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Although legal scholars and psychologists have long suggested that prosecutorial overcharging may elicit cognitive errors (i.e., in the form of anchoring) that bias plea offer evaluations and coerce defendants to plead guilty, no work has empirically investigated whether these claims are warranted. If warranted, what are the underlying mechanisms for this effect—failures due to biased information processing or failures due to numeric priming—and what can be done to mitigate the harmful impact of anchoring biases on defendant and attorney plea decisions? To answer these questions, I have designed three studies that will collectively (a) demonstrate to what extent defendants and attorneys are susceptible to the anchoring bias, (b) provide information about the possible mechanism behind why they may succumb to anchoring effects, and (c) test the efficacy of a motivation-based debiasing strategy.

Background: Cognitive errors have been presented as effective factors in the creation and continuation of obsessive–compulsive disorder and social anxiety disorder. Psychological resilience is an important factor in the tolerance of cognitive errors. Objective: The present study aimed to compare cognitive errors and the psychological resilience of patients with social anxiety disorder and those with obsessive–compulsive disorder. Methods: This cross-sectional study investigated a total of 60 patients, 30 with social anxiety disorder and 30 with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), seen at a hospital in Zanjan city, Iran, in 2017. Participants were aged between 15 and 50 years. Participants were chosen using convenience sampling and on the basis of psychiatrist diagnosis and structured diagnostic interviews (SCID-I, II) according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The Cognitive Errors Questionnaire (CET) and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) were used to assess the variables. Results: A significant difference was observed between the two patient groups in the cognitive errors components (P ≤ 0.05). In patients with OCD, the highest average rate of cognitive errors was related to catastrophizing and splitting error. In patients with SAD, the highest mean rate of cognitive errors was related to catastrophizing. There was no significant difference in psychological resilience between the two groups. Conclusion: Cognitive errors play an important role in OCD and social anxiety disorder (SAD). OCD patients were observed to make more cognitive errors than SAD patients. However, psychological resilience was equal between both groups.

The term “cognitive errors” refers to the errors in the perception and analysis of information about the environment. In our study healthy people and patients with schizophrenia were presented with a “silent” video clip in which the main character makes a cognitive error in perceiving some situation. After watching the video clip the subjects explained the character’s behavior and described his or her cognitive error. We analyzed the differences in eye movements in the subjects who recognized and failed to recognize the character’s cognitive error. We identified three factors that support the recognition of other person’s cognitive errors: (1) co-operative orientation of cognitive activity; (2) specific cognitive activity of the observer; (3) the observer’s ability to compare his/her own cognitive activity with that of the observed person. We show that in subjects with schizophrenia the difficulties in recognizing other people’s cognitive errors may be associated with the impairment of each of these factors.

This systematic literature review provides the association between memory processes, auditors judgement and decision-making process under the influence of cognitive errors. Due to limited cognitive resources, auditors are unable to analyze the population of accounting transactions, therefore, they use sampling and heuristics for information processing. In the context of Big Data (BD), auditors may face a similar problem of information overload and exhibit cognitive errors, resulting in the selection and analysis of irrelevant information cues. But Big Data analytics (BDA) can facilitate information processing and analysis of complex diverse Big Data by reducing the influence of auditor’s cognitive errors. The current study adapts Ding et al., (2017) framework in the auditing context that identify causes of cognitive errors influencing auditor’s information processing. This review identified 75 auditing related studies to elaborate the role of BD and BDA in improving audit judgement. In addition, role of memory, cognitive errors, and judgement and decision-making are highlighted by using 61 studies. The analysis provides useful insight in different open areas by proposing research propositions and research questions that can be explored by future research to gain extensive understanding on the association between memory and audit judgement in the context of BD and BDA. La revisión sistemática de la literatura proporciona la asociación entre los procesos de la memoria, el juicio de los auditores y el proceso de toma de decisiones bajo la influencia de errores cognitivos. Debido a los limitados recursos cognitivos, los auditores no pueden analizar la población de transacciones contables; por lo tanto, utilizan el muestreo y la heurística para el procesamiento de la información. En el contexto de Big Data (BD), los auditores pueden enfrentarse a un problema similar de sobrecarga de información y exhibir errores cognitivos, lo que resulta en la selección y análisis de indicios de información irrelevantes. No obstante, la analítica de Big Data (BDA) puede facilitar el procesamiento de información y el análisis de datos complejos y diversos al reducir la influencia de los errores cognitivos del auditor. El presente estudio adapta el marco de trabajo de Ding et al (2017) en el contexto de la auditoría que identifica las causas de los errores cognitivos que influyen en el procesamiento de la información del auditor. Esta revisión identificó 75 estudios relacionados con la auditoría para elaborar el papel de BD y BDA en la mejora del juicio de auditoría. Además, el papel de la memoria, los errores cognitivos y el juicio y la toma de decisiones se destacan mediante el uso de 61 estudios. El análisis proporciona una visión útil de los diferentes aspectos abiertos de la cuestión proponiendo propuestas y preguntas de estudio que puedan ser exploradas por la investigación futura para obtener una comprensión amplia de la asociación entre la memoria y el juicio de auditoría en el contexto de BD y BDA

Background Establishing a diagnosis is a complex, iterative process involving patient data gathering, integration and interpretation. Premature closure is a fallacious cognitive tendency of closing the diagnostic process before sufficient data have been gathered. A proposed strategy to minimize premature closure is the use of a checklist to trigger metacognition (the process of monitoring one’s own thinking). A number of studies have suggested the effectiveness of this strategy in classroom settings. This qualitative study examined the perception of usability of a metacognitive mnemonic checklist called TWED checklist (where the letter “T = Threat”, “W = What if I am wrong? What else?”, “E = Evidence” and “D = Dispositional influence”) in a real clinical setting. Method Two categories of participants, i.e., medical doctors (n = 11) and final year medical students (Group 1, n = 5; Group 2, n = 10) participated in four separate focus group discussions. Nielsen’s 5 dimensions of usability (i.e. learnability, effectiveness, memorability, errors, and satisfaction) and Pentland’s narrative network were adapted as the framework to study the usability and the implementation of the checklist in a real clinical setting respectively. Results Both categories (medical doctors and medical students) of participants found that the TWED checklist was easy to learn and effective in promoting metacognition. For medical student participants, items “T” and “W” were believed to be the two most useful aspects of the checklist, whereas for the doctor participants, it was item “D”. Regarding its implementation, item “T” was applied iteratively, items “W” and “E” were applied when the outcomes did not turn out as expected, and item “D” was applied infrequently. The one checkpoint where all four items were applied was after the initial history taking and physical examination had been performed to generate the initial clinical impression. Conclusion A metacognitive checklist aimed to check cognitive errors may be a useful tool that can be implemented in the real clinical setting. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12909-018-1451-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The idea that individualized, computer-based cognitive training improves cognitive functioning in non-trained domains is highly contested. An understudied area is whether cognitive training improves one's own perception of cognitive and day-to-day functioning. Furthermore, no studies have compared working memory training to programs that train higher-level processes themselves, namely logic and planning, in improving perception of cognitive abilities. We investigated self-reported changes in: (a) cognitive errors relevant to daily life; (b) expectations regarding training; and (c) impact of training on daily life, in healthy older adults who completed working memory training or logic and planning training. Ninety-seven healthy older adults completed 8-weeks of computerized cognitive training that targeted either working memory or logic and planning. Findings were compared to a no-training control group. Participants reported fewer cognitive failures relevant to daily life after training compared to the no-training control group, with a greater reduction in errors reported by the logic and planning training group compared to the working memory training group. Trainees' perception of training efficacy decreased over time. Nonetheless, approximately half of the participants in both training groups endorsed "some improvement" or more in self-perceived day-to-day functioning at post-testing. These results support the conclusion that individualized computerized cognitive training may enhance subjective perceptions of change and that higher level cognitive training may confer additional benefits. Findings suggest that cognitive training can enhance cognitive self-efficacy in healthy seniors.

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, üniversite öğrencilerinin sosyal kaygı düzeylerinin, toplumsal cinsiyet algıları ve bilişsel çarpıtmaları açısından incelenmesidir. Yöntem: Araştırmada betimsel tarama modelinde, ilişkisel tarama yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu, Atatürk Üniversitesi, 2017-2018 eğitim öğretim yılında yedi farklı fakültede öğrenim görmüş, 1053 öğrenci oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak; katılımcıların cinsiyet, sınıf, fakülte, en uzun süre ikamet edilen yer ve karşı cinsten yakın bir ilişkinin varlığını tespit etmeyi amaçlayan demografik bilgileri için, 'Kişisel Bilgi Formu' kullanılmıştır. Öğrencilerin sosyal kaygı düzeylerini belirlemek için 'Sosyal Kaygı Ölçeği'; toplumsal cinsiyet algılarını belirleyebilmek için 'Toplumsal Cinsiyet Rolleri Tutum Ölçeği' ve bilişsel çarpıtmalarını ölçebilmek amacı ile 'İlişkilerle İlgili Bilişsel Çarpıtmalar Ölçeği' ölçekleri kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada elde edilen veriler için, SPSS programı aracılığı ile; betimsel analizler, bağımsız örneklemler için t-testi, tek yönlü varyans analizi, Pearson korelasyon analizi ve çoklu regresyon analizi uygulanmıştır.Bulgular ve Sonuç: Araştırmanın bulgularında bilişsel çarpıtmalar ve sosyal kaygı arasında pozitif yönde anlamlı bir ilişki olduğu açıklanmıştır. Toplumsal cinsiyete dair eşitlikçilik algısı ve sosyal kaygı arasında ise negatif yönde anlamlı bir ilişki olduğu belirtilmiştir. Sosyal kaygının % 25.4 düzeyinde bilişsel çarpıtmalar, % 2.4 düzeyinde ise toplumsal cinsiyet algıları tarafından yordandığı bulgusuna erişilmiştir. Çalışma bulgularından elde edilen sonuçlar ilgili literatür ışığında tartışılarak, gelecek çalışmalara yönelik önerilerde bulunulmuştur. Purpose: The aim of this study to examine the social anxiety levels of college students, in terms of their gender perceptions and cognitive distortions. Method: In this study, the correlational survey model was applied. The data were collected from 1053 undergraduates who were studying at seven different faculties during the 2017-2018 academic year. In order to collect the data, one form and three different scales were used. First, a Personal Information Form was used to obtain the demographic information of participants which questioned the gender, the faculty, and the class of the students; the place of residence for the longest period of time; and the existence of a close relationship. Second, the Social Anxiety Scale was used to determine students' social anxiety levels. Third, the Gender Roles Attitude Scale was used to determine the gender perceptions. And finally, the Interpersonal Cognitive Distortions Scale was used to measure cognitive distortions of students. SPSS software was used to analyse the data. In the analyses, independent samples t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis were applied. Findings and Results: The analysis results showed that there was a significant positive correlation between the cognitive distortions and the social anxiety levels of the students. There was a significant negative correlation between the equality perceptions regarding gender and social anxiety. In this study, cognitive distortions were found to predict 25.4% of the social anxiety and 2.4% of the gender perceptions of the students. Obtained results were discussed at the findings section of the thesis by means of related literature. Some suggestions were offered for future studies. 94

Araştırmanın amacı, Polikistik over sendromu tanısı alan kadınların hastalıkalgıları ile bilişsel hataları , ansiyete ve depresyon semptomları arasındaki ilişkiyiincelemektir. Araştırmanın örneklemini sosyal medyadaki dayanışma gruplarındanrastgele toplanan 98 PKOS tanılı hasta oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma verileri; ` HastalıkAlgısı Ölçeği, Bilişsel Hatalar Ölçeği, Beck Depresyon Envanteri, Beck AnksiyeteEnvanteri` ve araştırmacı tarafından hazırlanmış olan `Kişisel Bilgi Formu`kullanılarak elde edilmiştir. Çalışmadaki veriler SPSS For Windows 15.00 programıkullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Verilerin değerlendirilmesinde tanımlayıcı istatistikselyöntemler kullanılmıştır. Ölçek puanları arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek için Spearmanve Pearson Korelâsyon analizi uygulanmıştır. Araştırma bulgularına göre, bireylerinanksiyete düzeyleri arttıkça, hastalık tipi-kimlik puanları da artış göstermektedir.PKOS'lu bireylerin hastalık hakkındaki görüşler altboyutlarından Tedavi kontrolüpuanları ile anksiyete düzeyleri arasında pozitif yönlü bir ilişki saptanmıştır. Diğer altölçekler ile anksiyete arasında anlamlı ilişkiler saptanmamıştır. PKOS tanısı alanbireylerin hastalık algıları ile depresyon düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkiye bakıldığında;bireylerin depresyon düzeyleri arttıkça, hastalık tipi-kimlik puanlarının da arttığıgözlemlenmiştir. PKOS tanısı alan bireylerin depresyon düzeyleri ile sonuçlar altboyutu arasında pozitif yönlü, zayıf ve anlamlı bir ilişki tespit edilmiştir. PKOS tanısıalan bireylerin hastalık algıları ile bilişsel hatalar toplam puanları arasındaki ilişkiyebakıldığında; bireylerin bilişsel hataları toplam puanları ile hastalık tipi-kimlikpuanları arasında negatif yönlü anlamlı bir ilişki tespit edilmiştir. Bireylerin bilişselhatalar toplam puanları ile sonuçlar ve duygusal temsiller alt boyutları arasında negatifyönde, çok zayıf ve anlamlı bir ilişki tespit edilmiştir. PKOS tanısı alan bireylerinbilişsel hataları ile anksiyete düzeyleri arasındaki ilişki incelendğinde; katastrofizeetme puanları ile anksiyete düzeyleri arasında negatif yönlü, çok zayıf ve anlamlı birilişki bulunmuştur. Anksiyete düzeyleri ile kişiselleştirme puanları arasında negatifyönde, çok zayıf ve anlamlı olmayan bir ilişki saptanmıştır. Anksiyete düzeyleri ileduygusal temsiller puanları arasında aynı yönde çok zayıf ve anlamlı bir ilişkibulunmuştur. PKOS tanısı alan bireylerin hastalık algıları ile bilişsel hatalar toplampuanları arasındaki ilişkiye bakıldığında; bireylerin bilişsel hataları toplam puanları ilehastalık tipi-kimlik puanları arasında negatif yönlü, çok zayıf ve anlamlı bir ilişkitespit edilmiştir.Anahtar Sözcükler: Depresyon, anksiyete, hastalık algısı, bilişsel hatalar, polikistikover sendromu. The aim of the research is inspecting the relation between, perception of the disease inwomen diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and their cognitive errors,anxiety, depression symptoms. 98 women diagonesed with PCOS randomly chosenfrom social media support pages are samples of the research. The data were collected byusing Illness Perception Questionnaire, Cognitive Errors Questionnaire, BeckDepression Inventory and Beck Anxiety Inventory and Personel Info Form by theresearch. Data was analysed by using SPSS for Windows 15.00. Identifying statisticstechniques have been used for analysing the data. Correlation between scala points havebeen calculated by Spearman and Pearson Correlation Analysis. According to theresearch data, there was a possivite correlation between anxiety level of the patients anddiseased type points. Also there was an another positive correlation between treatmentcontrol points and anxiety levels. Other scales had no correlation with anxiety.According to correlation between perception of disease and anxiety levels of PCOSdiagnosed patients, anxiety levels were connected with disease typed points. There wasa positive weak correlation between depression levels of PCOS diagnosed patients andsub dimentional results. According to relation between perception of disease of PCOSdiagnosed patients and total points of cognitive errors, there was a negative significantrelation between individuals' cognitive errors and disease typed points. And there was aweak negative and significant relation between individuals' cognitive errors with resultsand emotional representations. According to PCOS diagnosed patients' individualcognitive errors and anxiety levels, catastrophization scales and anxiety levels hadnegative significant relation. Anxiety levels and personalisation points had negativeweak and insignificant relation. In that vein anxiety levels and emotional representationshad very weak and significant relations. According to PCOS diagnosed patients.Perception of disease and cognitive errors total points had negative weak and significantcorrelation between diseased type points.Key words: Depression, anxiety, illness perception, cognitive errors, polycystic ovarysyndrome. 116

Current theoretical notions emphasise the role of cognitive variables in the development and maintenance of childhood anxiety. The purpose of this study was to explore whether there are different types of cognitive vulnerability to anxiety among children. The participants were 118 children between the ages of 7 and 13 who completed a set of questionnaires to measure cognitive errors, threat-related interpretation bias, and anxiety-related control. Cluster analysis identified three relevant clusters: (1) a High Cognitive Vulnerability cluster, characterised by high levels of cognitive errors and threat interpretation and low levels of control; (2) a Low Cognitive Vulnerability cluster, characterised by low levels of cognitive errors and threat interpretation and high levels of control; and (3) an Inconsistent Cognitive Vulnerability cluster, characterised by low levels of cognitive errors and threat interpretation and low levels of control. Differences between the clusters were found in terms of anxiety symptoms, coping strategies, and gender. The theoretical and clinical implications of these findings are discussed.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, üniversite öğrencilerinin duyguları ifade etme ve bilişsel hataları ile mükemmeliyetçilikleri arasındaki yordayıcı ilişkileri incelemektir. Çalışmaya, 2014-2015 eğitim öğretim yılında Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Ahmet Keleşoğlu Eğitim Fakültesi'nde okumakta olan 458 üniversite öğrencisi katılmıştır. Katılımcıların kişisel bilgilerini belirlemek amacıyla 'Kişisel Bilgi Formu', mükemmeliyetçilik seviyelerini belirlemek için 'Frost Çok Boyutlu Mükemmeliyetçilik Ölçeği', duyguları ifade etmelerini belirlemek için 'Duyguları İfade Ölçeği', bilişsel hatalarını tespit etmek için 'Bilişsel Hatalar Ölçeği' öğrencilere uygulanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde, değişkenler arasındaki ilişkiyi ortaya koymak için Pearson Momentler Çarpım Korelasyon Katsayısı tekniği kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca duyguları ifade etme ve bilişsel hataların mükemmeliyetçilik üzerindeki yordayıcı etkisini belirlemek amacıyla hiyerarşik regresyon analizinden faydalanılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre olumlu duygu ifadesi, aile beklentileri ve yaptığından emin olamama ile pozitif yönde anlamlı ilişki içindeyken düzen boyutuyla ters yönlü anlamlı ilişki içerisindedir. Aynı zamanda yakınlık ifadesi, ailesel eleştiri ile negatif yönde anlamlı bir ilişki içerisinde olduğu bulunmuştur. Felaketleştirme, genelleme, kişiselleştirme ve seçici soyutlama ile mükemmeliyetçiliğin hata yapma endişesi, ailesel eleştiri ve yaptığından emin olamama boyutları pozitif yönde anlamlı ilişki içerisinde bulunmuştur. Felaketleştirme, genelleme ve kişiselleştirme ile mükemmeliyetçiliğin aile beklentileri boyutu pozitif yönde anlamlı ilişki içerisinde bulunmuştur. Felaketleştirme ve kişiselleştirme ile kişisel standartlar alt boyutu pozitif yönde manidar ilişki içerisindedir. Hiyerarşik regresyon analizi sonuçlarına göre olumlu duygu ifadesi, mükemmeliyetçiliğin alt boyutlarından düzen, aile beklentileri ve yaptığından emin olamamanın önemli bir yordayıcısı olduğu bulunmuştur. Yakınlık ifadesi ise mükemmeliyetçiliğin ailesel eleştiri boyutunun önemli bir yordayıcısı olarak bulunmuştur. Felaketleştirme ve kişiselleştirme, mükemmeliyetçiliğin alt boyutlarından hatalara aşırı ilgi olmanın önemli bir yordayıcısı olarak bulunmuştur. Kişiselleştirme, mükemmeliyetçiliğin kişisel standartlar alt boyutunun önemli bir yordayıcısı olarak bulunmuştur. Genelleme, mükemmeliyetçiliğin alt boyutlarından aile beklentilerinin önemli bir yordayıcısı olarak bulunmuştur. Genelleme ve kişiselleştirme, mükemmeliyetçiliğin ailesel eleştiri alt boyutunun önemli bir yordayıcısı olarak bulunmuştur. Felaketleştirme ve kişiselleştirme, mükemmeliyetçiliğin alt boyutlarından yaptığından emin olamamanın önemli bir yordayıcısı olarak bulunmuştur. Bulgular, ilgili literatür ışığında tartışılmış ve önerilere yer verilmiştir.Anahtar kelimeler: Mükemmeliyetçilik, Bilişsel Hatalar, Bilişsel Çarpıtmalar, Duyguları İfade Etme The purpose of this study, is to examine the predictive relations between expressing emotions, cognitive errors and perfectionisim at the university students. The study group is formed by the 458 students whom were taking their studies at the year of 2014-2015 at the Necmettin Erbakan University, Ahmet Keleşoğlu Faculty of Education. To identify the personal identities of the participants ''The Personal Information Form'', to calculate the level of perfectionism of the participants ''Frost's Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale'', to define the way of expressing emotions of the participants ''Expressing Emotions Scale'', to detect the cognitive mistakes of the participants ''Cognitive Errors Scale'' have been used on the participant students. At the analysis of the data, to put forth the association between variables pearson correlation moments coefficient technique has been used. Also, to define the predictive effect of expressing the emotions and the cognitive mistakes on the perfectionism, hierarchical regression analysis has been used. Depending on the results of research, it has been found that expressing emotions has been positively related with family expectations and being not sure of what the oneself's doing, while it has been found that it is negatively related with the order dimension. Also, it has been found that closeness expression is negatively related with the parental critism. It has been found that catastrophizing, overgeneralizing, personalization and selective abstraction are positively related with the dimensions of perfectionism's concern of making mistakes, parental critism and being not sure of what the oneself's doing. It has been found that catastrophizing is positively related with the overgeneralization, personalization and the perfectionism's family expectations dimension. It has been found that catastrophizing and personalization are positively related with perfetionism's personal standarts dimension. According to the hierarchical regression analysis results, it has been found that positive expressed emotions is one of the most important predictors of perfectionism's order, family expectations and being not sure what the oneself's doing sub-dimensions. It has been found that closeness expression is an important predictor of perfectionism's parental critisim sub-dimension. It has been found that catastrophizing and personalization are important predictors of perfectionism's showing excessive concern over mistakes sub-dimension. It has been found that personalization is one of the most important predictors of perfectionism's personal standarts sub-dimension. It has been found that overgeneralization is one of the most important predictors of perfectionism's family expectations sub-dimension. It has been found that overgeneralization and personalization are important predictors of perfectionism's parental criticism sub-dimension. It has been found that catastrophizing and personalization are important predictors of perfectionism's being not sure of what the oneself's doing sub-dimension. Findings have been discussed under the light of literature and suggestions have been included.Key Words: Perfectionism, Cognitive Errors, Cognitive Distortions, Expressing the Emotions 150

Introduction This resource consists of five cases set in the emergency department and intended to instruct participants in identifying inherent cognitive biases as well as considering alternative diagnoses (thinking outside the box). The cases are embedded with cognitive biases commonly encountered in the clinical setting. Each case is framed in such a way as to lead participants into an obvious diagnosis. However, besides the obvious diagnosis, there are subtle clinical cues that point to the likelihood of another, more urgent or life-threatening diagnosis that must be considered. Undergirding the construct of these cases is the idea that if participants slow down and reflect on questions like “Is there any life-or-limb threat that I need to rule out in this patient?”, “If I am wrong, what else could it be?”, or “Do I have sufficient evidences to support or exclude this diagnosis?”, they are more likely to avoid these cognitive biases and be able to pick up the second diagnosis. Methods These cases were implemented with final-year medical students to evaluate the effectiveness of a small-group tutorial on the influence of cognitive biases in clinical decision-making as well as a discussion on cognitive debiasing strategy. During the first week of their emergency medicine rotation, 21 medical students were given the small-group tutorial. Then, towards the end of their 2-week emergency medicine rotation, they were given the five cases. In each case, a question on generating differential diagnoses and another question on one or two aspects of patient care were asked. Results Two similarly sized groups of final-year medical students participated in our quasi-experimental study. The intervention group was assigned to receive the educational intervention, while the control group received a tutorial on basic electrocardiography. Postintervention, both groups received an assessment on clinical decision-making based on the five case scenarios. Students in the intervention group scored significantly better than students in the control group. Discussion These clinical cases can serve as an introductory tool to teach cognitive biases and cognitive debiasing strategies. Students can then learn more about how these cognitive biases affect actual clinical decisions in the wards, during morbidity and mortality meetings, as well as the steps they should take or could have taken or may have observed being taken by the doctors around them as cognitive debiasing strategies.

Syftet är att klargöra metod- och tankefel i en förundersökning gällande påståenden om sexuella övergrepp på och misshandel av ett barn i förskoleåldern. Omfattande förekomst av olika slag av påverkan och ignorerande av alternativa hypoteser kan konstateras., The purpose is to clarify errors of method and thinking in a preliminary inquiry about allegations of sexual abuse and physical maltreatment of a preeschool child. Extensive occurrence of different kinds of influence and ignoring of alternative hypotheses are pointed out., Polisförhören med barnet genomfördes på extremt undermåliga sätt, t ex med flera närvarande bl a förälder som tilläts upprepat att yttra sig, även i barnets hem, icke beaktande av sanningsfrågan, ensidig strategi, undermåliga frågetekniker, upprepade mutor, upprepat tvång gentemot barnet och övergreppsartat genomförande. Åklagare och polis satte sig i detta fall i knät på ena parten i en familjedynamisk konflikt - åsidosättande av objektivitetskravet. En psykolog missbrukade psykologi.

Based upon the author´s field experience as an expert witness cognitive biases in investigations and decisions are discussed., This paper was presented at The 13th European Congress of Psychology, Stockholm, Sweden, July 9-12, 2013. Handout 5 pages.

This module contains a set of tools that bring together key concepts to evaluate and assess nontechnical skills, including the cognitive psychology of medical decision making. They focus on the important but often overlooked concepts of leadership, teamwork, communication, resource utilization, situation awareness, and decision making. They also incorporate cognitive errors, or thought process traps that occur despite adequate clinical knowledge and availability of information. Because the categories of non-technical and cognitive skills apply ubiquitously across medical specialties, these tools may be used by any discipline, but are particularly suited to acute critical care encounters. The tools may be used following simulated or real clinical encounters. At the University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, simulation sessions are typically about 20 minutes in length, and about ten minutes are required for both faculty and residents to complete these surveys in a thoughtful manner. Following the completion of these surveys is a 45-minute debriefing session, during which residents and faculty discuss performance, allowing for discussion of any items on these surveys as well. The surveys are generally self-explanatory, and do not require special training. The impact of this tool to assess resident insight into strengths and weaknesses, and to assess impact of the use of the tool on resident-driven learning is currently being studied. Residents are randomized to either use this tool or not, and then to self-identify areas for further learning or practice improvement, based upon performance during a simulated emergency session. Preliminary data reveals that residents who use the Non-Technical and Cognitive Skills Tools as a self-reflection technique identify more nontechnical skills as areas for practice improvement, compared with residents who do not use the tool. We are also evaluating whether residents in fact seek information about those self-identified areas during their debriefing sessions with faculty. This ongoing work is funded by the Foundation for Anesthesia Education and Research, and by the Society for Education in Anesthesia.

The ability to assess and correct biases in thinking is central to cognitive-behavioral therapy. Although measures of cognitive distortions exist, no measure comprehensively assesses the cognitive errors that are typically cited in the literature. The development and initial validation of the Cognitive Distortions Scale (CDS), a questionnaire that measures the tendency to make 10 cognitive distortions (e.g., mindreading, catastrophizing, all-or-nothing thinking) as they occur in interpersonal and achievement domains, is described. Across two studies, undergraduate students (n = 318) completed the CDS and other clinically relevant measures. The CDS and its two subscales appear to exhibit good psychometric properties; however, a factor analysis supported the use of a one-factor solution. Additional analyses suggested that some errors occur more frequently in some domains than others and that some errors may have more clinical significance than others. Notwithstanding issues inherent in measuring cognitive errors, and study limitations, the CDS appears to be a promising new measure of cognitive distortion, with good research and clinical potential.

Syftet är att kritiskt granska en umgängesutredning med mängder av metod- och tankefel samt med extrema och kränkande kontrollbeteenden gentemot ett barn. Metod- och tankefel specificeras. BBIC-begrepp används på osakligt sätt. Umgängesutredningens tillvägagångssätt aktualiserar frågan om hur långt socialtjänsten i ett demokratiskt rättssamhälle kan gå vad gäller icke motiverad kontroll., The purpose is to critically examine a child custody investigation with a large amount of errors in investigative methods and many cognitive biases and extreme control behaviors from the social services. The errors are specified.

The purpose of this paper is to point out some much neglected factors in investigative communication with children. Results from 16 small scale studies are summarized.