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Purpose Athletes who perform combat sports tend to engage in weight-management strategies to fit in a specific weight class that are characterized by disordered eating behaviours. This study aimed to (1) characterize eating behaviours and adaptation to stress regarding an unwanted weight change before a competition; (2) evaluate the differences between athletes who consider unwanted weight changes as a challenge or as a threat in regard to emotions, coping strategies and eating behaviours; and (3) evaluate whether some of these variables related to the unwanted weight change (e.g., emotions, cognitive appraisal of the situation) are predictors of disordered eating behaviours in combat sports. Methods A total of 166 combat sports athletes (75.3% male), aged between 14 and 56 years (M = 22.73; SD = 8.03), filled out a set of questionnaires that evaluated personal variables, cognitive appraisal (threat/challenge), coping, emotions, and eating behaviours related to an unwanted weight change before a competition. Results Most of the athletes (57.3%) reported high levels of stress related to the experience of an unwanted weight change before a competition. Athletes who perceived this experience as more of a threat had significantly more eating concerns, anxiety, dejection, anger, active confrontation and emotional support. Athletes who perceived it as more of a challenge experienced more excitement and happiness. Athletes who perceived a high threat and low challenge experienced significantly increased anxiety levels and athletes who perceived this experience as a low threat and the low challenge had decreased anxiety. The desire to weigh less, the perception of a threat regarding weight changes, the ability to cope with denial, and anxiety emerged as predictors of disordered eating behaviours. Conclusion To prevent or reduce disordered eating behaviours, it is important to promote adequate strategies to deal with weight changes before a competition and, consequently, positive emotions among sports combat athletes., This study was partially conducted at the Psychology Research Centre (PSI/01662), University of Minho, and supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology and the Portuguese Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education through national funds (UID/PSI/01662/2019) and by the following grant to Silvia Felix (CIPSI-BI-PP-2019-04). The funding bodies had no role in the design, collection, analysis, or interpretation of the data; the writing of the manuscript; or the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

Work-family conflict constitutes an important source of occupational stress predicting teachers’ burnout, and cognitive variables have shown to be core structures in explaining human adaptation to stress. Nevertheless, the role of cognitive appraisal needs to be fully analysed to comprehend how it can mediate the relationship between stress and burnout. In order to understand the potential mediation of cognitive appraisal in the relationship between stress and burnout, we adopted conceptual models of stress that highlighted the value of cognitive appraisal on positive and negative reactions to work demands. Also, we analysed the potential moderation of sex and age in the relationship between work-family conflict, cognitive appraisal, and burnout due inconsistent findings on how these personal variables can interfere on these relations. In this study, we used Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) to test the mediating of cognitive appraisal in the relationship between work-family conflicts and burnout. A survey with measures of work-family conflicts, cognitive appraisal, and burnout was administered to the participants consisting of 438 Portuguese teachers from kindergarten through high school, aged between 28 and 67 years (M = 46.85; SD = 7.88), 304 of whom were females (69.41%). The results confirmed that cognitive appraisal partially mediated the relationship between work-family conflict and burnout. The mediation effect of cognitive appraisal on the relationship between work-family conflict and burnout was invariant regardless of teachers’ sex or age. In sum, cognitive appraisal should be considered in order to understand teachers’ adaptation to work., This study was conducted at the Psychology Research Centre (PSI/01662), School of Psychology, University of Minho, and supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology and the Portuguese Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education (UID/PSI/01662/2019), through the national funds (PIDDAC). The authors have no conflicts of interest to report.

This study tested the relationship between trait anxiety, cognitive appraisal, and athletes’ burnout proposing two hypotheses: (a) there is a direct relationship between athletes’ trait anxiety and cognitive appraisal and burnout; and (b) cognitive appraisal mediates the relationship between trait anxiety and burnout and this mediation occurs despite the competitive level and sport records of athletes. The study included 673 young athletes and provided measures of trait anxiety, cognitive appraisal, and burnout. Structural equation modelling indicated that cognitive appraisal mediates the relationship between trait anxiety and burnout, confirming hypothesis 2, and this model provided better fit than the direct model of hypothesis 1. However, the mediation also indicated that the direct relationship between trait anxiety and burnout should be considered. The mediating model was invariant according to competitive levels and sport records. In conclusion, cognitive appraisal is an important variable in explaining athletes’ burnout., This study was conducted at Psychology Research Centre (UID/PSI/01662/2013), University of Minho, and supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology, the Portuguese Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education through national funds and co-financed by FEDER through COMPETE2020 under the PT2020 Partnership Agreement (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007653), and "Guimaraes, European City of Sport 2013"., info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Neste artigo apresentamos uma revisão de literatura acerca da abordagem carismática e transformacional do estudo da liderança, procurando analisar os seus conceitos principais e os modelos conceptuais mais representativos. De igual modo, analisamos as possibilidades de aplicação destes contributos ao exercício da liderança, ajudando na compreensão dos processos inerentes à relação entre o líder e os membros do grupo. Por último, descreveremos alguns resultados obtidos até agora no estudo de líderes com características carismáticas e transformacionais., This paper presents a review of the literature written about the charismatic and transformational leadership approaches, stressing the main concepts and conceptual models. We also observe the possibility of applying these contributions in order to understand leadership actions and the relationship between leaders and group members. Lastly, we describe some results obtained until now about the efficacy of charismatic and transformational leaders., Cet article présente une révision de la littérature spécialisée en analysant les concepts et les modèles les plus représentatifs. Ensuite, on examine quelques possibilités d´application de ces contributions théoriques dans l´exercice du leadership, envisageant une compréhension plus fine des processus constitutifs de la relation du leader avec les membres du groupe. En conclusion, on décrit certains résultats obtenus jusqu´à présent concernant les études sur les lidérances caractérisées par le charisme et les approches transformationnelles., En este artículo se presenta una revisión de la literatura acerca del enfoque carismático y transformacional del estudio del liderazgo, buscándose analizar sus conceptos principales y los modelos conceptuales más representativos. De igual modo, se analizan las posibilidades de aplicación de dichas contribuciones al ejercicio del liderazgo, ayudando en la comprensión de los procesos inherentes a la relación entre el líder y los miembros del grupo. Por último, se describen algunos resultados que se obtuvieron hasta ahora en el estudio de líderes con características carismáticas y transformacionales., (undefined)

Trocado, R. & Gomes, A.R. (2013). Winning or Not Winning: The influence on Coach-Athlete Relationships and Goal Achievement. J. Hum. Sport Exerc., 8(4), pp. 986-995. This study analyses the relation between sports success and athletes’ perception of coaches’ leadership, athletes’ satisfaction with coaches’ leadership, coach-athlete compatibility, and goal achievement. Sixty-six athletes who qualified for the final Division I play-offs of a professional volleyball championship were grouped into winning (n = 21) and nonwinning teams (n = 45). Leadership styles, satisfaction with leadership, coach-athlete compatibility, and goal achievement were evaluated. Analysis of variance with repeated-measures revealed that the winning teams evaluated their coaches’ vision, inspiration, technical instruction, positive feedback, and active management more positively than non-winning teams and that their satisfaction with coaches’ strategies increased over time. A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) indicated that the winning teams’ perceived achievement of personal and team goals was greater than that of the non-winning teams. Sports success was associated with athletes’ positive evaluation of coaches’ leadership, satisfaction with coaches’

This study analyzes whether personal, athletic, and psychological factors predict the perception of current exercise frequency. The study included 193 participants, of whom 130 were females (67.4%) and 63 were males (32.6%). Personal and athletic information, current exercise frequency, exercise attitudes, perceived behavioral control, expected outcomes of exercising, behavioral regulation, satisfaction with life, and satisfaction with body shape and physical appearance were evaluated. The results showed that perception of current exercise frequency was best predicted by personal and athletic variables, followed by satisfaction with body shape and physical appearance, intrinsic regulation, and negative expec-tations about exercise. In conclusion, considering the role of personal and athletic variables (and some psychological di-mensions) seems important in explaining exercise behavior.

Objective This study describes eating disordered behaviours in a sample of Portuguese elite athletes and analyses the impact of personal and sports factors on those eating disordered behaviours. Method Two hundred and ninety athletes (51.7% males) practicing collective (64.8%) and individual sports have been included. The evaluation protocol included the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire; the Sport Condition Questionnaire; the Sport Anxiety Scale; the Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire; the Cognitive Evaluation of Sport–Threat Perceptions and the Self-Presentation Exercise Questionnaire. Results Females, athletes with a higher body mass index, and those with a desire to weigh less, reported more eating disordered behaviours. No relation with sports variables was found. Finally, a higher prevalence of eating disorders behaviour was predicted by lower satisfaction in terms of body shape and physical appearance, higher anxiety and impression motivation. Conclusion Personal characteristics of athletes, as well as their body satisfaction, anxiety, impression motivation and threat perception and coach comments on their weight, represent dimensions that could raise the risk for eating disorders. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association

Introduction This study observed the variables that predict the perception of current exercise frequency across two time points of exercise practice, and tested the stability of some psychological factors associated with exercise, controlling participants’ gender differences. Methods The study included 102 participants (70 females, 68.6%, and 32 males, 31.4%). All participants were evaluated in terms of personal and exercise information, perception of current exercise frequency, exercise attitudes, perceived behavioural control, behavioural regulation, satisfaction with body shape and physical appearance, and weight-related instructor pressure. Results The explained variance for the perception of current exercise frequency was relatively low, but similar across the two time points of data collection. The predictor variables were also stable across time. However, some dimensions varied across time, pointing out that exercise practice is less motivating and gratifying for women. Discussion This study confirmed and highlighted the difficulties to explain exercise behaviour (Mohiyeddini, Pauli, & Bauer, 2009; Sheeran, 2002), becoming necessary to integrate more variables in the explanation of factors related to exercise. Conclusions The predictor variables for the perception of current exercise frequency do not change significantly across time. Moreover, gender differences become important when observing psychological changes in exercisers.