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Arsenic (As) is one of the most important toxic elements in the natural environment. Currently, although the assessment of the potential health risks of chronic arsenic poisoning has received great attention, the research on the effects of arsenic on the brain is still limited. It has been reported that dictyophora polysaccharide (DIP), a common bioactive natural compound found in dietary plants, could reduce arsenic toxicity. Following behavioral research, comparative proteomics was performed to explore the molecular mechanism of arsenic toxicity to the hippocampi of SD (Sprague Dawley) rats and the protective effect of DIP. The results showed that exposure to arsenic impaired the spatial learning and memory ability of SD rats, while DIP treatment improved both the arsenic-exposed rats. Proteomic analysis showed that arsenic exposure dysregulated the expression of energy metabolism, apoptosis, synapse, neuron, and mitochondria related proteins in the hippocampi of arsenic-exposed rats. However, DIP treatment reversed or restored the expression levels of these proteins, thereby improving the spatial learning and memory ability of arsenic-exposed rats. This study is the first to use high-throughput proteomics to reveal the mechanism of arsenic neurotoxicity in rats as well as the protective mechanism of DIP against arsenic neurotoxicity.

• This review summarizes recent findings regarding the biomarkers of ASD diagnosis. • Related techniques include omics screening and focusing on specific markers or pathways. • The pathogenesis and signaling pathways associated with biomarkers of ASD are discussed. • Metabolomics and intestinal flora research on ASD is progressing rapidly. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) refers to a group of complex neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by social interaction and communication deficits and repetitive and stereotyped behaviors. As the etiology and pathogenesis of the disorder have not yet been elucidated, specific treatment and reliable diagnostic biomarkers are not available. Early behavioral interventions have been shown to substantially improve symptoms in children with ASD. Given the rapidly increasing prevalence of ASD, there is an urgent need to identify related diagnostic biomarkers. Although specific diagnostic markers for ASD have not been identified, the related research has made progress in different aspects. This review summarizes recent findings of the use of genes, proteins, peptides, and metabolites as diagnostic markers for ASD. The associated techniques include genetic testing and proteomic and metabolomic analyses. In addition, some studies have focused on single or several proteins and metabolites. Moreover, transcriptomic analysis, immune disturbances and cytokine may also be used for this purpose. The pathogenesis involving genes, proteins, and metabolites is also discussed here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a serious complication of diabetes caused by changes in the structure and function of the kidneys. It is important to detect diagnostic biomarkers of DN at an early stage, in which the drug can slow the loss of kidney function and prevent disease progression. In recent years, a variety of biological markers related to DN have been discovered, which is of great significance for predicting the occurrence and development of diseases. Due to the simplicity of non-invasive collection, urine is an ideal biological sample for the discovery of new biomarkers of kidney disease. We reviewed some new urinary biomarkers related to early DN patients, including urinary proteins, peptides, and exosomes biomarkers. We also highlight the proteins associated with tubular damage, glomerular damage, inflammation and oxidative stress marker. Despite the promise of these new urinary biomarkers, we next proposed a review of the most recent publications reporting on larger cohorts, focusing on those that aim at qualification or validation. This review provides important data to better understand biomarkers related to the pathophysiology of DN, and these markers have been increasingly studied for disease progression to provide effective human treatment. • Comprehensive review the potential urinary protein and peptide biomarkers for diabetic nephropathy. • Exosomes represent a novel and rich source of biomarkers for diabetic nephropathy. • The pathological mechanisms related to these biomarkers were analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurological developmental disorder in children, and is associated with social isolation and restricted interests. The etiology of this disorder is still unknown. There is neither any confirmed laboratory test nor any effective therapeutic strategy to diagnose or cure it. We performed data independent acquisition (DIA) and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) analysis of plasma from children with ASD and controls. The result showed that 45 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified between autistic subjects and controls. Among these, only one DEP was down-regulated in ASD; other DEPs were up-regulated in ASD children's plasma. These proteins are found associated with complement and coagulation cascades, vitamin digestion and absorption, cholesterol metabolism, platelet degranulation, selenium micronutrient network, extracellular matrix organization and inflammatory pathway, which have been reported to be related to ASD. After MRM verification, five key proteins in complement pathway (PLG, SERPINC1, and A2M) and inflammatory pathway (CD5L, ATRN, SERPINC1, and A2M) were confirmed to be significantly up-regulated in ASD group. Through the screening of machine learning model and MRM verification, we found that two proteins (biotinidase and carbonic anhydrase 1) can be used as early diagnostic markers of ASD (AUC = 0.8, p = 0.0001). ASD is the fastest growing neurodevelopmental disorder in the world and has become a major public health problem worldwide. Its prevalence has been steadily increasing, with a global prevalence rate of 1%. Early diagnosis and intervention can achieve better prognosis. In this study, data independent acquisition (DIA) and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) analysis was applied to analyze the plasma proteome of ASD patients (31 (±5) months old), and 378 proteins were quantified. 45 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified between the ASD group and the control group. They mainly were associated with platelet degranulation, ECM proteoglycar, complement and coagulation cascades, selenium micronutrient network, regulation of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) transport and uptake by insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs), cholesterol metabolism, vitamin metabolism, and inflammatory pathway. Through the integrated machine learning methods and the MRM verification of independent samples, it is considered that biotinidase and carbon anhydrase 1 have the potential to become biomarkers for the early diagnosis of ASD. These results complement proteomics database of the ASD patients, broaden our understanding of ASD, and provide a panel of biomarkers for the early diagnosis of ASD. [Display omitted] • MS analysis of plasma low abundance proteins in patients with early ASD • The integrated machine learning model seeks for early biomarkers of ASD • The reliability of the biomarkers (biotinidase and carbonic anhydrase 1) were verified by MS in independent samples. • It was found that the complement coagulation cascade and inflammatory pathway may be activated in early ASD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]