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Objective: To reflect on the importance of teaching formulation skills in psychiatry training and explore how creative writing, particularly writing poetry, can help achieve this goal., Conclusions: It is vital that formulation skills are embedded throughout psychiatry training. Formulations have an artistic element, and writing poetry can help foster a capacity for curiosity that can assist trainees in developing these skills., Competing Interests: DisclosureThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Objectives: Eating disorders are serious psychiatric conditions that affect people of all ages. Many psychiatry trainees' first and only experience with eating disorders during training is their Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (CAP) rotation. This study aimed to explore the learning experience of psychiatry trainees working within an Eating Disorder Program (EDP) during their CAP rotation., Methods: Fifteen trainees who participated in the EDP were recruited to complete an online survey and focus groups; a thematic analysis design was used to identify themes emerging from their responses., Results: Themes emerged from the trainee learning experience of working in the EDP around what they found they learnt, what aided that process, what was difficult, and recommendations for future improvement., Conclusions: This study provided insight into the trainee experience in an EDP as one example of how trainees can learn about eating disorders and one way that could inform future workforce and training initiatives., Competing Interests: DisclosureThe author(s) declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: The authors were employed by the service where this research was carried out. There is no other conflict of interest.

Diversity in terms of class, sexual identity and migration background among medical students in high income countries has increased greatly in recent decades. Some research into the experiences of these new groups of doctors has been performed. However, no previous research into the experiences of psychiatry residents specifically, is known. This qualitative study investigates how psychiatry residents, from these minoritized groups, experience their training regarding inclusion. Inclusion is defined as the degree to which one's needs for connection and for being valued in one's uniqueness, is satisfied. In-depth interviews with 16 psychiatry residents were conducted. These interviews were transcribed and coded using MaxQDA software. Initial themes that were constructed, were explored further in subsequent interviews and linked to literature. Finally, the developed themes were ordered in a model conceptualizing inclusion. Participants reported high belongingness within psychiatry training. Their experienced value in uniqueness, however, was generally quite low. Participants reported to experience little interest in and sensitivity for their perspectives and lived experiences from their co-workers. When faced with stigmatization and discrimination, participants reported lack of support from their colleagues. Assimilation was found to be the most frequently used coping strategy in dealing with diversity. Participants seemed to conform to the 'neutral' norm and experienced barriers in expressing themselves. Through this mechanism of assimilation, the added value that participants might bring with their unique knowledge and lived experiences was not used, both in patient care and in creating an inclusive climate within the organization. Moreover, assimilation is associated with psychological strain., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Objective: This paper describes the initial development of a mental health rehabilitation curriculum for Australian mental health settings and for psychiatrists and trainees wishing to develop specialist skills in mental health rehabilitation., Method: Members of the Section of Social Cultural and Rehabilitation Psychiatry (SSCRP) established an expert working group under the auspices of the RANZCP. Existing college training resources were reviewed, and a gap analysis was conducted to guide development of new training modules., Results: A tiered curriculum structure was created that allows a staged development of rehabilitation knowledge, skills and attitudes required to be a specialist in mental health rehabilitation. An introductory module was developed to establish the principles of modern mental health rehabilitation. Most of the curriculum was based on existing resources that are relevant to rehabilitation practice. Finalisation of a draft for review was undertaken with the assistance of the RANZCP education project advisors and curriculum experts., Conclusions: As a national body responsible for training psychiatric registrars and maintenance of training for psychiatrists, the RANZCP is well situated to train the specialist medical mental health workforce required to lead rehabilitation services in Australia. The RANZCP mental health rehabilitation curriculum will provide a platform to train the skilled workforce that will enable these services to be fully realised., Competing Interests: DisclosureThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Objective: Microlearning and gamification through mobile technology can significantly enhance knowledge acquisition and satisfaction. Roozbehyar application, was designed using microlearning and gamification approaches for psychiatry clerkship training., Method: This quasi-experimental study was conducted in Roozbeh Hospital, in 2021. The intervention group was assigned to the Roozbehyar during a 4-week course. Knowledge and satisfaction were assessed after 4 weeks., Results: We recruited 27 (F/M: 19/8) and 35 students (F/M: 22/13) in the intervention and control groups, respectively. Learning through Roozbehyar was associated with higher scores in the final written exam ( p value: 0.031). No difference was seen in the final global assessment scores. The satisfaction scores of the students regarding the content and learners' aspect of the application were above average, yet scores in structural and support aspects were below average., Conclusions: We highlighted the effect of a microlearning mobile application in increasing knowledge and satisfaction in psychiatry training in medical students.

Iran, as one of the oldest civilizations in the world, is positioned at the crossroads of important trade routes linking Asia, Africa, and Europe, resulting in enormous cultural interactions with the East and West. The development of modern psychiatry and psychodynamic psychiatry in Iran occurred in the context of the broader process of modernization through interactions with the West. Mentioning key scholars and influences that helped establish a psychodynamic tradition within centralized government-led systems of mental health care and medical education, the author describes various stages of the development of psychodynamic psychiatry in Iran.

Objective: To report the development and feedback on a newly created mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) informed virtual wellbeing programme for psychiatry trainees., Methods: Thirteen of the 14 trainees participated in the programme provided feedback via an online questionnaire. Qualitative data was analysed using thematic analysis., Results: Thematic analysis revealed three main themes: timing of the intervention in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic; trainees were connected to the facilitator, their peers and within oneself; and trainees were going through a transformative experience., Discussion: Our findings support including an optional MBCT informed wellbeing programme in psychiatry training programmes. Future research could measure efficacy of this online programme by utilising pre- and post-outcome measures of dispositional mindfulness and stress.

Objective: Current competencies required for fellowship of the RANZCP require psychiatry registrars to have experience in working with clients across all age groups, as well as working with families and the client's wider network, however gaining this experience is not always easy for trainees. This paper reports on the experience of participating in Single Session Family Therapy (SSFT) during registrar training as a different modality for learning., Method: An online survey was conducted with fourteen registrars who had participated in SSFT during their child and adolescent rotation. Qualitative and simple quantitative data were collected and analysed., Results: Participating in SSFT during training was initially daunting, but had a positive effect on trainees, including influencing some towards focussing their future sub-specialisation in the child and youth area. Experience came through learning by doing, and seeing change. Registrars learnt about: understanding the role of the family; teamwork; technical skills; and gained confidence., Conclusions: Opportunities for trainees to participate in SSFT enables powerful learning beyond what can be taught in the classroom. Such opportunities may enhance registrars' perceptions of family work, and may positively influence decision about future sub-specialisation.

Recent advances in information technology (IT) provided us with novel teaching solutions, with the potential of a new enhanced learning experience, that is, more adapted to the needs and preferences of the younger generations of psychiatric trainees. These tools include the use of online/virtual whiteboards, live surveys/polls, live quizzes, virtual classrooms, and virtual reality. In the present paper, we describe the implementation of modern technology in psychiatric training in Tunisia, a North-African middle-income country. We discuss the potential benefits arising from this implementation, and we report the challenges and difficulties. Overall, the implementation of these modern technology-based tools in psychiatric training has been successful, with a very few obstacles. It seems that the integration of these novel approaches is possible even in middle and low-income countries without much hassle. These tools can enhance trainees' participation, motivation, and engagement, thereby potentially improving learning outcomes. Most disadvantages are related to potential technical glitches, and are likely to improve as technology progresses. Teaching is the art of tailoring the educational tools to the learning objectives and to the learners' characteristics and preferences. To achieve optimal learning outcomes, it is often needed to use a mixture of different "modern" and "less modern" techniques., (© 2021 The Authors. Asia-Pacific Psychiatry published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.)

Objective: Borderline personality disorder (BPD) and schizophrenia are both serious and chronic mental health conditions of similar prevalence. This study was designed to assess trainees' confidence in the assessment, management and treatment of BPD in comparison with schizophrenia., Methods: A survey was used to assess psychiatry trainees' confidence and experience of training with regard to managing BPD and schizophrenia., Results: Eighty-two psychiatry trainees completed the survey. Overall, confidence scores of respondents with respect to BPD were significantly lower in comparison with schizophrenia. Trainees reported a preference for working with patients with schizophrenia compared with BPD. Respondents reported receiving less adequate supervision and training in the assessment, management and treatment of BPD than for schizophrenia., Conclusions: The results suggest an urgent need to enhance training and supervision in skills related to the diagnosis, management and treatment of BPD, with a greater focus on psychotherapy to improve trainee psychiatrists' confidence in working with people diagnosed with BPD.

Background: Digital mental health interventions and digital psychiatry have been rapidly implemented over the past decade, particularly with the intent to offer a cost-effective solution in those circumstances in which the current mental health services and infrastructure are not able to properly accommodate the patients' needs. However, mental health workforce is often poorly theoretical/practical trained in digital psychiatry and in delivering remote consultations safely and effectively, not being common to own curricula-specific training requirements in digital psychiatry and skills., Methods: A web-based international cross-sectional survey was carried out by a working group constituted by one or two national representative(s) of each WHO South-East Asia and Western Pacific Regions (APAC), with the aim to evaluate the level of training, knowledge, experience, and perception regarding the topic of digital psychiatry in a sample constituted by medical students, psychiatry trainees, and early career psychiatrists from APAC., Results: An overall lack of theoretical and/or practical training on new digital tools and digital health interventions in psychiatry was observed. The level of training influences knowledge background, which, in turns, influences young professionals' perceptions and opinions regarding digital psychiatry and interventions in mental health., Conclusion: Implementing psychiatry training programs may significantly improve the level of knowledge and use of digital tools in mental healthcare. Moreover, mental health services and infrastructures should be properly adapted to the digital era, considering the overall weak and heterogeneous technical support and equipment, issues of internet connectivity, and other administrative-related challenges observed in APAC., (© 2021 The Authors. Asia-Pacific Psychiatry published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.)

Background: Romania has been a member of the European Union since 2007. According to the World Health Organization, the national burden of mental disorders is high, with 2743.69 disability-adjusted life years per 100.000 population. Moreover, in a country of 19 million people, Romania's mental health system is currently functioning at capacity, with 5.66 adult psychiatrists/100.000 population and only 0.56 child and adolescent psychiatry (CAP) doctors per 100.000 population., Method: we conducted a simple narrative review of the current literature on the topic of training of psychiatry trainees in Romania., Results: Undergraduate training consists of only 4 weeks of clinical and theoretical work for adult and CAP. Psychiatry postgraduate training lasts 5 years and is still duration-oriented. Psychiatric trainees mostly spend their clinical work in inpatient units due to the scarcity of other services or the lack of integration of training programs in the existing psychiatric services. Theoretical training is not nationally formalized, and, during training, yearly assessments tend to be neglected. An ongoing challenge in Romania has been retaining young career psychiatrists., Conclusion: Although in a trend toward improvement of health services, "brain drain" has been and continues to be a massive phenomenon among Romanian psychiatrists, mainly driven to Western-European countries due to financial reasons, various shortcomings in overall infrastructure, and because of the lack of continuous professional and personal development opportunities. As the world is currently facing an unprecedented mental health crisis, steps must be taken to improve psychiatric training, retain psychiatrists in Romania, and provide better national mental health services., (© 2021 John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.)

Objective: To examine the peer-reviewed literature on psychiatric formulation., Methods: The term (formula*) was used to systematically search Australasian Psychiatry, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, British Journal of Psychiatry, BJPsych Bulletin, American Journal of Psychiatry and Academic Psychiatry . The resulting papers were reviewed., Results: Of the 42 papers located, 22 (52%) were published between 2002 and 2019; 90% papers were published in Australasian Psychiatry (15), Academic Psychiatry (12) or BJPsych Bulletin (10), journals that focus on training and clinical practice. The papers varied in their aims and recommendations and not all justified the need for formulation. Formulation was recommended as a necessity for training, a communication tool and a guide to treatment. No article provided evidence for the superiority of any type of formulation, and the role of consumers in formulation was conspicuously lacking., Conclusion: There are many ways to structure formulation. However, the existing literature does not support any particular approach. More consideration needs to be given to the needs of consumers in conceptualising and practicing formulation.

Objectives: Demand for places in postgraduate psychiatry training programmes has increased over recent years. All systems have capacity limits, and concerns have been raised regarding the sustainability of the current intake. This paper presents a modelling exercise to exploring the presence and strategies to resolve bottleneck in the Queensland training programme., Methods: Mathematical modelling based on the RANZCP training regulations and the characteristics of the accredited training programme., Results: A training bottleneck was identified which has been impacted by increased training intake, demand for Advanced Training certificates, and location factors., Conclusions: This investigation raises important questions regarding the future management of postgraduate training in psychiatry in Queensland that may be applicable more widely across Australia and New Zealand. In particular, it highlights the large impact that can result from even small incremental increases in trainees across varying levels of the postgraduate programme and the importance of limiting trainee intake in a manner proportional to the availability of mandatory terms.

Psychiatry qualifications are automatically recognized among European Union (EU) countries despite differences in national training programs. A widening gap between the number of psychiatrists, their competencies and the growing burden of mental illnesses in Europe has renewed calls for international standardization of training. Comprehensive information about training programs is missing, which limits thorough comparisons and undermines development of an actionable strategy to improve and harmonize psychiatry training. This study describes and compares the existing postgraduate psychiatry programs in 42 countries in the European region. Representatives of national psychiatry associations completed a semi-structured, 58-item questionnaire. Training structure and working conditions of each country were compared with population needs calculated by the World Health Organization to determine the European mean and contrasted among pre-2004 and post-2004 EU members and countries with unrecognized qualifications. Differences were tested with nonparametric (Wilcoxon) and parametric (Anova) tests. Median training duration was 60 months, significantly shorter in countries with unrecognized qualifications (48 months, χ²16.5, p < 0.001). In 80% of the countries, placement in a non-psychiatric specialty such as neurology or internal medicine was mandatory. Only 17 countries (40%) stipulated a one-month rotation in substance abuse and 11 (26%) in old-age psychiatry. The overall deficit of training versus population need was 22% for substance abuse and 15% for old-age psychiatry. Salaries were significantly higher in pre-2004 EU members (χ²22.9, p < 0.001) with the highest in Switzerland (€5,000). Significant variations in curricula, training structure and salaries exist in Europe. Harmonization of training standards could offer significant benefits for improving mental healthcare., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. and ECNP. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: Patient suicide is one of the most stressful events for psychiatrists and psychiatry trainees. However, there is often a lack of consistent guidance and support available to clinicians, including post-vention. The aim of this paper is to describe the development of a resource that could support psychiatry trainees following patient suicide., Methods: Following a literature review, we adapted two US patient suicide post-vention guidelines to reflect local processes and support systems available by consulting a number of key stakeholders in the training programme and district health boards., Results: The first part of the post-vention guidelines included procedural processes such as the serious incident review process and reporting to coroner's office. The second part included a checklist for trainee, supervisor, local training facilitator and director of training according to the following time frame: first 24 hours, first 1-2 weeks and following months., Conclusions: Post-vention guidelines and teaching about patient suicide and its effects could improve the training experience of psychiatry trainees and facilitate the development of resilience as they progress through training.

Objective: Despite recent advances in neuroscience highlighting its potential applications in the assessment and treatment of psychiatric disorders, the training of psychiatrists in neuroscience is lacking. However, it is not clear to what extent Canadian trainees are interested in further learning and using neuroscience in their daily clinical practice. This study explored the attitudes of Canadian psychiatry trainees with regard to neuroscience education and training by asking them to assess their own understanding of neuroscience and the perceived relevance of neuroscience knowledge to effective psychiatric practice., Methods: An online questionnaire was sent to psychiatry residents at Canadian universities. This questionnaire consisted of self-assessments of neuroscience knowledge, attitudes toward neuroscience education, preferences in learning modalities, and interest in specific neuroscience topics., Results: One hundred and eleven psychiatry residents from psychiatry residency programs at Canadian universities responded to this survey. Participants represented trainees from all 5 years of residency. Almost half of all trainees (49.0%) reported their knowledge of neuroscience to be either "inadequate" or "less than adequate," and only 14.7% of trainees reported that they feel "comfortable" or "very comfortable" discussing neuroscience findings with their patients. 63.7% of Canadian trainees rated the quantity of neuroscience education in their residency program as either less than adequate or inadequate, and 46.1% rated the quality of their neuroscience education as "poor" or "very poor." The vast majority of participants (>70%) felt that additional neuroscience education would be moderately-to-hugely helpful in finding personalized treatments, discovering future treatments, destigmatizing patients with psychiatric illness, and understanding mental illness., Conclusions: Canadian trainees generally feel that their neuroscience knowledge and the neuroscience education they receive during their psychiatry residencies is inadequate. However, as the first step for any change, the majority of future Canadian psychiatrists are very motivated and have a positive attitude toward neuroscience learning.

Introduction: Standardized patients are widely used in psychiatry teaching and examinations, but their effectiveness in teaching psychopathology and the Mental State Examination in particular has not been established. A mixed-methods study was undertaken amongst fourth year medical students during a psychiatry rotation to explore the usefulness of learning the Mental State Examination with standardized patients compared with real patients., Methods: Qualitative semistructured interviews (N = 10) were done to explore learning experiences with standardized patients. The Experience with Standardized Patients Scale was used (N = 200) for the quantitative assessment in relation to examination performance and learning experience., Results: In qualitative interviews, the common themes were that the experience with standardized patients was not natural and made it difficult to suspend disbelief, but students recognized the usefulness of standardized patients for practicing their skills. While there was no significant relationship between overall student experiences with standardized patients and their examination performance in the end-of-rotation Observed Standardized Clinical Examination (P = .40), the exception was with those who perceived they learnt more communication skills with standardized patients (P = .002). Students' experience with standardized patients role-playing psychotic disorders was poorest compared with standardized patients role-playing depressive and neurotic disorders. There were statistically significant differences in experiences between the three diagnostic groups., Discussion: Standardized patients are useful in psychiatry for students to practice and improve their skills in eliciting psychopathology. However, attention to the training and selection of these individuals for psychiatric roles are crucial., (© 2019 John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.)

Embedding psychosis research within community mental services is highly desirable from several perspectives but can be difficult to establish and sustain, especially when the clinical service has a rural location at a distance from academic settings with established research expertise. In this article, we share the experience of a successful partnership in psychosis research between a rural Irish mental health service and the academic department of a Dublin medical school that has lasted over 30 years. We describe the origins and evolution of this relationship, the benefits that accrued and the challenges encountered, from the overlapping perspectives of the academic department, the mental health service and psychiatric training. We discuss the potential learning that arose from the initiative, particularly for national programme planning for early intervention in psychosis, and we explore the opportunities for enhanced training, career development and professional reward that can emerge from this type of partnership.

Objective: With reference to relevant literature, this article explores the impact of moving to a competency-based training programme upon psychiatry formal education courses (FECs)., Conclusions: In the context of major changes in psychiatry training, FECs have lost clarity of role, alignment and governance. Strategic decisions made with key stakeholders are required to continue to train psychiatrists best able to meet future community needs.

Objective: A mentoring programme was established in South Australia in 2014 by psychiatry trainees, with the goal of reducing stress and burnout amongst first-year trainees. All first-year trainees are offered the opportunity to have a senior trainee as a mentor. This article describes the mentoring programme, presents feedback from participants and identifies areas for further development., Method: The majority (72/76) of first-year trainees entering psychiatry training in South Australia from 2014-2018 were allocated a mentor. Surveys were sent out in 2014, 2015 and 2017. Twenty of 42 (48%) mentors and 17 of 42 (40%) of mentees completed a 10-item questionnaire, with free text responses., Results: Mentee feedback was mostly positive, reporting that mentors offered them reassurance and support. The most common challenges were advice about training, managing work-life balance and issues with supervision. The main barrier to the mentoring programme was lack of time to meet. Mentors identified that they would have liked more training in mentoring., Conclusion: The trainee mentoring programme has been a useful initiative. As consultant psychiatrists are likely to provide mentoring for more junior colleagues, the authors propose that training in mentoring should be part of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists education programme.

Objective: Self-awareness is essential for combating burnout, promoting self-care, and wellbeing in health professionals. This article examines modern day roadblocks to developing this skill in medical practice and highlights some simple solutions for consideration., Conclusion: The capacity for self-awareness is essential to the modern-day physician seeking a long and fulfilling career. Mindfulness meditation and reflective writing are two simple, proven methods that can be easily implemented into medical training.

Objective: Given the growing interest in integrated care, this study sought to investigate the perception of psychiatry residents towards managing general medical conditions in their psychiatric patients., Methods: Between July-October 2017, all 46 residents at an adult psychiatry program were asked to complete an online survey., Results: Sixty-seven percent responded. Most residents (81%) indicated they were knowledgeable and/or comfortable in managing medical conditions with supervision/consultation from a primary care provider. Residents also indicated that they would "like to" (48%) and/or "should" be able to (71%) manage the general medical conditions of their patients in the future with supervision/consultation from a primary care provider. An additional 26% indicated that they would like to and/or should be able to independently manage both behavioral and general medical conditions for their patients. Nicotine dependence, hypertension, dyslipidemias, and non-insulin-dependent diabetes were among the top conditions residents felt they should be able to manage (≥ 74%). A lack of knowledge, experience, training, and supervision were the most frequent barriers residents listed in providing general medical care to patients (71%). Residents noted that supervision from a primary care physician (29%) and additional education (54%) would help increase their comfort in managing medical conditions., Conclusions: Psychiatry residents were generally interested in managing basic medical issues. Opportunities to expand residency training in integrated care should be considered. With new models of integrated care emerging, future studies should explore how resident attitudes might evolve over time, as well as the attitudes and opinions of practicing psychiatrists and supervisors on this topic.

Objectives:: Facilitated Learning Groups (FLGs) were introduced by the South Australian Psychiatry Branch Training Committee in 2016 to provide support for trainees. These incorporated Balint group principles but also had roles that extended beyond a traditional Balint group. This paper reports an evaluation of these groups after their first 12 months., Methods:: An evaluation form was sent to all trainee participants, seeking quantitative and qualitative feedback about their experience., Results:: The majority of trainees found the FLGs to be beneficial. A thematic analysis of the written feedback revealed several key benefits for the participants, including having access to a senior psychiatrist who was outside of training and supervision, mixing with trainees across years and regions, and the capacity to discuss difficult work environments., Conclusions:: A forum for trainees to develop reflective practice and discuss challenging issues, which is not involved in their assessment, was experienced positively by the majority of participants and should be considered for wider adoption across Australia and New Zealand.

Objectives: Scholarly projects (SPs) are a compulsory component of psychiatry training in Australasia. This article outlines the role of a research supervisor in supporting a trainee to complete an SP., Methods: A total of 10 old age and forensic psychiatry SPs were reviewed with regard to aims, methodology, supervisor input, trainee tasks and additional resources., Results: The main supervisor tasks are described and discussed. They include practical advice on study design, ethics applications, critical appraisal, data analysis, academic writing and publication., Conclusions: Supervising SPs can bring significant rewards in awakening a trainee's interest in research. Key competencies for research supervision are discussed and further recommendations for supervisor support and training are provided.

Objective: This paper aims to provide a brief overview of the history and scope of the Balint movement; to outline how Balint groups work; to describe what is entailed in leading a Balint group; and to give a brief overview of the current state of Balint work in Australia and New Zealand., Conclusions: Balint groups provide a unique setting in which clinicians can learn how to deal well with challenging doctor-patient relationships and the feelings evoked in clinical practice. Balint work is relatively undeveloped in Australasia. There is scope for involvement by psychiatrists and trainees as both participants and facilitators., (© The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists 2015.)

Objective: This is the second of two papers focusing on the need for a broader view of contemporary psychotherapy training., Conclusion: Some preliminary suggestions for affective or "right-brain" training, including supervision for psychotherapy with patients with developmental trauma and Balint-style groups are made., (© The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists 2015.)

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate how early career psychiatrists in 2014 valued the leadership skill education in their training to become psychiatrists., Method: All psychiatrists who gained Fellowship since 2009 after training in New Zealand or Australia were invited to take part in a survey., Results: Respondents considered themselves not adequately prepared for the leadership, management and administrative tasks and roles they have as psychiatrists, with preparedness for management tasks scoring the lowest. They valued as most useful to have opportunity to practice with a leadership role, to be able to observe 'leaders at work', to have a supervisor with special interests and skills in leadership and management and to have a formal teaching program on leadership and management. They advised teaching to be given throughout the entire 5 years of the training program by experienced leaders., Conclusions: Leadership skills training in the education of psychiatrists should contain both practical experience with leadership and management roles and formal teaching sessions on leadership and management skills development. Suggestions for improvement of the leadership and management skills education in the training of psychiatrists have been formulated., (© The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists 2015.)

Background: Primary care physicians are not adequately trained to tackle mental health problems. The study aimed to evaluate undergraduate training in Psychiatry: An observational perspective of medical officers. Materials and Methods: It was a cross-sectional study conducted in North India. Participants were assessed on a self-designed questionnaire developed by the Indian psychiatric society to assess various aspects of undergraduate training. Other questionnaires measured residents’ satisfaction with the quality of training programs and perceived need for psychiatric training in undergraduate courses. Results: The participant’s mean age was 32.4 years; majorities were male medical officers. About one-tenth reported that there were no separate psychiatry departments and designated psychiatry consultants in their college. Approximately 50% reported: No regular supervision by any psychiatric faculty or having psychiatric disorders discussions in clinical rounds. More than half (50.9%) were not confident enough to identify common signs and symptoms of psychiatric problems. From one-third to half of the participants were unsatisfied with various aspects of the training program, like teaching skills, diagnostic interviews, clinical posting, etc. Majority (77.3%–83.7%) agreed that there is a need to improve the psychiatry training program; during the clinic rounds, psychiatric diagnosis should be discussed, and psychiatry should be a separate subject in under-graduation. Conclusion: Primary health-care physicians were unsatisfied with an undergraduate psychiatry training program. Hence, psychiatry should be an independent subject during the undergraduate training program, with dedicated theoretical and clinical hours for psychiatry training and a separate paper for evaluation.

Background: The need for psychotherapy training (PT) has been recognized worldwide and is considered an integral component of postgraduate psychiatry training. Our study aims to assess the quality of PT received by psychiatrists during their postgraduate studies and its impact on their current practice. Aim: To evaluate the quality of PT and its effect on the current psychiatry practice. Methodology: An anonymous web-based survey was conducted on registered psychiatrists practicing in India to evaluate the level and quality of PT received during their postgraduate studies. Results: The survey indicates that PT was included in the postgraduate psychiatry curriculum (73.8%). However, more than 50% of responders reported no separate posting, evaluation, logbook, or guidelines related to PT. Most (95.4%) psychiatrists think their PT could have been better. PT was satisfying in medical colleges in terms of inclusion in the curriculum (7.70, P = .021), psychotherapy rotations (16.48, P =

INTRODUCTION: Theoretical and practical psychotherapy training improves psychiatrists' case management and treatment skills. However, little is known about the extent that in Turkey early career psychiatrists have access to these opportunities and their experiences, so in this study, we aimed to investigate various aspects of the psychotherapy training of early career adult, child and adolescent psychiatrists in Turkey. METHODS: A 22 items questionnaire was disseminated in Turkey to psychiatry trainees and early career psychiatrists (psychiatry and child and adolescent psychiatry trainees and specialists who are in the first 5 years of their career and younger than 40). The questionnaire inquired about participants': i) sociodemographics; ii) the quality of the psychotherapy training; iii) organizational aspects of psychotherapy training; iv) satisfaction with psychotherapy training. RESULTS: A total of 103 individuals (n=41 psychiatrists, n=37 psychiatry trainees, n=12 child and adolescent psychiatrists, and n=13 child and adolescent psychiatry trainees) responded to this questionnaire. While 68% of the participants stated that psychotherapy training is included in psychiatry training, 89.3% stated they have conducted psychotherapy training themselves and 76.7% reported that they received supervision. Only 41.7% stated that they were going to their own personal psychotherapy or had gone before, and 59.2% were not a qualified psychotherapist. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: One third of psychiatry and child and adolescent psychiatry trainees in Turkey cannot access psychotherapy training in their institutes, and one fourth cannot access supervision opportunities, and more than half are deprived of their personal therapy processes. This should be addressed to improve the skills and competencies of psychiatrists that train in Turkey.

Background: There is a deficit of psychiatrists in South Africa, and to our knowledge, there is no situational analysis of training posts for psychiatrists in the country. Aim: To compare the number of specialists and subspecialists in training and training posts available in 2008 and 2018. Setting: South African medical schools with departments of psychiatry. Methods: A situational analysis involving data collection through a survey completed by eight heads of academic psychiatric departments followed by a comparative analysis of the two aforementioned years. Results: Data shows an 11% increase in funded and unfunded posts combined and a 9.3% increase in funded posts. The occupancy of funded posts decreased (92% in 2008 to 82% in 2018). When considering both funded and unfunded posts, only three more psychiatrists were being trained in 2018. Supernumeraries appointed in unfunded posts can be expected to return to their countries of origin. As such, a decrease in filled funded posts likely reflects a decrease in training psychiatrists destined to work in South Africa. While child and adolescent psychiatry was the only sub-speciality with accredited training posts in 2008, all sub-specialities included on the questionnaire had accredited training posts in 2018, and the number of accredited training posts in child and adolescent psychiatry doubled. That said, many of the posts were unfunded and vacant. Conclusion: While there was an increase in posts from 2008 to 2018, many posts remained unfilled. As such, not only are additional funded training posts required but also strategies to increase post-occupancy and successful completion of training. Contribution: This study is the first situational analysis of specialist and subspecialist training posts in Psychiatry in South Africa, at two time points over a 10 year period, that draws on academic heads of departments of psychiatry as respondents. The study highlights the nominal increase in funded training posts over this period, especially subspecialist training posts. The majority of Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA) accredited subspecialities in Psychiatry have no funded training posts which is particularly concerning.

Competency-based medical education curriculum (CBME) has received traction worldwide. However, its adoption and implementation have significantly varied across the globe. The National Medical Commission, India (2019) has adopted CBME to improve the quality and content of training of medical students. However, the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has spawned several challenges implementing the CBME. Therefore, there is a need to reflect on using novel teaching and assessment methods to enrich medical and psychiatric training. In this paper, we aimed to study global trends and characteristics of competency-based psychiatry training programs and how these experiences can be utilized to overcome challenges and facilitate the implementation of CBME in Psychiatry in the Indian context. A literature search was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar databases. The findings are presented narratively. Psychiatry training for medical students greatly vary across the globe. High-income countries mainly have implemented CBME and have incorporated psychiatry training during the foundation/pre-clerkship period itself. There is more reliance on skill development and flexible and learning-based training vs. time-based training. Various enrichment activities have been incorporated into the medical curriculum to promote and strengthen psychiatry training for medical students, particularly in developed nations, which have yielded positive results. Although the COVID-19 pandemic has adversely affected the medical student's training, it has reiterated the significance of skill-based education and opened novel avenues for implementing the CBME. Medical educationists need to adapt themselves to provide CBME to the students. Making structural, curricular changes, orienting teachers, and students about the CBME, mentoring teachers, adopting novel training and assessment methods, utilizing enrichment activities, collaborating with educational institutions and technology providers, periodically evaluating the implementation of the CBME, and making appropriate course corrections are essential. In addition, there is a need to address structural barriers, such as lack of workforce, for better realization of the CBME objectives.eriodically evaluating the implementation of the CBME, and making appropriate course corrections are essential. Additionally, there is a need to address structural barriers, such as lack of workforce, for better realization of the CBME objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Digital mental health interventions and digital psychiatry have been rapidly implemented over the past decade, particularly with the intent to offer a cost-effective solution in those circumstances in which the current mental health services and infrastructure are not able to properly accommodate the patients’ needs. However, mental health workforce is often poorly theoretical/practical trained in digital psychiatry and in delivering remote consultations safely and effectively, not being common to own curricula-specific training requirements in digital psychiatry and skills. Objectives Our aim is evaluating the level of training, knowledge, experience and perception regarding the topic of digital psychiatry in a sample constituted by medical students, psychiatry trainees and early career psychiatrists from WHO South-East Asia and Western Pacific Regions (APAC). Methods A web-based international cross-sectional survey was carried out to specifically investigating digita psychiatry in APAC regions. Results An overall lack of theoretical and/or practical training on new digital tools and digital health interventions in psychiatry has been observed. The level of training influences knowledge background, which, in turn, influences young professionals’ perceptions and opinions regarding digital psychiatry and interventions in mental health. Conclusions Implementing psychiatry training programs may significantly improve the level of knowledge and use of digital tools in mental healthcare. Moreover, mental health services and infrastructures should be properly adapted to the digital era, considering the overall weak and heterogeneous technical support and equipment, issues of internet connectivity and other administrative related challenges observed in APAC. Disclosure No significant relationships.

Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic led to the implementation of digital psychiatry (DP) in everyday clinical practice, resulting in the need for a skilled healthcare workforce. Objectives Our purpose was to investigate the level of training, knowledge and expertise of young mental health professionals and medical students in DP, as well as exploring their beliefs and experiences in this field. Methods An ad hoc cross-sectional survey was designed and administered to Italian medical students, psychiatry trainees, and early career psychiatrists. Results Most of the sample declared that the topic of DP was never discussed within their academic training (89.1%), mainly revealing an overall lack of knowledge on DP. Nevertheless, they mostly declared that DP represents a valuable therapeutic tool in mental health (80%) and that the academic background should include a dedicated course/module (54.4%). Moreover, most subjects declared that DP is less effective than in-person interventions (73.2%), despite the emerging evidence that being trained in DP is significantly associated with the belief that digital and in-person interventions are comparable in their effectiveness (p≤0.05). Conclusions During the current pandemic, DP represented an ideal response to the need for physical distancing by ensuring the advantage of greater access to care. However, DP interventions are still uncommon, and there remains a certain resistance to their use in mental health care. The lack of formal training during the academic training could be a limiting factor. Therefore, addressing these issues in academic settings could be crucial to spreading this innovative practice also in the post-COVID-19 era. Disclosure No significant relationships.

Introduction The European Psychiatric Association (EPA) Summer School allows psychiatric trainees and early career psychiatrists (ECPs) from all over Europe to meet, network, and learn together. After the 2020 edition being cancelled due to COVID-19, the 10th edition in 2021 focused for the first time on research and was conducted remotely. Objectives To provide an overview and feedback about the first Virtual EPA Research Summer School as a new way to encourage international networking during COVID-19. Methods The School was organized by the EPA Secretary for Education, and 4 Faculty members. It started with a “breaking the ice session” one week before and then a two-days meeting on 23-24 September 2021 using an online video-platform. This was preceded by all the 21 participants (from 18 different countries) recording a short 4-minute video presentation, which was uploaded and shared with other participants and Faculty. Results Participants were divided on a voluntary basis into three working groups: 1) “Drug repurposing: overcoming challenges in pharmacoepidemiology” 2) “Psychopathological research in psychiatry”; 3) “How to conduct a cross-sectional survey?”. The Summer School program was composed of plenary sessions with lectures by the Faculty members, discussion sessions, and working groups time. At the end, each group presented a summary of the work done to the rest of the participants. Conclusions Although the remote format limits social interactions during the Summer School, overall participants’ high satisfaction and productivity indicate that not only online formats, but also the topic of research might be covered in future editions. Disclosure No significant relationships.

Introduction: Attitudes toward psychiatry among medical students will have a great impact on future of expanding psychiatry and breaking barriers at multiple levels. Aims: To assess and compare the attitudes of undergraduate (UG) and postgraduate (PG) medical students toward psychiatry and assess association between sociodemographic variables and attitudes toward mental illness. Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted in a tertiary health care centre, total of 100 (50 UG and 50 PG) medical students were recruited in the study. A standardised questionnaire, Attitudes Toward Psychiatry-30 items (ATP-30) and semi-structured proforma for sociodemographic details were given to study subjects to fill up. Statistical analysis: Both quantitative and qualitative measures of data were calculated. Statistical significance was kept at p-value of 90) in both males (88%) and females (62%). More number of positive responses were seen in both UG (68%) and PG (84%) medical students compared to only some negative responses in UG (22%) and PG (16%). This difference is significant at p-value

Background The global rise in mental health issues calls for a strong psychiatry workforce. Yet, psychiatry training worldwide is facing recruitment challenges, causing unfilled consultant posts and possibly threatening the quality of patient care. An in-depth understanding of trainees’ progression through training is warranted to explore what happens to recruited trainees during training. Aims To uncover current trends in psychiatry trainees’ progression through training in the UK. Method This national retrospective cohort study with data from the UK Medical Education Database used discrete-time survival analysis to analyse training progression for those trainees who started their core psychiatry post in 2012–2017 (2820 trainees; 59.6% female, 67.6% UK graduates (UKGs)). The impact of sociodemographic characteristics on training progression were also investigated. Results The overall probability of completing training in 6 years (minimum years required to complete psychiatry training in the UK) was 17.2% (ranging from 4.8% for non-UKG females to 29% for UKG males). The probability to not progress was highest (57.1%) from core to specialty training. For UKGs, trainees from ethnicities other than White, trainees with a disability, and trainees who had experienced childhood social deprivation (measured as entitlement to free school meals) had a significantly (P ≤ 0.02) lower probability of completing training in 6 years. Conclusions Less than one in five psychiatry trainees are likely to complete training in 6 years and this probability varies across groups of doctors. Completing psychiatry training in 6 years is, therefore, the exception rather than the norm and this has important implications for trainees, those planning psychiatry workforces or responsible for psychiatry training.

Objectives: Co-constructive patient simulation (CCPS) is a novel medical education approach that provides a participatory and emotionally supportive alternative to traditional supervision and training. CCPS can adapt iteratively and in real time to emergent vicissitudes and challenges faced by clinicians. We describe the first implementation of CCPS in psychiatry.Methods: We co-developed clinical scripts together with child and adolescent psychiatry senior fellows and professional actors with experience performing as simulated patients (SPs). We conducted the simulation sessions with interviewers blind to the content of case scenarios enacted by the SPs. Each hour-long simulation was followed by an hour-long debriefing session with all participants. We recorded and transcribed case preparation, simulation interactions, and debriefing sessions, and analyzed anonymized transcripts through qualitative analysis within a constructivist framework, aided by NVivo software.Results: Each of six CCPS sessions was attended by a median of 13 participants (range, 11–14). The first three sessions were conducted in person; the last three, which took place during the COVID-19 pandemic, via synchronized videoconferencing. Each of the sessions centered on clinically challenging and affectively charged situations informed by trainees' prior experiences. Through iterative thematic analysis we derived an alliterating “9R” model centered on three types of Reflection: (a) in action/“while doing” (Regulate, Relate, and Reason); (b) on action/“having done” (Realities, Restraints, and Relationships); and (c) for action/“will be doing” (with opportunities for Repair and Reaffirmation).Conclusions: CCPS is an experiential approach that fosters autonomous, meaningful, and individually tailored learning opportunities. CCPS and the 9R model for reflective practice can be effectively applied to psychiatry and have the potential to contribute uniquely to the educational needs of its trainees and practitioners.

Background: Although psychoactive substance use disorders (PSUDs) are a domain of mental health, addiction psychiatry is only formally recognized as a subspecialty in a few European countries, and there is no standardized training curriculum.Methods: A 76-item questionnaire was developed and disseminated through an online anonymous data-collecting system and hand-to-hand amongst psychiatric trainees from the 47 European countries of the Council of Europe plus Israel and Belarus.Results: 1,049/1,118 psychiatric trainees from 30 European countries completed the questionnaire. Fifty-nine-point nine percent of trainees stated to have training in addictions. Amongst the trainees who described having training in addictions, 43% documented a not well-structured training and 37% an unsatisfactory training, mainly due to poor acquired knowledge. Overall, 97% of trainees stated that addiction represents a core curriculum for their training. Overall, general adult psychiatric trainees reported a better knowledge in addictions, compared to trainees in child and adolescent psychiatry.Conclusion: Despite a growing spread of PSUDs in European countries, addiction psychiatry is a relatively poorly trained field within psychiatry training programs. Further research should investigate reasons for poor training and timings of the educational activities to optimize experiential education training in addiction psychiatry.

Objectives: Co-constructive patient simulation (CCPS) is a novel medical education approach that provides a participatory and emotionally supportive alternative to traditional supervision and training. CCPS can adapt iteratively and in real time to emergent vicissitudes and challenges faced by clinicians. We describe the first implementation of CCPS in psychiatry. Methods: We co-developed clinical scripts together with child and adolescent psychiatry senior fellows and professional actors with experience performing as simulated patients (SPs). We conducted the simulation sessions with interviewers blind to the content of case scenarios enacted by the SPs. Each hour-long simulation was followed by an hour-long debriefing session with all participants. We recorded and transcribed case preparation, simulation interactions, and debriefing sessions, and analyzed anonymized transcripts through qualitative analysis within a constructivist framework, aided by NVivo software. Results: Each of six CCPS sessions was attended by a median of 13 participants (range, 11–14). The first three sessions were conducted in person; the last three, which took place during the COVID-19 pandemic, via synchronized videoconferencing. Each of the sessions centered on clinically challenging and affectively charged situations informed by trainees' prior experiences. Through iterative thematic analysis we derived an alliterating "9R" model centered on three types of Reflection: (a) in action/"while doing" (Regulate, Relate, and Reason); (b) on action/"having done" (Realities, Restraints, and Relationships); and (c) for action/"will be doing" (with opportunities for Repair and Reaffirmation). Conclusions: CCPS is an experiential approach that fosters autonomous, meaningful, and individually tailored learning opportunities. CCPS and the 9R model for reflective practice can be effectively applied to psychiatry and have the potential to contribute uniquely to the educational needs of its trainees and practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although psychoactive substance use disorders (PSUDs) are a domain of mental health, addiction psychiatry is only formally recognized as a subspecialty in a few European countries, and there is no standardized training curriculum. Methods: A 76-item questionnaire was developed and disseminated through an online anonymous data-collecting system and hand-to-hand amongst psychiatric trainees from the 47 European countries of the Council of Europe plus Israel and Belarus. Results: 1,049/1,118 psychiatric trainees from 30 European countries completed the questionnaire. Fifty-nine-point nine percent of trainees stated to have training in addictions. Amongst the trainees who described having training in addictions, 43% documented a not well-structured training and 37% an unsatisfactory training, mainly due to poor acquired knowledge. Overall, 97% of trainees stated that addiction represents a core curriculum for their training. Overall, general adult psychiatric trainees reported a better knowledge in addictions, compared to trainees in child and adolescent psychiatry. Conclusion: Despite a growing spread of PSUDs in European countries, addiction psychiatry is a relatively poorly trained field within psychiatry training programs. Further research should investigate reasons for poor training and timings of the educational activities to optimize experiential education training in addiction psychiatry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Attitudes toward psychiatry among medical students will have a great impact on future of expanding psychiatry and breaking barriers at multiple levels. Aims: To assess and compare the attitudes of undergraduate (UG) and postgraduate (PG) medical students toward psychiatry and assess association between sociodemographic variables and attitudes toward mental illness. Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted in a tertiary health care centre, total of 100 (50 UG and 50 PG) medical students were recruited in the study. A standardised questionnaire, Attitudes Toward Psychiatry-30 items (ATP-30) and semi-structured proforma for sociodemographic details were given to study subjects to fill up. Statistical analysis: Both quantitative and qualitative measures of data were calculated. Statistical significance was kept at p-value of <0.05, using Fisher's exact test and Chi-square test. Data were analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21. Results: The overall ATP-30 score responses were positive (>90) in both males (88%) and females (62%). More number of positive responses were seen in both UG (68%) and PG (84%) medical students compared to only some negative responses in UG (22%) and PG (16%). This difference is significant at p-value <0.05. There is a significant difference (p-value <0.05) in attitudes among UG and PG students in item number four revealing 32% PGs wish was to be psychiatrist. Majority of the UGs and PGs agreed that UG psychiatric training is valuable. Conclusion: We have found overall good attitudes toward psychiatry in the study population but conflicting interest in taking psychiatry as career choice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper, an audit, was to explore and evaluate the quality and effectiveness of review meetings between core (CT) and higher psychiatry trainees (HST) and their educational supervisors (ESs). The second aim was to recommend changes in practice to improve the quality and effectiveness of the ES–trainee review meetings to enhance the training experience and overall training quality. Design/methodology/approach: A tool was developed to gather anonymous feedback from trainees about their meetings with their ES. Consultation was carried out with CT and HSTs as well as ESs to ensure the questions were clear and acceptable to all. Trainees were requested to complete the feedback form for all pre-annual review of clinical progress (ARCP) meetings for the June–July 2019 ARCP cycle. Completed forms were placed in a sealed box, which was emptied once all meetings were complete. Findings: In total, 25 feedback forms were received. On most questions, trainees gave positive feedback on the process, content, supervisor and administration. Four main themes emerged from the qualitative feedback. Trainees found the process supportive and felt listened to. They felt the process was organised and personalised. Trainees' views on suggestions for further improvement was captured and reflected: the ES reading their portfolio in advance, shorter forms with more focus on clinical acumen and less like a tick-box exercise, frequent reminder emails, more specific guidance and to plan ahead for change of supervisor. Research limitations/implications: The main research limitation is that this study used only one measure, which was the subjective account of the participating postgraduate Psychiatry trainees. No other objective measures were used in the study to evaluate the effectiveness or the quality of the educational supervision. Practical implications: The implications of the findings were discussed, and recommendations were made based on the findings to further enhance the trainees' experience of their educational supervision. It is likely that a positive experience of supervision and training will have implication by improving the overall training quality of the scheme. Social implications: The quality of supervision of Psychiatrists in training have a significant contribution in their training progress and completion, and in the long run the quality of service or assessment and treatment they are able to provide to their patients as qualified Psychiatrists. Originality/value: Literature searches revealed no previous audits to have been published on quality of educational supervision meetings between postgraduate psychiatry trainees and their ES. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]