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Edible insects such as black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) are alternative protein sources for animal feeds due to their high-protein content and potential low environmental footprint. However, protein quality and AA content may vary across insect species and age. Our objective was to determine the effects of age on nutrient and AA digestibility of BSFL intended for use in pet foods using the precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay. All animal procedures were approved by the University of Illinois Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee prior to experimentation. Twenty-four cecectomized roosters (four roosters per substrate) were randomly assigned to test substrates [BSFL0 = day 0 (day of hatch); BSFL11 = day 11; BSFL14 = day 14; BSFL18 = day 18; BSFL23 = day 23; BSFL29 = day 29]. After 24 h of feed withdrawal, roosters were tube-fed 20 g of test substrates. Following crop intubation, excreta were collected for 48 h. Endogenous corrections for AA were made using five additional cecectomized roosters. All data were analyzed using a completely randomized design and the GLM procedure of SAS 9.4. DM and OM digestibilities were not different among substrates, but acid-hydrolyzed fat digestibility tended to be greater (P < 0.10) for BSFL23 and BSFL29 than BSFL14 and BSFL18. Although all substrates had a high digestibility, BSFL0 and BSFL11 had the lowest (P < 0.05) digestibilities for most indispensable and dispensable AA. Digestible indispensable AA score (DIAAS)-like values were calculated to determine protein quality according to AAFCO nutrient profiles and NRC recommended allowances for dogs and cats. In general, BSFL18 had the highest, and BSFL11 had the lowest DIAAS-like values for most indispensable AA. Threonine, methionine, and tryptophan were often the first-limiting AA. Our results suggest that BSFL are a high-quality protein and AA source, but that age can affect the AA digestibility and protein quality of this alternative protein source., (© The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society of Animal Science. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

This study aimed to determine enzymes that effectively extract Chlorella pyrenoidosa proteins and optimize the processing conditions using response surface methods. Furthermore, the potential of enzymatically hydrolyzed C. pyrenoidosa protein extract (CPE) as a substitute protein source was investigated. The enzymatic hydrolysis conditions for protein extraction were optimized using single-factor analysis and a response surface methodology–Box–Behnken design. The R2 value of the optimized model was 0.9270, indicating the reliability of the model, and the optimal conditions were as follows: a hydrolysis temperature of 45.56 °C, pH 9.1, and a hydrolysis time of 49.85 min. The amino acid composition of CPE was compared to that of C. pyrenoidosa powder (CP), which was found to have a higher content of essential amino acids (EAA). The electrophoretic profiles of CP and CPE confirmed that CPE has a low molecular weight. Furthermore, CPE showed higher antioxidant activity and phenol content than CP, with ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging abilities of 69.40 ± 1.61% and 19.27 ± 3.16%, respectively. CPE had high EAA content, antioxidant activity, and phenol content, indicating its potential as an alternative protein source. Overall, in this study, we developed an innovative, ecofriendly, and gentle enzymatic hydrolysis strategy for the extraction and refinement of Chlorella proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Camel meat is being explored as a potential solution to combat hunger, malnutrition, and food shortages. It is nutritionally valuable, with low cholesterol and high levels of important nutrients. However, challenges such as local conflicts, droughts, diseases, and limited access to veterinary services limit its production and consumption. A study on the sensory evaluation of camel meat found that its tenderness, juiciness, flavor, and overall acceptability varied depending on the slaughter age and aging period. The authors suggest addressing constraints related to production, processing, and exportation to fully utilize camel meat as a valuable source of high-quality animal protein. [Extracted from the article]

The effect of the extrusion of canola oilcake meal (COM) and crushed sweet lupins (CSL) with molasses on the dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) degradability was determined in situ. Locally sourced (SOILL Moorreesburg, South Africa) COM and CSL, with the addition of 6% molasses, were extruded at a maximum temperature of 116 °C. A total of six Dohne Merino wethers (± 80 kg), fitted with rumen cannula, were used in this trial. Samples in polyester bags (5 g) were incubated in the rumen of the sheep at intervals of 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, and 48 h. The DM and CP disappearances from the rumen were determined and degradability parameters were estimated. Extrusion increased the potentially degradable CP fraction by 43.5%. At each outflow rate, the average CP effective degradability of COM (68.2%) was lower than that of CSL (78.0%). Extrusion substantially lowered the CP effective degradability for both protein sources at every outflow rate tested. The biggest effect was seen at 0.08/h, where effective degradation was lowered by 25.6%. Extrusion with molasses was found to modify ruminal degradation parameters of both canola oilcake meal and crushed sweet lupins, while also decreasing the effective rumen degradation, especially at faster outflow rates. Thereby, the rumen undegradable protein fraction was increased by 85.4%. This study shows that COM and CSL extruded with 6% molasses can substantially increase RUP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To replace fish meal for aquatic feed and develop new protein source are important requirements to ensure sustainable development of aquaculture industry and food security in China. This paper reviewed the application effects of common protein sources in aquatic animals and some new protein sources with promising application prospects in aquatic animals and the existing problems and solutions, and prospected the development direction of "non-food" new protein sources, hoping to provide reference for the research and technical personnel of aquaculture and aquatic feed production in the research and development of aquatic feed and protein source selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In previous studies of apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs), the association between apparent digestion and protein metabolism from different protein sources has long been ignored. To develop nutritionally adequate diets, this study evaluated the effects of different protein sources (fermented soybean meal [FSM], rapeseed meal [RSM], Antarctic krill powder [AKP] and fish protein hydrolysate [FPH]) on the growth performance, ADCs and expression of genes related to protein metabolism in Chinese perch. The experimental feed was composed of 300g kg‐1 test ingredients and 700g kg‐1 reference feed (RF). After the feeding trial, FPH was found to achieve the best growth performance of Chinese perch and had significantly higher ADCs of dry matter and gross energy than all other ingredients. Besides, FPH was the only ingredient with crude protein ADC exceeding 90% and the highest crude lipid ADC, while RSM had the lowest crude protein and crude lipid ADC. FPH showed the highest ADC of amino acids except for serine and tyrosine, and RSM showed the lowest amino acid ADC except for methionine. FPH resulted in the lowest expression of mtor, s6k, murf1, mafbx, pept2 and lat2 and the highest expression of gdh and ast in the muscle. The transcription level of cat significantly increased in the gut of the FSM group compared with that in the RF group. These findings imply that FPH may be a promising ingredient to be incorporated into the formulated diet of Chinese perch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lupins are highly degradable in the rumen, and do not provide enough bypass protein for highproducing ruminant animals. The effects of extrusion on dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) rumen degradability of Lupinus albus and Lupinus angustifolius were determined in situ. Samples of both types of lupin were extruded at maximum temperature, which reached 116 °C. Six Dohne Merino wethers fitted with rumen cannulas were used in this trial. Samples were incubated in the rumen at intervals of 0, 2, 4, 12, 36, and 48 hours. This procedure was repeated in two sheep per treatment and in three periods, giving a total of six observations for each variable. Extrusion lowered the soluble fraction of CP and increased the potential degradable fraction without affecting its rate of degradation. It also lowered the effective degradability of CP of both types of lupin by 28% at an outflow rate of 0.08% per hour. No differences were observed between types. Extrusion modified the ruminal degradation parameters and decreased effective rumen degradation, especially at faster outflow rates. Thus, the rumen undegradable protein (RUP) fraction of lupins was increased by extrusion and lupins could be used more efficiently in ruminant diets. This study showed that the benefits of extrusion could be reached at a relatively low temperature of 116 °C to reduce the possibility of heat damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intake of insects by humans is not a new practice, but in some cultures, is still an insalubrious activity or even a taboo. Over time, eating some insect's species to obtain proteins seems to be a feasible idea to an economic, environmental and nutritional point of view. Among more than 2000 species of edible insects, the Sphenarium purpurascens stands out, due to its nutritional properties. A review of the intake of insects as a source of proteins was made, to integrate the information of S. purpurascens analyzing nutritional aspects to establish its potential to the food industry. The data found reveal that S. purpurascens has higher protein content than some conventional sources of animal origin, with an important contribution of fats, carbohydrates, minerals and their amino acid profile, it complies with the FAO requirements. All these characteristics offer a potential for processed foods development with high protein content and not only to encourage the consumption of the classic fried and spiced insect as it is currently consumed. However, studies that register officially the total production for their possible mass production and potential industrial uses are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Novel protein sources are urgently needed to meet the increasing protein demand of a continuously growing world population. This study is focused on the production of protein rich mushroom mycelia on industrial side streams. Methods: Submerged propagation of mushrooms was carried out in shake flasks which contained agro-industrial side streams as the sole carbon source. The biomass obtained was analyzed for its crude protein, ash and fat content as well as for its fatty acid and amino acid profiles. Vitamin D2 production from ergosterol in the biomass was induced by UV-B irradiation and determined by HPLC–DAD. The share of fungal mycelium in the total biomass was determined by extraction and quantitation of ergosterol. Additionally, water and oil binding capacity (WBC and OBC) were evaluated. Results: A screening of basidiomycetes grown on agro-industrial side streams indicated a fast growth of Pleurotus sapidus on apple pomace. After 4 days of cultivation, the biomass obtained from this mushroom–substrate combination contained 21% true protein in dry matter. In addition to proteins, the amounts of lipids (4%), ash (2%) and carbohydrates (74%) were quantitated. The dominating fatty and amino acids of Pleurotus sapidus grown on apple pomace were linoleic acid and glutamic acid/glutamine, respectively. Concentrations of up to 115 µg (g dry matter)−1 vitamin D2 were formed from ergosterol by UV-B irradiation. Ergosterol was used as a biomarker to monitor the amount of fungal content. Conclusion: The nutritional value of agro-industrial side streams such as apple pomace can be upcycled by biotransformation with basidiomycetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate the digestibility and palatability of an isolated porcine protein (IPP) for adult dogs. In the digestibility assay, eight adult Beagle dogs were distributed in a double Latin square (4 × 4) experimental design. Diets containing 0, 100, 200, or 300 g IPP/kg were offered. Diets (0-300 g IPP/kg) presented 229.6-265.3 g/kg crude protein (CP) and 17.59-18.73 MJ/kg metabolisable energy (ME). The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of diets and of the IPP were evaluated by analysis of regression. For the palatability test, diets containing 0 and 300 g IPP/kg were compared using 16 adult dogs. Dry matter (DM) and CP ATTD and the ME content of the IPP were determined as 99.2%, 86.4% and 22.48 MJ/kg, respectively. Faecal DM (424-342 g/kg) and pH (6.86-5.98) were linearly reduced (p < .01) as dietary IPP increased. The other evaluated faecal characteristics were not influenced by the treatments (p > .05). Lower intake ratio was obtained with the diet with 300 g IPP/kg, compared with the diet with 0 g IPP/kg (p < .01). The inclusion of IPP in the diet increases the digestibility of dietary nutrients and ME content; however, it reduces food palatability and faecal DM. Isolated porcine protein presents high nutrient digestibility and ME content for dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This study examined four experimental diets with different protein concentrations and sources for pond‐raised fingerling hybrid catfish, ♀ Ictalurus punctatus × ♂ Ictalurus furcatus. A 35% protein diet with fishmeal was used as the control diet. Test diets were 32 and 28% all‐plant‐protein diets and a 28% protein diet with porcine meat, bone, and blood meal. Small fingerlings with a mean initial weight of 2.9 g/fish were stocked into 20 earthen ponds (0.04 ha) at a density of 172,970 fish/ha. They were fed once daily to apparent satiation for 107 d. No significant differences were observed for total diet fed, gross yield, final weight, survival, or condition factor among dietary treatments. However, fish fed the 28 and 32% all‐plant‐protein diets had a significantly higher feed conversion ratio than fish fed the 35% protein diet with fishmeal. There were no significant differences in chlorophyll a and nitrite concentrations in the pond water, but ponds receiving the 35% protein diet had significantly higher ammonia than those receiving 28% protein diets. Economic analysis suggested potential cost savings by using low‐protein and all‐plant‐protein diets for hybrid catfish fingerling production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to investigate effects of protein source in practical diets on nutrient excretion and potential emissions of ammonia (NH 3 ) and methane (CH 4 ) in pigs. Three experimental feeds were designed to substitute a mixture of soybean meal and soybean hulls (SB diet) with sunflower meal (SFM) or wheat DDGS (WDDGS). The proportion of other ingredients was also modified in order to maintain similar nutrient contents across diets. Changes in protein source led to differences in dietary content of neutral detergent insoluble crude protein, soluble fibre (SF) and acid detergent lignin. Twenty-four pigs (8 per diet), weighing 52.3 or 60.8 kg at the first and second batch, respectively, were housed individually in metabolic pens to determine during a 7-day period dry matter (DM) balance, coefficients of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) of nutrients, and faecal and urine composition. Representative slurry samples from each animal were used to measure NH 3 and CH 4 emissions over an 11 and/or 100-day storage period, respectively. Neither DM intake, nor DM or energy CTTAD differed among experimental diets, but type of feed affected ( P < 0.001) crude protein (CP) digestibility, which was highest for SFM (0.846) than for SB (0.775) diet, with WDGGS-based diet giving an intermediate value (0.794). Faecal DM composition was influenced ( P < 0.001) accordingly, with the lowest CP concentration found for diet SFM and the highest for SB. The ratio of N excreted in urine or faeces decreased from SFM (1.63) to SB diet (0.650), as a consequence of both lower urine and higher faecal losses, with all the faecal N fractions increasing in parallel to total excretion. This result was parallel to a decrease of potential NH 3 emission (g/kg slurry) in diet SB with respect to diet SFM (from 1.82 to 1.12, P < 0.05), giving slurry from WDGGS-based diet an intermediate value (1.58). Otherwise, SF and insoluble neutral detergent fibre (aNDFom) CTTAD were affected ( P < 0.001 and P = 0.002, respectively) by type of diet, being lower for SFM than in SB-diet; besides, a higher content of aNDFom (491 vs 361 g/kg) on faecal DM was observed for SFM with respect to SB, with WDDGS-based diet being intermediate. Degree of lignification of aNDFom of faeces decreased in the order SFM > WDDGS > SB (from 0.171 to 0.109 and 0.086, respectively) in parallel to a decrease of potential CH 4 emission per g of OM of slurry (from 301 to 269 and 256 mL, respectively). When both gaseous emissions were expressed per animal and day, differences followed the same trend, but did not reach significant levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adequate dietary protein intake throughout pregnancy is essential to ensure healthy fetal development. Insufficient and excessive maternal dietary protein intakes are both associated with intrauterine growth restriction, resulting in low birth weight infants. The aim of this study was to analyze the dietary protein intake patterns of healthy pregnant women in Vancouver, British Columbia, during early and late gestation. We hypothesized that women would be consuming higher protein during late stages of pregnancy compared with early stages of pregnancy. Interviewer-administered food frequency questionnaires were collected prospectively from 270 women at 16- and 36-week gestation; food frequency questionnaires from 212 women met study criteria. Maternal anthropometrics at both stages and infant weight at birth were collected. Wilcoxon signed rank tests were used to determine significant gestational differences in protein intakes. Spearman correlation was used to determine the influence of protein intakes and maternal anthropometrics on pregnancy outcomes. Median (25th and 75th percentiles) protein intakes adjusted for body weight were 1.5 (1.18 and 1.79) and 1.3 (1.04 and 1.60) g/kg per day at 16- than 36-week gestation, respectively. Primary protein sources were identified as dairy products. Protein intakes were negatively correlated with birth weight (P < .05), whereas maternal height, weight, body mass index, and weight gain to 36-week gestation were positively correlated with birth weight (P < .05). This study provides current dietary protein intake patterns among healthy Canadian women during pregnancy and indicates higher intakes than current Dietary Reference Intakes recommended dietary allowance of 1.1 g/kg per day, especially during early gestation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: It is well understood that when nanoparticles (NPs) enter a biological medium, their surface is coated by various proteins; thus, the interaction of the living systems with the NPs depends on the composition of the protein layer, rather than the surface characteristics of the nanoparticle itself. However, there are several neglected parameters in protein–NP interactions (e.g., the key role of the protein source) that should be addressed. The composition of the protein corona is recognized as having a crucial influence on the delivery of NPs into cells, which is important in therapeutic applications and in nanotoxicology; however, the effect of “cell observer” (cell type) is poorly understood. This study probed the effects of different protein sources (fetal bovine serum [FBS] and human plasma [HP]) on the composition and protein thickness of the hard corona formed at the surface of superparamagnetic nanoparticles (SPIONs) with various sizes and surface chemistries. The results show that the hard corona can change quite considerably as one passes from the biophysicochemical properties of nanoparticles and protein sources (e.g., FBS and HP) appropriate to in vitro cell/tissue studies to those appropriate for in vivo studies. These changes in the hard corona have deep implications for in vitro–in vivo extrapolations. In addition, we probed the “cell observer” effect on the uptake and toxicity of SPIONs with the same protein corona composition to highlight the effect of cell type in nanobiosciences. The particles interacted with various cell lines. We find that without consideration of the “cell observer” effect, the cellular targeting/toxicity of NPs is inherently imprecise; thus, a deep understanding of both the protein corona composition and the “cell observer” effect offer a way to predict NP dosage for therapy and for the study of nanotoxins. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The present study aimed to characterize the diversity of Lupinus genus (Leguminosae) present in agricultural and forest ecosystems of eastern central region of the Mexican state of Puebla, and to estimate seed protein concentration in species identified. Natural populations were located from 2600 to 4000 m above sea level in soils with neutral (7.1) to acid (4.7) pH, with high content of organic matter (> 7.8%) and low levels of exchangeable K+ (< 6 cmol + g-1 ). Natural populations of Lupinus showed a great morphological variability result of diversity of species in this genus present in the study area. Four species were identified based on their morphological characteristics and altitudinal range: L. campestris, located at altitudes of 2600 to 3052 m, along edges of corn and faba bean crops or natural vegetation areas in the presence of Juniperus deppeana, various species of pinus and Abies religiosa; L. exaltatus from 2778 to 2865 m in forests of p. montezumae; L. hintonii at 3080 m associated with Abies religiosa; and L. montanus, at altitudes above 3000 m associated with p. hartwegii, p. montezumae, p. rudis and Abies religiosa. High concentration of seed protein was observed within and between species. Among species, the average protein concentration ranged from 328 to 387 g kg-1 of dry matter (DM). Between the species, the concentration ranged from 317 g kg-1 (a population of L. exaltatus) to 481 g kg-1 DM (a population of L. campestris). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Evaluation of feed ingredient functionality plays a vital role in modern fish feed manufacturing practice. The aim of this study was to examine the extrusion behaviour of blends containing alternative protein sources from plant origin to fish meal (FM), such as wheat gluten (WG) and soy protein concentrate (SPC), and the consequences for the physical attributes of the resulting feed extrudates. A mixture design was applied, varying the levels of protein sources included in the formulation from 50 to 450gkg−1. Each diet was produced with added feed moisture content of 20, 26 and 32g/100g (wet basis). The partial least squares regression models were fitted and their performance was evaluated on the basis of R 2 and the root mean squared error of cross-validation over the complete data set. A higher inclusion level of FM in the diet decreased the values of the extruder system parameters, such as torque, pressure at the die and melt temperature. In contrast, inclusion of SPC significantly increased the values of these extruder-related parameters. The viscoelastic properties of WG gave higher radial expansion; FM showed the opposite effect. The results show that the feed moisture was the dominant factor for extrudate density and oil absorption capacity. Products with higher breaking strength were observed with increasing levels of WG and SPC. Combining the product requirements for both extrudate density and hardness showed that the largest optimal compositional range is available at low feed moisture content. However, maximum FM replacement is possible at high feed moisture content. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

ABSTRACT: Two growth assays and 1 N balance trial were conducted to determine the standardized ileal digestible (SID) Iie:Lys ratio in 8- to 25-kg pigs using spray-dried blood cells or corn gluten feed as a protein source. In Exp. 1, 48 individually penned pigs (initial BW = 7.7 kg) were used in a 6-point SID Ile titration study (analyzed SID lie of 0.36, 0.43, 0.50, 0.57, 0.64, and 0.72%) by addition of graded levels of L-Ile. The basal diet contained 1.00% SID Lys, 18.4% CP, and 13.6 MJ of ME/kg. Diets were based on wheat, barley, corn, and 7.5% spray-dried blood cells as a protein source. Dietary SID Leu and Val levels were 1.61 and 1.02%, respectively. For the 35-d period, ADG, ADFI, and G:F increased linearly (P < 0.01) and quadratically (P < 0.04) with increasing SID Ile:Lys. Estimates of optimal SID Ile:Lys ratios were 59% for ADG and ADFI. In Exp. 2, 24 N balances were conducted using the Exp. 1 diets (12 pigs; individually penned; average BW = 11.5 kg). Pigs were fed 3 times daily with an amount equal to 1.0 MJ of ME/kg of BW0.75. Preparation and collection periods (7 d each) were repeated after rearranging the animals to treatments. Increasing the dietary SID Ile:Lys ratio increased N retention linearly (P < 0.01), and N utilization linearly (P < 0.01) and quadratically (P < 0.01). An optimal SID Ile:Lys ratio of 54% was estimated for N retention. In Exp. 3, 48 individually penned pigs (initial BW = 8.0 kg) were fed grain-based diets in a 6-point SID Tie titration (analyzed SID Ile of 0.35, 0.41, 0.49, 0.56, 0.62, and 0.69%). Dietary SID Tie was increased by graded addition of L-Ile. The basal diet contained 0.97% SID Lys, 16.8% CP, and 13.6 MJ of ME/kg. In contrast to Exp. 1 and 2, spray-dried blood cells were excluded and corn gluten feed was used as a protein source. Dietary SID Leu and Val were set to 1.05 and 0.66%. For the 42-d period, ADG, ADFI, and G:F increased linearly (P < 0.01) and quadratically (P <0.01) with increasing SID Ile:Lys. Estimated optimal SID Tle:Lys ratios were 54, 54, and 49 for ADG, ADFT, and G:F, respectively. These experiments suggest that the optimal SID Ile:Lys ratio depends on diet composition. In Exp. 1, AA imbalances because of increased Leu contents may have led to increased lie nutritional needs. For ADG and ADFI, an optimum SID Ile:Lys ratio of 54% was estimated for 8to 25-kg pigs in diets without Leu excess. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of phytase on nutrient digestibility in finishing pigs fed barley-based diet with soybean meal or canola meal as protein source was investigated. Six ileal-cannulated barrows (70 kg initial BW) were fed five diets in a 5 × 5 Latin square design with one added column. The five diets were based on barley-soybean meal (BSBM) or barley-canola meal (BCM) without or with phytase at 500 FTU/kg, and a casein-cornstarch-based diet, which was used to estimate standardised ileal AA digestibilities. No interactions were detected between phytase and diet on any of the response criteria measured except for apparent total tract N digestibility, which was reduced in BSBM diet but not BCM diet by phytase. Phytase increased (p < 0.01) apparent ileal and total tract P digestibility in both BSBM and BCM diets by at least 17 percentage units, and tended (p < 0.10) to increase the apparent ileal digestibilities of histidine, isoleucine, threonine, valine, cysteine, glycine and tyrosine. In conclusion, the effect of phytase in barley-based diets for finishing pigs on all response criteria measured in this study, except apparent total tract N digestibility, was not influenced by protein source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective:We investigated the effects of whey protein (WP), pea protein hydrolysate (PPH), a combination of WP+PPH and control (milk protein (MP) which consists of 80% casein and 20% WP) on appetite ratings, postprandial changes in hunger/satiety hormones and energy intake (EI).Design:A randomized, crossover design which consisted of 2 parts (experiment 1 and 2). The peptides to be tested were provided as part of a shake (1024 kJ; en% P/F/C: 25/33/42) which contained either 15 g WP, 15 g PPH, a combination of 7.5 g WP and 7.5 g PPH (WP+PPH) or 15 g MP.Subjects:39 subjects (BMI: 27.6±1.7 kg m−2; age: 42.3±13.8 years).Measurements:In experiment 1 (duration 4 h), appetite profile was measured and blood samples were taken for analysis of hunger/satiety hormones and glucose. In experiment 2 (duration 7 h), appetite profile and EI (180 min after consumption of the shake) were measured.Results:Some indications of lower hunger (experiment 1), desire to eat (experiment 2) and thirst (experiment 1 and 2) were shown after consumption of PPH compared to MP or WP+PPH (P<0.05). A longer intermeal interval and a higher satiety index were suggested after consumption of PPH. Both PPH and WP lead to greater satiety (experiment 2) and fullness (experiment 2) compared to MP and WP+PPH (P<0.05). For WP, a positive correlation between insulin and both cholecystokinine (CCK) and glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) was observed (P<0.05). However, both CCK and GLP-1 were increased by MP (P<0.05), peptide YY (PYY) was stimulated by WP+PPH, while the decline in ghrelin was larger (P<0.05). No effect on EI was seen.Conclusion:There was modest evidence with respect to satiety by PPH consumption. Different exogenous biopeptides produced differences in release of endogenous peptides that had inconsistent relationships with satiety. Therefore, evidence derived from a supposed biomarker for satiety does not guarantee the highest satiety.International Journal of Obesity (2008) 32, 510–518; doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803758; published online 27 November 2007 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global demand for gluten-free products increased and resulted in a significant technological challenge for the bakery industries: producing gluten-free bread with similar quality to wheat bread. This study aimed to analyze the effects of different concentrations of sunflower protein concentrate (SPC) addition on the gluten-free bread quality parameters compared to the use of pea flour. The SPC flour was inserted at 5%, 10%, and 20% on a flour basis mixture (70% rice flour and 30% cornstarch). Some parameters as specific volume, color, and texture profile were evaluated during 21 days of storage. The obtained results showed that SPC has a significant potential to be used in gluten-free bread with high quality and sensory acceptability. The addition of this beneficial ingredient, in all concentrations, resulted in gluten-free bread with lower hardness after 21 days of storage and with a 100% increment in the protein content when compared to pea flour bread. • Sunflower protein concentrate has high water and oil holding capacity. • The use of sunflower protein concentrate provided a darker color to the bread. • The addition of 10% of SPC in bread led to a 100% increase in protein content. • The hardness of sunflower protein concentrate bread decreased in storage time. • Bread made with sunflower protein concentrate was accepted on sensory analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Langostilla (swimming red crab) is an abundant resource from the Mexican Pacific Ocean that is not yet commercially harvested. Use of langostilla meal as a teed ingredient for protein and pigment in salmonid, crustacean, and poultry diets is limited because of the high ash content. An alternative use of this resource is production of protein hydrolysates with high protein and carotenoprotein content but low ash. This work is aimed at finding methods to produce protein hydrolysates and carotenoproteins from langostilla crab. Dried, whole langostilla contains about 43% protein, 8% lipids, and 7.1 mg% of astaxanthin. Protein hydrolysis by several added enzymes was monitored with a pHstat. The highest degree of hydrolysis and recovery of protein (73% of crude protein) was obtained with Alcalase treatment. The molecularweight distribution of the Alcalase hydrolysate was lower than the starting material as shown by SDS-PAGE. To obtain carotenoproteins, langostilla was homogenized with EDTA and 0.1% trypsin. About 62% of the pigment is recovered as carotenoprotein by EDTA-trypsin extraction.However, only 24% of the crude protein is recovered as protein in the carotenoprotein fraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]