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(1935). Quantitative Dream Studies: A Methodological Attempt at a Quantitative Evaluation of Psychoanalytic Material. The Psychoanalytic Quarterly: Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 371-407.

It is fitting that one of Franz Alexander’s customarily lucid and percipient papers should introduce the material in this volume. More than any other psychoanalyst of the modern era, Alexander was a pathfinder who had the courage and the vision to integrate the newer findings of behavioral science into his theoretical and clinical perspectives without abandoning what was useful in the old.

(1952). Essays in Applied Psychoanalysis. By Ernest Jones, M.D., F.R.C.P. London: The Hogarth Press, Ltd. and The Institute of Psychoanalysis, 1951. Vol. I, 333 pp. Vol. II, 383 pp. The Psychoanalytic Quarterly: Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 545-573.

(1935). The Problem of PsychoAnalytic Technique. The Psychoanalytic Quarterly: Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 588-611.

(1937). The Neurotic Personality of Our Time. By Karen Horney. New York: W. W. Norton 8c Co., 1937. 299 pp. The Psychoanalytic Quarterly: Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 536-555.

(1958). A Contribution to the Theory of Play. The Psychoanalytic Quarterly: Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 175-193.

Psychotherapy, as all curative procedures in medicine, attempts to alleviate suffering by restoring to normal a disturbed function of the biological organism. Psychotherapy's target, however, in distinction to all other therapeutic targets has a central function: human behavior. While surgery and internal medicine try to rehabilitate such circumscribed functions as locomotion, digestion, blood circulation, hormonal secretion, and seeing, psychotherapy is concerned with personality functions, that is to say, the behavior of the total organism in its relation to the environment, particularly to the human environment. Here lies the special social goal. For a long time the human personality was considered mainly determined by heredity. A person is born with certain basic characteristics and will die with them. Hippocrates' characterological theory of basic temperaments, which are determined by different distributions of body humors, had indeed a long hold on Western thought. Characterological features

Excerpts will be presented from a correspondence between Sigmund Freud and Eugen Bleuler, which is devoted mainly to Bleuler's withdrawal from the newly formed International Psychoanalytical Association. These excerpts are from seven letters from Freud to Bleuler and 50 letters from Bleuler to Freud, which were written between 1910 and 1925, and have never been published before. Permission was obtained by Dr. Alexander for their publication from Prof Manfred Bleuler, the son of Eugen Bleuler, and also from Ernst Freud, the son of Sigmund Freud.* This correspondence throws light upon the origin not of psychoanalysis as a science, but upon what became known as The Psychoanalytic Movement. It reveals the emotional needs of the pioneers of this young branch of knowledge to organize the psychoanalytic movement as an isolated scientific community outside and in opposition to the rest of the medical fraternity. Psychoanalysis is

For about thirty years psychoanalysis, a theoretical concept of the personality, a precise and elaborately described method of psychologic research and a therapy of mental disturbances, has been living a peculiar, isolated existence on the borderline of medicine and of the natural sciences. This borderline existence is not due entirely to the unreceptive attitude of medicine toward psychoanalysis, for psychoanalysis itself has also been undecided as to where it belongs. Many psychoanalysts, in fact, question whether psychoanalysis should not be considered a distinctive discipline, related to medicine but essentially independent of it, just as archeology, though related to history, is nevertheless itself a self-sufficient science, or as paleontology is related to geology but is different in its methods and purpose. Even those psychoanalysts who, like myself, are convinced that, so far as psychoanalysis is a therapy, it belongs to medicine cannot overlook the fact that its subject matter, methods and

Long experience has shown that it is by no means a popular task to give an address on psychoanalysis to a group of physicians. The reception of Professor Freud's first lecture in the Viennese Medical Society prescribed the attitude of the medical authorities for forty years. The causes of the resistance of medical circles against the concepts of psychoanalysis have been so often discussed that I do not wish to dwell on them again. On the other hand, I should like to win benevolent neutrality by calling attention to the chief historical and psychologic causes of the rejection of this branch of science in medical circles. After forty years' experience, the reasons for this rejection can be defined with considerable precision. If psychoanalysis had remained the modest therapeutic device by which Freud and the small group of his followers tried to influence hysterical symptoms forty years ago, the whole embittered