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Systematic screening for prostate cancer is widely recommended in candidates for renal transplant at the time of listing. There are concerns that overdiagnosis of low-risk prostate cancer may result in reducing access to transplant without demonstrated oncological benefits. The objective of the study was to assess the outcome of newly diagnosed prostate cancer in candidates for transplant at the time of listing, and its impact on transplant access and transplant outcomes according to treatment options. This retrospective study was conducted over 10 years in 12 French transplant centers. Patients included were candidates for renal transplant at the time of prostate cancer diagnosis. Demographical and clinical data regarding renal disease, prostate cancer, and transplant surgery were collected. The primary outcome of the study was the interval between prostate cancer diagnosis and active listing according to treatment options. Overall median time from prostate cancer diagnosis to active listing was 25.0 months [16.4-40.2], with statistically significant differences in median time between the radiotherapy and the active surveillance groups (p = .03). Prostate cancer treatment modalities had limited impact on access and outcome of renal transplantation. Active surveillance in low-risk patients does not seem to compromise access to renal transplantation, nor does it impact oncological outcomes., (© 2023 The Authors. Clinical Transplantation published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: Sarcopenia is defined by a loss of muscle strength associated to a decrease in skeletal muscle mass. Ageing greatly contributes to sarcopenia as may many other factors such as cancer or androgen deprivation therapies (ADT). This cohort study aims to evaluate (1) the prevalence of muscle disorders and sarcopenia in older patients before initiation of intermediate to high risk prostate cancer treatment with ADT and radiotherapy, and (2) the occurrence and/or aggravation of muscle disorders and sarcopenia at the end of cancer treatment., Methods: This cohort study is monocentric and prospective. The primary objectives are to determine the risk factor of sarcopenia prevalence and to study the relationship between ADT and sarcopenia incidence, in patients 70 years and older with histologically proven localized or locally advanced prostate cancer, addressed to a geriatrician (G8 score ≤14) for comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) in Marseille University Hospital. Secondary objectives encompass, measurement of sarcopenia clinical criteria along prostate oncological treatment; evaluation of the quality of life of patients with sarcopenia; evaluation of the impact of socio-behavioral and anthropological factors on sarcopenia evolution and incidence; finally the evaluation of the impact of ADT exposure on sarcopenia. Sarcopenia prevalence was estimated to be between 20 and 30%, therefore the study will enroll 200 patients., Discussion: The current guidelines for older patients with prostate cancer recommend a pelvic radiotherapy treatment associated to variable duration (6 to 36 months) of ADT. However ADT impacts muscle mass and could exacerbate the risks of sarcopenia. Our study intends to assess the specific effect of ADT on sarcopenia incidence and/or worsening as well as to estimate sarcopenia prevalence in this population. The results of this cohort trial will lead to a better understanding of sarcopenia prevalence and incidence necessary to further elaborate a prevention plan., Trial Registration: The protocol was registered to the French drug and device regulation agency under the number 2019-A02319-48, before beginning the study (11/12/2019). The ClinicalTrials.gov identifier is NCT04484246, registration on the ClinicalTrials.gov ( https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04484246 )., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Objective: To define guidelines for the management of localized prostate cancer (PCa) in kidney transplant (KTx) candidates and recipients., Method: A systematic review (Medline) of the literature was conducted by the CTAFU to report prostate cancer epidemiology, screening, diagnosis and management in KTx candidates and recipients with the corresponding level of evidence., Results: KTx recipients are at similar risk for PCa as general population. Thus, PCa screening in this setting is defined according to global French guidelines from CCAFU. Systematic screening is proposed in candidates for renal transplant over 50 y-o. PCa diagnosis is based on prostate biopsies performed after multiparametric MRI and preventive antibiotics. CCAFU guidelines remain applicable for PCa treatment in KTx recipients with some specificities, especially regarding lymph nodes management. Treatment options in candidates for KTx need to integrate waiting time and access to transplantation. Current data allows the CTAFU to propose mandatory waiting times after PCa treatment in KTx candidates with a weak level of evidence., Conclusion: These French recommendations should contribute to improve PCa management in KTx recipients and candidates, integrating oncological objectives with access to transplantation., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To evaluate the negative predictive value (NPV) of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI), alone or combined with Prostate-Specific Antigen density (PSAd) to exclude clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa)., Patients and Methods: We performed a retrospective chart review of all the patients who had transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy (TRUSGB) in our center between January 2014 and March 2019. We included patients who had nonsuspicious prebiopsy mpMRI defined as Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) ≤ 2. MRI was performed using a 1.5 or 3-Tesla Magnetic Resonance scanners with external phased-array coil. The primary outcome was the detection of csPCa, defined as a Gleason score 3 + 4 (ISUP 2) or higher on at least one biopsy core., Results: One hundred and ninety-one consecutive men (median age: 65 years, median PSA level: 9.3 ng/mL) underwent TRUSGB following negative prebiopsy mpMRI corresponding to 126 (66%) biopsy-naïve patients, 36 (18.8%) patients with prior negative biopsy, and 29 (15.2%) patients under active surveillance with confirmatory biopsies. The overall PCa and csPCA detection rates were 26.7% and 5.2%, conferring a NPV of 73.3% and 94.8%, respectively. The NPV of negative mpMRI improved to 95.8% in patients with PSAd < 0.15 ng/mL/cm 3 and to 100% in patients with PSAd < 0.10 ng/mL/cm 3 ., Conclusions: A negative prebiopsy mpMRI had an overall NPV of 94.8% for csPCa when mpMRI was used alone to 95.8% when combined with PSAd < 0.15 ng/mL/cm 3 . Future studies are needed to balance the low benefit of a biopsy in this indication with the morbidity of the procedure.

Purpose: In our center, until 2018, MRI-targeted biopsy was underused. Since January 2018, we systematically performed MRI-targeted biopsy for suspicious PI-RADS ≥ 3 lesions in accordance to the recent guidelines. We hypothesized that the implementation of systematic prebiopsy MRI would increase the detection rate (DR) of prostate cancer (PCa) without increasing DR of clinically insignificant PCa (insignPCa)., Patients and Methods: A retrospective study including consecutive men who underwent prostate biopsy for suspicion of PCa in our center between January 2017 and December 2018 was conducted. Combined biopsies were performed for suspicious MRI and systematic biopsies for nonsuspicious MRI. The primary outcome was to compare the DR of PCa per year. Secondary outcomes included DRs of clinically significant PCa (csPCa) and insignPCa between both years and outcomes of targeted vs systematic biopsies., Results: A total of 306 men (152 in 2017 and 154 in 2018) were included. Respectively, median (IQR) age was 69 (63-75) vs 70 (65-76) years (p = 0.29) and median (IQR) PSA density was 0.17 (0.13-0.28) vs 0.17 (0.11-0.26) (p = 0.24). There was a significant increase in prebiopsy MRI performed (120 [78.9%] vs 143 [92.8%]; p < 0.001) in 2018. DRs of PCa (94 [61.8%] vs 112 [72.7%]; p = 0.04) and csPCa (76 [50%] vs 95 [61.6%]; p = 0.04) increased in 2018, while the insignPCa DR was stable (p = 0.13). The DR of PCa was 58.3%, 65% and 71.2%, respectively, in targeted, systematic and combined biopsies (p = 0.02). In case of nonsuspicious MRI, the prevalence of csPCA was 12.5%., Conclusions: Introducing systematical MRI-targeted biopsy in our clinical setting increased the PCa DR without overdiagnosing insignPCa. Implementation of prebiopsy MRI does not seem to avoid the need for systematic biopsy, and nonsuspicious MRI should not obviate the need for prostate biopsy when otherwise clinically indicated.

Objectives: The role of 18 F-fluorocholine positron emission tomography/computed tomography ( 18 F-Choline PET/CT) in different clinical situations remains controversial and current practices are very heterogeneous. The aim of this study was to evaluate the "real-world" practice of 18 F-Choline PET/CT in patients with prostate cancer and its potential impacts on therapeutic strategy., Methods and Materials: This is a retrospective multicenter observational study including 265 consecutive men who underwent 18 F-Choline PET/CT for prostate cancer between November 2014 and November 2015. Primary outcome was impact on therapeutic strategy. Secondary outcomes were sensitivity of the 18 F-Choline PET/CT and predictive factors associated with positive scans. Statistical analyses comprised Student's t test for continuous variables or chi-squared test for qualitative variables., Results: Median PSA level at the time of PET/CT was 4.19 ng/ml. The decision to perform PET/CT was made after multidisciplinary discussion in 29.8% of cases; most were prescribed by urologists (50.2% of cases). Three main indications were concerned: biochemical recurrence after local treatment (61.1%), initial staging (26.0%), or at the time of progression to castration-resistance (12.9%). Upon biochemical recurrence, 18 F-Choline PET/CT allowed identification of ≥1 site(s) with a sensitivity of 80.9%. In multivariate analysis, predictive factors associated with 18 F-Choline PET/CT sensitivity were serum PSA level and local treatment type in cases of biochemical recurrence, and PSA doubling time and Gleason score in case of initial staging. 18 F-Choline PET/CT results allowed restaging and change in therapeutic strategy in 58.1% of all combined indications., Conclusions: Indications of 18 F-Choline PET/CT were varied. The detection rate of metastatic lesions was suitable, especially when PSA rate was >1 ng/mL. In most cases, 18 F-Choline PET/CT led to a change in therapeutic strategy, particularly in the setting of biochemical recurrence., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Context: Cancer development after kidney transplant (KT) has become a major problem, and currently, it is one of the primary causes of death in this population. Urological cancers after KT such as prostate cancer (PCa) have also increased, partly due to the increasing age of recipients and prolonged survival. PCa is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in men, accounting for 15% of all cancers. Managing localised PCa after KT remains challenging because of treating an immunosuppressed patient with a kidney graft in the pelvic cavity. Several papers reporting PCa treatment after KT have been published. Merging all the available data and summarising most important evidence could be useful for scientific community involved in this issue., Objective: To systematically review all the available evidence in literature regarding the management of localised PCa after KT., Evidence Acquisition: Computerised bibliographic search of Medline, Embase, and Cochrane databases was performed for all studies reporting outcomes of localised PCa diagnosed in KT patients undergoing curative treatments, including surgery, external beam radiotherapy (EBR) and brachytherapy., Evidence Synthesis: In total, 41 studies included 319 patients with localised PCa after KT. Their mean age was 61.8 (range, 47-79) yr and mean time from KT to PCa was 122 (range, 2-336) mo. Mean prostate-specific antigen was 8.5 (range, 0.3-82), most frequent biopsy Gleason score was 3+3 (50.5%), 62.1% were cT1-cT2, and 56.1% belonged to low-intermediate D'Amico-risk groups. Surgery was performed in 82.1%. After mean follow-up of 33 (range, 1-240) mo, cancer-specific survival at 5 yr was 97.5%, 87.5%, and 94.4% after surgery, EBR, and brachytherapy, respectively., Conclusions: Radical prostatectomy is the preferred treatment of localised PCa after KT. Overall oncological outcomes do not seem to be worse than general population when performed in referral centres. Other curative treatments such as EBR or brachytherapy were less frequently used; however, brachytherapy showed promising results in a small number of patients. Further better-quality studies should help to clarify the optimal method of managing localised PCa after KT., Patient Summary: Localised PCa after KT seems to have similar oncological outcomes after curative treatments than in general population, with surgery being the most common option for treatment., (Copyright © 2018 European Association of Urology. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To describe a technique combining the implantation of fiducials and a prostatic spacer (hyaluronic acid [HA]) to decrease the rectal toxicity after an image-guided external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) with hypofractionation for prostate cancer and to assess the tolerance and the learning curve of the procedure., Materials and Methods: Thirty patients with prostate cancer at low or intermediate risk were included in a phase II trial: image-guided EBRT of 62 Gy in 20 fractions of 3.1 Gy with intensity-modulated radiotherapy. A transrectal implantation of 3 fiducials and transperineal injection of 10 cc of HA (NASHA gel spacer, Q-Med AB, Uppsala, Sweden) between the rectum and the prostate was performed by 1 operator. The thickness of HA was measured at 10 points on magnetic resonance imaging to establish a quality score of the injection (maximum score = 10) and determine the learning curve of the procedure., Results: The quality score increased from patients 1-10, 11-20, to 21-30 with respective median scores: 7 [2-10], 5 [4-7], and 8 [3-10]. The average thicknesses of HA between the base, middle part, and apex of the prostate and the rectum were the following: 15.1 mm [6.4-29], 9.8 mm [5-21.2], and 9.9 mm [3.2-21.5]. The injection of the HA induced a median pain score of 4 [1-8] and no residual pain at mid-long term., Conclusion: Creating an interface between the rectum and the prostate and the implantation of fiducials were feasible under local anesthesia with a short learning curve and could become a standard procedure before a hypofractionated EBRT for prostate cancer., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To compare the options available for prostate cancer management and their consequences on fertility for men, in order to best advise these men to choose their treatment, especially if they are young, with no child with their current partner., Methods: A literature review on prostate cancer and fertility over the last 26 years was carried out on PubMed database. The literature was based on evidence and practical considerations. Twenty-nine articles were selected according to their relevance., Results: After prostatectomy, there is an obstructive infertility in 100% of the cases. In external radiotherapy, doses more than 15 cGy induced reduction in sperm count. Direct irradiation between 15 and 35 cGy caused oligozoospermia and doses between 35 and 50 cGy caused reversible azoospermia. The calculated projected doses on testicles were 196 cGy (± 145 cGy). The brachytherapy effects on fertility seems to be less harmful. The irradiation dose received by testicles is less important (less than 20 cGy) after brachytherapy than after external radiotherapy. Infertility induced by hormonal therapy alone should be reversible. Fertility and focal therapy have not been well evaluated yet. Active surveillance is the management of prostate cancer which allows to keep at best men's fertility., Conclusion: Urologists should consider approaching the topic of infertility when discussing the pros and cons of various prostate cancer management with their younger patients. If a patient with prostate cancer expresses interest in future fertility, a semen analysis should be performed. Cryopreservation represents the only preemptive accompanying possibility to preserve fertility in young cancer patients., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Thirty-three percent of the localized cancers belongs initially to the group of intermediate risk of D'Amico. The standard treatments validated by the French Association of Urology are the radical prostatectomy and the external beam radiotherapy., Objectives: We retrospectively compared the carcinologic results of the radical prostatectomy±adjuvant treatment (RP) and the external beam radiotherapy combining high dose (75.6 Gy) and short hormonotherapy (RH), in the treatment of intermediate risk prostate cancer. The series consisted of 143 patients treated between 2000 and 2006 in the department of Urology and Kidney transplantation of the Conception Hospital, Marseilles. The main assessment criteria was the survival without biological recurrence (SBR)., Results: The median follow-up was 90 months [59-51]. The 5 years and 8 years SBR were 85% and 73% in the RH group, versus 74% and 65% with RP (P=0.196). There was a significant difference between the series: on the age of diagnosis (63.9 versus 73.3 years, P<0.001), the Charlson score of comorbidity (2 versus 3, P<0.001) and the number of intermediate criteria per patients (one intermediate criteria: RP 74% versus 57%, P<0.01)., Conclusion: According to our study, there was no superiority of the radical prostatectomy±adjuvant treatment or the external radiotherapy combining high dose and concomitant short hormonotherapy on the survival without biological recurrence at 5 and 8 years. Many studies confirm that a concomitant hormonotherapy increases the carcinologic control, even with a high rate external beam radiotherapy., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

The principle of the hypofractionation in radiotherapy is to deliver a higher dose by session and to reduce the duration of treatment. In the particular case of the cancer of prostate, a hypofractionned protocol allows to deliver an equivalent radiobiological dose identical even higher than a standard plan of irradiation. The hypofractionation is presented as a solution to improve the access to the care (fewer processing times by patient, more patients treated by machine) while increasing the quality of the care: better carcinologic control, less radiotoxicity. The objective of this article is to make a clarification on the hypofractionned radiotherapy in first intention in the treatment of the localized prostate cancer. We count three studies on large cohorts, comparing standard plans to 1.8-2 Gy/session and hypofractionned plans (2.5-3 Gy/session). The inferior carcinologic results of the two first comparative studies with regard to the study of phase I/II of the Cleveland clinic were owed to a sub-dosage of hypofractionned plans. The administered equivalent biological doses were lower than the at present recommended total doses and lower than the theoretical doses, calculated on the bases of an erroneous evaluation of the radiosensibility of the prostate cancer. In the comparative study of Arcangeli, the rate of survival without biological recurrence in 4 years (82%) was significantly to the advantage of the hypofractionned group, while reducing the duration of treatment of 3 weeks. Four comparative studies reported aigues/late toxicity, gastrointestinal (GI)/genito-urinary acceptable (GU) even lower with a hypofractionned plan. The hypofractionation is potentially the future of the radiotherapy in the treatment of the localized prostate cancer thanks to the technological innovation, but for all that does not constitute at present a standard., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)