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Narrative texts have been the subject of research not only for linguistics and literature but also for numerous fields such as sociology, psychology, philosophy and anthropology. The said disciplines have made use of data produced especially by narrative studies in their own fields of research. This wide application has resulted in the introduction of many theories and terminology aiming at studying structure of narrative texts. Stylistics, emerging as a new discipline and a part of innovation introduced by Saussure into linguistics, and textlinguistics, promoted as a result of studies conducted in extra-sentential field, have suggested significant approaches on narrative texts. Textlinguistics tries to determine regularities in the production and interpretation of texts and focuses on functions, that is uses but not formal characteristics of a language, thus dealing with communicative features through syntactic and semantics studies. Book of Dede Korkut, one of the fundamental texts of Turkish literature and culture, has been the subject of countless sociological, historical and folkloric studies. This study aims at dealing with rhetorical schemata of a text called 'The Story of Deli Dumrul' of the Book of Dede Korkut within the scope of linguistics theories. Rhetoric schema determine structural features of narrative texts in terms of their functional characteristics. W. Labov (1972) determined structural features of verbal narrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a framework to reason qualitatively about courses of action (COAs) which need to be executed in a realistic geographic space that may change. Particularly, the framework aims to support human mental 'What-If' analysis by simulating the execution of COAs in a virtual geographic environment, which can change during the simulation, and by allowing the user to explore various scenarios (different COAs) and to analyse their outcomes using causal reasoning techniques. In this article, we first present a framework which is based on a conceptual model of spatio-temporal situations, a multi-agent geosimulation platform and qualitative spatio-temporal causal reasoning techniques. Then, we illustrate the framework using a case study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study considered representations of divine and human others in the self-understanding of monotheists from three religions. Self-understanding was conceptualized on the basis of semantic and episodic knowledge in narrative response data. Given the importance of social context in the formation of cognitive schemas, the project emphasized self-understanding in a comparative religious design. The sample included sixty nominated religious exemplars who responded to a structured interview. Schemas were subsequently mapped for Jews, Muslims, and Christians by comparison of self and other representations in a computational model known as latent semantic analysis (LSA). Findings indicated that representation of the divine is far removed from parents in cognitive schemas for all participants. Unlike Jews and Christians, Muslims appear to represent human others on the basis of self-understanding which principally references the divine. When considered in a computational semantic space, exemplars generally represent the self in a manner corresponding with divine and peer figures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the extent to which the type of aggressive behavior affected the impact of circumstances of the aggression on the victim's willingness to forgive. The participants were 97 adults aged 17 to 68 years. They expressed willingness to forgive in 3 contexts: breaking up of a love affair, gossiping at work, and collision during a game. As hypothesized, apologies and intent had more impact in the physical aggression condition than in the psychological aggression conditions, cancellation of consequences had more impact in the psychological aggression conditions than in the physical aggression condition, the structure of the forgiveness schema varied as a function of the type of harmful situation, and participants with a higher score in emotional stability and agreeableness were more willing to forgive than participants with a lower score. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study examined the differential effect of an adult observer’s presence on the sex-typed play behavior of gender schematic and aschematic preschoolers. A total of 116 Israeli preschoolers ( M age = 64.9 months) participated in the study. Children were classified as either gender schematic or aschematic based upon responses to a computerized measure of different sex stereotype components. Children’s play behavior with gender typical and atypical, attractive and unattractive, toys was videotaped. An observer was present for half the children’s play and absent for the other half’s play. Observation status affected the aschematic, but not the schematic, children’s play with gender typical toys. For example, observed aschematic boys spent a greater percent of time playing with the unattractive masculine toys compared to unobserved aschematic boys. This difference was not apparent for schematic boys. Additionally, a difference found for schematic boys was not apparent in schematic girls, i.e., when unobserved, schematic boys tended to spend a greater percent of time playing with the unattractive masculine toy than aschematic boys. Further, some differences were found for unattractive, and not attractive, toys. For instance, observed aschematic boys spent a greater percent of time playing with the unattractive masculine toy than did the unobserved aschematic boys. This gap was not found for the attractive masculine toy. Results are discussed with reference to the accessibility and complexity of gender schemas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses various issues related to the development of the psychology of creativity. Among the issues are the analysis of the principles of systems research needed to develop the psychology of creativity, situations in which the systems approach emerges in the psychology of creativity, the relationship between interaction and development, the conceptual schema and the interaction of process and product.

Modern cognitive psychology presents itself as the revolutionary alternative to behaviorism, yet there are blatant continuities between modem cognitivism and the mechanistic kind of behaviorism that cognitivists have in mind, such as their commitment to methodological behaviorism, the stimulus-response schema, and the hypothetico-deductive method. Both mechanistic behaviorism and cognitive behaviorism remain trapped within the dualisms created by the traditional ontology of physical science--dualisms that, one way or another, exclude us from the "physical world." Darwinian theory, however, put us back into nature. The Darwinian emphasis upon the mutuality of animal and environment was further developed by, among others, James, Dewey, and Mead. Although their functionalist approach to psychology was overtaken by Watson's behaviorism, the principle of animal-environment dualism continued to figure (though somewhat inconsistently) within the work of Skinner and Gibson. For the clearest insights into the mutuality of organism and environment we need to set the clock back quite a few years and return to the work of Darwin and the early functionalist psychologists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three experiments examined the relationship between distinctiveness and self-schematicity. Experiment 1 revealed that people were more likely to be self-schematic in domains of strong performance when they felt distinct from family and peers in those domains. Experiments 2 and 3 extended this finding into the arena of stereotypes by demonstrating that people were more likely to be self-schematic in domains of strong performance when their performance was counterstereotypic rather than stereotypic. In particular, African Americans and women were more likely to be schematic for intelligence than Caucasians and men if they performed well academically, whereas Caucasians--especially men--were more likely than African Americans to be schematic for athletics if they performed well athletically. These results suggest that counterstereotypic behavior plays a uniquely powerful role in the development of the self-concept. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analyzes the nature of humor and its psychological functions. Information on schema; Discussions on humor as a disabling mechanism; Significance of laughter in humor.

Suggesting a typology of musical listeners, Adorno (1976/1962) invites his readers to refine his proposed schema and to apply it to their real-world observations. This study takes up his invitation. It uses Adorno's typology to examine the responses of jazz critics and their implied audiences at a moment of profound innovation in the development of jazz, the introduction of Caribbean-influenced Cu-bop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]