new user groups and creating different habits. The general conclusion is that the libraries will continue working in direct contact with the users but will also work in the virtual world and that their activities will continue being an important part of the social life of local communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Pharmaceutical companies actively advertise their branded antibiotics, which influence their sales at community pharmacies. The major proportion of out of pocket health spending is on medicine; and affordability of antibiotics has always been a crucial issue in most developing countries. This study identified promotional activities adopted by pharmaceutical companies in community pharmacies and medicine shops and the affordability of selected antibiotics to clients with lowest wages in Kavrepalanchok district of Nepal. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among all community pharmacies and medicine shops (n = 34) in Dhulikhel and Banepa. Available pharmacists / personnel were interviewed, using a structured questionnaire, on the characteristics of the pharmacies, promotional activities, and sales and prices of antibiotics used to treat acute upper respiratory tract infections. This study looked at the association of promotional activities (financial bonus, free samples, and books/brochure/gifts) with the type of antibiotics. Further, affordability was assessed of the most popular antibiotics by comparing the total treatment cost against the lowest wage for unskilled workers in Nepal. Results Financial bonus, free samples, and brochures were the most popular promotional activities. It is also noticed that antibiotics which are top selling were those with a high number of promotional activities. Amoxicillin, azithromycin and amoxicillin+clavulanate had 42, 29 and 17 promotional activities respectively. Irrespective of the prices of antibiotics, almost all of the most popular antibiotics for acute upper respiratory infections were unaffordable for unskilled workers costing them more than a day’s wage. Conclusions Upper respiratory tract antibiotics are widely promoted at community pharmacies. The treatment cost of antibiotics is unaffordable for unskilled workers in Nepal irrespective of the type and unit cost of antibiotics.

The article author describes the methods of creating a strategy of Polish language teaching and promotion in the world. It contains the following elements: teaching Polish as a second/foreign language in all age groups and at all levels of educational systems (including higher education), different forms of promoting the Polish language in the world, coordinating activities and defining tasks of particular institutions as well as identifying the necessary legislative changes and methods of financing certain promotional activities.

Social media sites serve as lead generators for achieving marketing communication and raising brand awareness for casual-dining restaurant firms. This study attempts to measure social media engagement across different social networking sites (SNSs) and promotional activities for the casual-dining restaurant industry. This study also explores the influence of the dimensionality of social media engagement on the performance of casual-dining restaurants. The findings show that the metrics of social media engagement are different across channels and promotional activities. The results also reveal that these metrics have significant positive impacts on casual-dining restaurant performance. Pragmatically, the findings provide an assessment that enables casual-dining restaurant marketers to select the most effective SNSs and implement the most appropriate promotional activities, given the limited marketing budget of small and medium-sized casual-dining restaurants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Business Informatics / Informatyka Ekonomiczna is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper the influence of promotional activities on customer satisfaction is examined. In addition, key marketing constructs were measured in accordance with the goals of the research. These constructs are perceived quality, brand loyalty, and customer experience. The goal of this study is to determine the effectiveness of promotional activities regarding customer satisfaction in a modern marketing environment. Data was collected through an online survey from 466 subjects (customers, consumers, and users of various products). The structured survey was distributed in Serbia. The findings imply that promotional activities have a major influence on customers' post-purchase experience. Further, the results show how promotional activities affect consumers' and customers' subjective views on products. As promotional activities and customer satisfaction play important roles in a marketing environment, it can be argued that this paper lends support and contributes to the existing body of literature in this domain.

Background: Pharmaceutical companies actively advertise their branded antibiotics, which influence their sales at community pharmacies. The major proportion of out of pocket health spending is on medicine; and affordability of antibiotics has always been a crucial issue in most developing countries. This study identified promotional activities adopted by pharmaceutical companies in community pharmacies and medicine shops and the affordability of selected antibiotics to clients with lowest wages in Kavrepalanchok district of Nepal. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among all community pharmacies and medicine shops (n = 34) in Dhulikhel and Banepa. Available pharmacists / personnel were interviewed, using a structured questionnaire, on the characteristics of the pharmacies, promotional activities, and sales and prices of antibiotics used to treat acute upper respiratory tract infections. This study looked at the association of promotional activities (financial bonus, free samples, and books/brochure/gifts) with the type of antibiotics. Further, affordability was assessed of the most popular antibiotics by comparing the total treatment cost against the lowest wage for unskilled workers in Nepal. Results: Financial bonus, free samples, and brochures were the most popular promotional activities. It is also noticed that antibiotics which are top selling were those with a high number of promotional activities. Amoxicillin, azithromycin and amoxicillin+clavulanate had 42, 29 and 17 promotional activities respectively. Irrespective of the prices of antibiotics, almost all of the most popular antibiotics for acute upper respiratory infections were unaffordable for unskilled workers costing them more than a day's wage. Conclusions: Upper respiratory tract antibiotics are widely promoted at community pharmacies. The treatment cost of antibiotics is unaffordable for unskilled workers in Nepal irrespective of the type and unit cost of antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article the analysis of the modern tendencies of the Ukrainian advertising market has been made. Innovative advertising technologies of influence on the consumers and hold the leading positions confidently on the advertising market. It was found that among the most influential and preferred channels of advertising communications are Internet advertising and advertising on television, that actively continue to develop and spread influence on the audience. It is important to note that online advertising is growing more rapidly, because the Internet provides a promising platform for development of advertising. The Internet has changed the basic methods of influence on the audience of consumers, established new rules, standards of communication especially on the international level. The presented results of the research indicate that non-media advertising communications are losing their priority positions. Such situation is the result of global processes, rapid development of the information space and changes in the preferences of the actors of the advertising market. The article shows the types and characteristics of role of advertising. The main advertising media with which it reaches the consumer are investigated. Their advantages and disadvantages based on the statistical data are outlined. It was found that among the actual problems of advertising are low quality promotional products, a low level of services of advertisers, imperfect mechanism of legal regulation of relations in the sphere of advertising. In the article the analysis and prognosis of the tendencies of development of Ukrainian advertising market in terms of political and socio-economic crisis have been represented. It is concluded that modern Ukrainian advertising sector requires a qualitative scientific approach to the organization and management of the advertising market. That scientific approach will establish effective promotional activities that would guarantee the subjects of the advertising sector high-quality, competitive promotional product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Turistica is the property of Acta Turistica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Australasian Marketing Journal is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: The study attempts to understand the impact of the mutual funds advertisement appeals on purchase decisions of customers. The study compares the effect of two types of appeals, i.e. emotional and rational advertisement appeals on the consumer attitude and product purchase decision. Methodology: The present study is experimental in nature. The sample selected for the survey consists of 116 respondents belonging to the age group of the 18-21yrs. The data had been collected from undergraduate and graduate student studying in Private University in Mathura region. The questionnaire was distributed to the respondents which consist of 20 statements on a-five-point Likert scale, which judge the advertisement influence on the respondents. Findings: The study reveals that advertisement appeal, i.e. (emotional and rational) has a significant effect on the mindset of the respondents. The rational advertisement creates a feeling of fear and insecurity whereas the positive emotional advertisement gives them motivation and encouragement. Limitations/Future Research: The study consists of respondents only confined to private university situated in Mathura region only. Therefore the results cannot be generalized. Value/Contribution: The present research contributes to the advertisement literature. The results of the study are helpful for the marketers, policy makers, researchers, and advertisers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

College sports programs are embracing promotional activities that aim to create spectators and fans for live-action events. Whereas relationship marketing and fan engagement tactics are a mainstay of professional sports organizations, their inclusion within college sports programs is not ubiquitous. This study explores the promotional strategies for college sports, surveys the sports marketing literature, and presents findings from a spectator/fan questionnaire (n = 600) conducted with full-time enrolled students for a Division III college sports team. The twofold purpose of the questionnaire was to investigate what motivates student-spectators to attend men’s college basketball games and how to increase the level of excitement at games. Survey results suggest generalizable insights on the communication and engagement strategies for promoting live-action sports events at Division III institutions. Findings indicate significant gender differences exist for several controllable promotional elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern restaurant business, as part of a catering business, offers a variety of meals and beverages in restaurants and various related facilities. Promotional activities play a very important role in managing a restaurant and related facilities, because any serious restaurant facility must take all the necessary and effective measures in order to maintain regular guests and approach potential new guests. In this paper, I will write about conceptualizing restaurant business and elementary business systems in restaurant business. In a separate part, I will write about conceptualizing promotions and promotional activities as important factors in achieving better and more efficient communication of restaurants with regular and potential guests.

This paper deals with the relationship between the field of literature in Bourdieu's sense of the word and the activities of public libraries in Serbia, in historical perspective and contemporary moment. Studying the phenomenon of literary work (without entering into the problem of validation and/or division between high and low, i.e. trivial literature), and the development of the public libraries in Serbia, the authors try to show their close connection. It is being observed through the structure of public library collections and the relations between different factors in the literary field (writers, readers, publishers). The explanation of this deep connection could be found in the definition of a public library and its functions as well as in the structure of its users. It is shown that promotional activities, traditional events and publishing activity all have their basis in the field of literature. The educational structure of employees and management in the public libraries is examined, and it also testifies to this strong connection. While examining the abovementioned aspects of the relation between literature and public libraries, the authors consulted selected references, web and social media pages of the public libraries, data from the Department for Research and Development of the Library System - Parent Department of the National Library of Serbia, as well as many colleagues from the public libraries and the field of literature. Dealing with the relationship between literature and the public libraries in Serbia, in historical perspective and today, the authors did not intent to show that the public libraries were one of the factors in the field of literature, understood in Bourdieu's sense of the word, but this conclusion arose from their research. In this context, the task of the public libraries should be to take advantage of this status, not to deny it, because the opportunities it offers, especially in the aspects of presentation and popularization, can provide the visibility of other activities of the libraries to the widest range of their present and future users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A highly competitive environment is forcing sellers constantly using different marketing tools and strategies to win new clients and thereby increase their profitability. Sales promotion is one of the best tools to attract new customers and retain old ones, including marketing activities by adding more value to the products for a limited period of time in order to stimulate consumer purchases and effectiveness of intermediaries. For the purpose of the study were interviewed 60 men and women, aged 18 to 64 years by detailed a questionnaire. The study confirms that sales promotion is an effective instrument which has a positive direct impact on users purchase behavior. From the answers became clear that all types and instruments of sales promotion performing on consumers as 21% would certainly buy more than 59% of respondents probably would benefit from product promotion. Most frequently used communication channels for achieving information about various promotional activities by the user are the Internet with 82.5% and promotional brochures with 77.2%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective – To examine the role of public libraries in the provision of adult literacy services, with a detailed look at both the successes and concerns of the libraries under study; to provide recommendations for best practice in establishing or reviewing adult literacy services. Design – A series of case studies using written reports and semi-structured interviews. Setting – Eight public libraries in the UK involved in literacy service provision or reader development services. Subjects – Eight senior staff members in charge of library literacy programming. Method – A written report of literacy service initiatives was solicited from each participating library. A single interview was conducted with a staff member in charge of literacy service at each of the eight participating libraries. Fact-checking telephone interviews were conducted at three locations where adult literacy programs were in early stages. More indepth, face-to-face interviews were conducted at the five libraries with better established programs. Each type of interview consisted of a set of scripted questions supplemented by individualized questions based on the written reports. Main results – There are four key areas of results to be summarized from this study: • Adult Literacy Collections – The authors observed three main approaches to branding literacy collections: − Emphasis on reading for pleasure (with collections entitled ‘Quick Reads’ or ‘First Choice’); − Emphasis on reading for skills development; − Discreet labelling enabling stock recognition without advertising that the reader is borrowing literacy materials. The authors conclude that the ‘Quick Reads’ approach was the most successful in highlighting the collection without stigmatizing it and in promoting the pleasure of reading. The importance of maintaining relevant, attractive books was highlighted, with collections targeting both entry level readers and emergent readers. • Approaches for Supporting Adult Literacy – The libraries used reader development extensively as a strategy to support adult literacy efforts. Staff tied literacy offerings to other programs or services of interest (for example, promoting adult literacy services alongside audiovisual collections and Internet access). Adult learners were also targeted for library tours, reading groups, and assistance with book selection for the literacy collection. Some of the libraries hired new staff from outside the library profession, choosing candidates with prior experience in basic skills development or community work. • Methods of Attracting Adults with Poor Literacy ‐‐ Partnership was identified as a key strategy for the libraries studied. Partnerships were formed with numerous agencies, including the probationary service, a community centre (where the library’s ‘reader in residence’ was installed), a college, and a Peugeot factory. Networking with other literacy service providers and coalitions was also an important strategy, particularly as a way to increase the library’s profile as a literacy service provider. Perhaps the simplest strategy for attracting adults with poor literacy was to identify areas of the library districts where literacy skills were lowest and then to target literacy service to those regions. • Sustainability and Mainstreaming ‐‐ Early planning for sustainability was crucial. Incorporating funding for literacy staffing and collections into the core budget and annual library plan was also an important step. While some libraries hired new staff, and one library staffed the literacy project with volunteers, using existing staff for adult literacy work proved to be more efficient and sustainable. Instilling a sense of ownership in the project for both staff and users of the literacy services by involving them in the development and promotion of literacy service and collections was another strategy employed to ensure longevity of the service. Conclusions – The most successful form of library literacy service provision was found to be the reader development approach (promoting reading for enjoyment and building reading activities around existing interests). The libraries studied showed an understanding of the wide range of reading levels and interests among adult learners. Potential barriers for libraries in the provision of adult literacy service “include restrictive funding criteria, limited staff capacity, and a bidding culture that remains unsympathetic to public library circumstances” (44). The authors make five recommendations for best practices in adult literacy service provision: • Eclectic adult literacy collections: Collections should be fresh and appealing and should incorporate engaging non‐fiction. • Standardized criteria for adult literacy stock: Standardized criteria should be developed by a basic skills agency, preferably at a national level. • Equality for adult readers: Approach adult readers as people who read for enjoyment or who are ‘getting back to reading’, rather than as those needing to ‘improve’ their reading. • Maximum access: Ensure a diverse and well‐stocked collection of books that is easy for adult learners to locate. • Community profiling: Optimize service delivery by profiling your community’s literacy levels.

E-resources are now an integral part of the collections in academic libraries. Librarians are under pressure to justify the investment through evidence of usage. Consequently, librarians have realized that they must aggressively market and create awareness. Marketing, however, costs money. In many libraries, the allocation of funds for marketing has been overlooked. Many librarians have created promotional activities at a minimal cost to the library. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The marketing of information services is very useful to improve the image and to attract more users to the library and hence it is an important area of interest in the university library profession in recent years. This study aims to understand the existing information services and products, to study the marketing orientation based on four marketing mix variables such as product, place, price and promotion, to study the approach of librarians towards marking activities and to identify the problems encountered in marketing of information products and services of the university libraries in Kerala. The data for the study collected from the university librarian or in-charge of four university libraries in Kerala such as Kerala University Library, Mahatma Gandhi University Library, Cochin University of Science and Technology Library and CH Mohammed Koya Library of University of Calicut. All the university libraries in Kerala have some sort of conventional as well as IT enabled information services and products that can be marketed. The 1 brarians have a positive attitude towards marketing. The identified problems encountered are lack of trained staff and less demand for the existing resources and services. It is indeed in the university libraries in Kerala to initiate new information services and products suitable for the different user groups. From the analysis of the marketing elements viz. product, place, price and promotion, it is observed that university libraries in Kerala need better promotional activities. A separate marketing division with skilled staff with a marketing plan is desirable to make the marketing activities more efficient and effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brand equity is a marketing strategy and can be created and maintained for the benefit of an organisation. Building brand equity entails promotional activities that create value for the brand and increasing the ability to recall or recognise it. Advertising has the ability of changing the favourability and strength of a brand. This study sought to establish the effect of advertising on brand equity. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design with the target population being the staff of NHIF accredited hospitals in Nairobi County. Using a combination of stratified and simple random sampling, a sample size of 100 was selected. The data instrument used was structured questionnaires which were filled and collected back for analysis. Using SPSS, descriptive statistics of frequency distribution and central tendency were applied to analyse the data. Regression tests were used to determine the relationship between the variables. The study established that advertisement affects brand equity among the hospitals with a significant correlation R= 0.517, such that it determines 32.6% variance of brand equity. The study recommends that the hospitals should consider adopting advertisement as strategy for enhancing their brand equity among people. The study also recommends a further study on ways to maintain brand equity and determine the effectiveness of brand equity creation to hospitals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this article is to present the image of Uniejów and analyze promotional activities. In the first part the author presents the profile of students from Lodz and sources of knowledge about geothermal water, Termy Uniejów and Spa Uniejów Park. Next, an analysis of activities promoting the commune of Uniejów is provided. Public opinion is very important because it allows the efficient management of this process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated customer relationship management in the telecommunication sector in Nigeria and its consequential effect on customer loyalty. Primary data were generated with the aid of structured questionnaire. A random sample size of 50 respondents was selected from each of 4 telecommunication firms to represent the entire population of study. Thus a sample size of 140 respondents was used. Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics and variance estimation technique. Findings show that customer retention, and competitive advantages are major benefits that are accruable to the industry. These were achieved through better understanding and addressing the customer needs and issues. Among the strategies employed by the players in this industry to facilitate these were promotional activities and quick service delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Synergies Espagne is the property of GERFLINT (Groupe d'Etudes et de Recherches pour le Francais Langue Internationale) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The marketing of information services will help to improve the image and to attract more users to the library and hence it is an important area of interest to university libraries. This study aims: 1) to understand the existing information services and products, 2) to study the marketing orientation based on four marketing mix variables such as product, place, price and promotion, 3) to study the approach of librarians to marketing activities and 4) to identify the problems encountered in marketing of information products and services of the university libraries in Kerala. The data for the study collected from the university librarian or in-charge of four university libraries in Kerala - Kerala University Library, Mahatma Gandhi University Library, Cochin University of Science and Technology Library and CH Mohammed Koya Library of University of Calicut. All the university libraries in Kerala have some sort of conventional as well as IT enabled information services and products that can be marketed. The librarians have a positive attitude towards marketing. The identified problems encountered are lack of trained staff and less demand for the existing resources and services. It is indeed in the interest of the university libraries in Kerala to initiate new information services and products suitable for the different user groups. Also, it was found that university libraries in Kerala need better promotional activities. For the effective and efficient marketing, the university libraries should have a separate marketing division with a definite marketing plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weeding library collections is an integral part of library's collection development and maintenance; it helps to ensure a current, useful collection. It can be a difficult, even painful, process for some but the weeding process is respectful to the library's mission and its service to the public. This paper highlights objectives and principal steps, policy, CREW method, criteria, formats and material types, guidelines, etc Gives a checklist of weeding factors, Discusses briefly advantages, benefits, and discouraging factors, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

University libraries are undergoing a major metamorphisms consequent to the development of Information Communication Technology. Digital as a medium for marketing is likely to dominate in this decade due to the fact that digital became the predominant channel for accessing content. Many of the university libraries are now trying to use their websites for distributing documents and selling images and full texts online. Web marketing strategy aims to help the university library optimize the use of its information products and services. So it is indispensable to study the importance of library websites and to explore the reality and potential of the home page of university libraries in Kerala as a vehicle for marketing and public relations. The objectives of this study are (i) to analyze the present promotional activities of University Libraries in Kerala (ii) to analyze and evaluate the contents of university libraries websites in a marketing point of view and (iii) to build a model webpage for university libraries in Kerala which is suited for marketing. Both primary and secondary data used for the study. The primary data was collected from the university librarian or in-charge of the four university libraries viz. Kerala University Library (KUL), Mahatma Gandhi University Library (MGUL) , Cochin University of Science and Technology Library (CUSATL) and CH Mohammed Koya Library of the University of Calicut (CHMKL). The secondary data was collected from the website of each of the university library under study. Analyzed various university library websites at the national and international level and identified 23 links which have potential for marketing and repositioning the image of the library. The study examined how far the websites of university libraries in Kerala are equipped for marketing with respect to the identified links. The study revealed that most of the libraries in Kerala used traditional modes of promotion. CUSATL is on the top with a variety of promotional activities for their information products and services. The study also found that the websites of KUL, MGUL and CHMKL are not marketing oriented. Hence this paper is an attempt to propose a model website for the university libraries in Kerala, which has enough potential to market its information products and services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Textile Industry / Tekstilna Industrija is the property of Union of Textile Engineers & Technicians of Serbia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)