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Purpose: The objective of the present study is to analyze long-term testicular cancer (TC) survivors focusing on the correlation of therapeutic modalities used, the age of patients and second malignancy (SM) occurrence., Patients and Methods: A total of 1,367 patients with TC and different subsequent therapeutic procedures were followed up between 1970 and 2012. The occurrence of SM was analyzed by standard incidence ratios (SIR). SM occurred in 96 (7.0 %) patients with primary TC., Results: The most frequent SM was TC (SIR 27.4, n = 64); a significantly higher occurrence was observed after primary testicular seminoma. Prostate cancer appeared in 10 patients (SIR 5.2), with a mean age 54.9 years, while the typical age of patients in Slovakia was 71.4 years. Kidney cancer developed in 6 patients, a significant higher SIR was registered only after primary non-seminomas. The mean patient's age was 48.5 years, while the typical age of all male patients in Slovakia was 62.4 years. Other SM had no significantly higher SIR. Colorectal cancer appeared in 8 patients with primary TC, with a mean age 56.0 years, while the typical age of male patients with primary colorectal cancer in Slovakia was 67.1 years. Other non-testicular tumors appeared in 8 patients. SM occurs in 1.5 % of patients following orchiectomy alone, in 4.3 % following radiotherapy, 5.0 % following chemotherapy and in 4.4 % following combined chemo-radiotherapy., Conclusions: Preliminary analyses indicate increased SM occurrence in patients with primary TC in comparison with the general population, and it also occurs in younger age at the time of SM diagnosis.

Prostate cancer is the third most-common non-skin cancer and also the third leading cause of cancer death in the Slovak Republic in recent years. However, analysis of incidence and mortality long-term time-trends, on the basis of which the prevalence estimates could have been calculated, were not available. This paper analyses national trends in prostate cancer incidence and mortality from 1968 to 2007 by using the join-point regression to propose potential changes in health care. The authors noted a statistically significant increase in the values of incidence after 1999 and improvement in mortality after 1998. Using a mathematical modelation authors predicted the overall prostate cancer prevalence in the Slovak Republic to provide actual data for health management.

Aims and Background: As two neighboring countries in central Europe with national cancer registries, the Slovak (SR) and Czech Republics (CR) are countries with a medium global rate in the occurrence of prostate cancer. This paper analyzes the incidence of prostate cancer and mortality before and after the introduction of PSA testing in the two Republics and the possible reasons for any differences discovered and compares the results with selected regions and countries of the world., Study Design and Results: In the Slovak Republic, prostate cancer incidence (age-adjusted to the world standard population) has risen from 14.6/100,000 in 1968 (95% CI, ±1.5772) to 36.2/100,000 in 2005 (95% CI, ±2.0678). The estimated annual increase in the incidence during the period 1968-1991 (before nationwide PSA testing) was 0.421; from 1991 (when nationwide PSA testing began) to up to 2003 it was 0.941. Mortality rates grew from 7.3/100,000 in 1968 to 14.9/100,000 in 2005. In spite of the geographic proximity of the two countries, the increase in incidence occurred faster in the Czech than in the Slovak Republic, from 15.8/100,000 in 1977 (95% CI, ±0.9748) to 59.5/100,000 in 2005 (95% CI, ±1.7187). The estimated annual increase in incidence in the Czech Republic for the period of 1977-1991 was 0.581. From 1991 (when national PSA testing began) until 2003, it was 1.981. In the period before 1991, mortality rose more sharply in the Czech than in the Slovak Republic, whereas after the introduction of PSA testing mortality stabilized more quickly in the Czech than in the Slovak Republic. In the Slovak Republic, a significant reduction in mortality was observed after 2002 and has continued to the present and probably is not affected only by the results connected with the increase in PSA testing., Conclusions: The difference in the incidence and mortality of prostate cancer in the Slovak and the Czech Republics results from a difference in the intensity of PSA testing as well as from the introduction of complex, more effective treatment in advanced clinical stages.

Backgrounds: This paper analyzes the incidence and mortality of prostate cancer in the Slovak (SR) and Czech (CR) Republics (as Central European countries with population-based cancer registries) before and after the introduction of PSA testing, the possible reasons for any differences disclosed, and compares the results with selected regions and countries around the world., Material, Methods and Results: In SR, the age-adjusted incidence of prostate cancer rose from 14.6/100,000 in 1968 to 36.2/100,000 in 2005. The estimated annual increase of incidence from 1968 to 1991 (before nation-wide PSA testing) was 0.421 and 1991-2003 it reached 0.941. The mortality rates rose from 7.3/100,000 in 1968 to 14.9/100,000 in 2005. The increase in incidence occurred faster in CR than in SR, from 15.8/100,000 in 1977 to 59.5/100,000 in 2005. The estimated annual increase of incidence in CR in 1977-1991 was 0.581,while in 1991-2003 it reached 1.981. Before 1991, mortality rose more sharply in CR than in SR while after the introduction of PSA testing mortality stabilized more quickly in the CR than in SR. In SR a significant reduction of mortality was observed after 2002 and is probably affected by more factors than those associated with the increase in PSA testing., Conclusion: The difference in the incidence and mortality of prostate cancer in SR and in CR results from a difference in the intensity of PSA testing as well as from the earlier introduction of effective treatment in CR.

Metastatic prostate cancer is primarily treated by endocrine manipulation. Complete androgen blockade with analogue of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) or surgical castration and antiandrogens seem to have no advantage over the LHRH analogues or surgical castration alone. The progression to a hormone-refractory state is still a challenging issue for urologists because of the lack of standard therapy.