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Social networking is virtual areas where individuals can create their virtual profiles and make friends with common interests. With the integration of social media into individuals’ everyday lives, it has the potential to affect many parts of human behavior. The purpose of the present study was to investigate mediating role of perceived social support in the relationship between social competences with virtual social networks addiction in students. This was descriptive-correlation research. The statistical population was female students in Karaj in year 2023. A sample of 400 students were selected with convenience method. Data collection tools include the social networking addiction scale of Griffiths, social competence questionnaire of Gómez-Ortiz, et al. and social support scale of Zimet, et al. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and structural equations modeling. The results showed significant direct effect of social competence and social support on virtual social networks addiction. Also, the results showed that perceived social support had a mediating role in relationship between social competences with virtual social networks addiction. Based on the results of this research, it is suggested that the relationship between these variables should be taken into consideration in interventions to social networks addiction.

Background: Adherence to treatment as a public health issue is critical in the treatment of chronic illnesses. therapies Studies have reported on the effect of acceptance and commitment therapy to improvement adherence to treatment, also, motivational interviewing by empowering effect on this behavior. However, compares the effect these in women with breast cancer has been overlooked. Aims: the aim of this syudy is to compare the efficacy of acceptance and commitment therapy & motivational interviewing on adherence to treatment in women with breast cancer. Methods: Research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test, post- test, three-month follow-up with control group. The statistical population consist of all patients (30-50) suffering from breast cancer and applied to Firoozgar Hospital located in Tehran City in 1401 years and operate by mastectomy surgery. Sampling method was Convenience Sampling. 45 available patients selected (fifteen in each experimental group) and replaced randomly in experimental group1 (acceptance and commitment therapy) and experimental group2 (motivational interviewing). Fifteen other patients placed in control group and did not receive any training. The adherence to treatment Inventory (Modanloo, 2013) was administered pre-test, post-test and follow-up. Packages were the training packages were ACT package (Dall et al, 2017) and motivational interviewing package (Miller & Rollnick, 2012). Both applied on experimental groups (sixty minutes each session) weekly and the control group did not receive any training. The data analyzed by mixed analysis variance. Results: Results showed that both of ACT & motivational interviewing were affected the same on increasing to adherence to treatment (p

Background: The covid-19 causes a lot of distress in patients due to its prevalence and the uncertainty of the treatment result, which may even cause a person to experience trauma. Several studies have shown the role of coping styles and self-esteem in recovery from illness. However, there was a research gap in the study of the mediating role of self-esteem in the relationship between coping styles and post-traumatic growth in patients with corona. Aims: The aim is to prediction post-traumatic growth based on coping styles with mediated by self-esteem in recovered corona patients. Methods: The procedure of this research was descriptive and correlation. The statistical population of this study were all recovered patients with corona disease in Sari city in the second half of 2022. We selected 250 patients (18-55 years) based on Green formula. Method of sampling was convenience. The instruments of this study were post-traumatic growth questionnaire of Tedeschi & Calhoun (1996), self-esteem Cooper Smith test (1967), coping styles Parker & Endler (1990). The collective data was analyzed by structural equation modeling and path analysis. Results: The results show that there ara positive and significant relationship between problem-focused coping style, negative and significant relationship between emotion-focused and avoidant- focused styles and post-traumatic growth in recovered corona patients. Also the data showed that self-esteem mediates the relationship between coping styles and post-traumatic growth positive significantly in recovered corona patients (p

This investigation aimed to determine the efficacy of neurofeedback intervention on stress and anxiety symptoms in migraine patients. The research method was quasi-experimental and descriptive, with a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up design, as well as experimental and control groups. The statistical cohort included all migraine patients who consulted psychological clinics in Tehran in 2018 and 2019. Thirty patients with scores one standard deviation above the mean were selected by convenience sampling and randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups from different institutions in Tehran province. Participants completed the Stress Resources and Stress Symptoms Questionnaire (SRSSQ) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI for the pre-test, post-test, and follow-up. After 20 sessions of neurofeedback, the present study’s data were analyzed using the mixed design analysis of variance method and BioGraph Infiniti version 6 software. At the 0.01 significance level, it reduced physical symptoms (P

Background: Body image refers to how an individual sees their own body and how attractive they feel themselves. Studies have reported on the effect of mindfulness training to improvement body image, also, self-care by empowering effect on this behavior. However, compares the effect these trainings in women with breast cancer has been overlooked. Aims: the aim of this syudy to compare the efficacy of mindfulness training & self-care training on body image in women with breast cancer. Methods: Research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test, post- test, three-month follow-up with control group. The statistical population consist of all patients (30-50) suffering from breast cancer and applied to cancer research center Taleqani Hospital located in Tehran City in 1400 years and operate by mastectomy surgery. Sampling method was Convenience Sampling. 45 available patients selected (fifteen in each experimental group) and replaced randomly in experimental group1 (mindfulness training) and experimental group2 (self-care training). Fifteen other patients placed in control group and did not receive any training. The body image Inventory (Fisher, 1970) was administered pre-test, post-test and follow-up. The training packages were mindfulness training package (cabatzin, 2015) and self-care training package (Clark ET all, 2014). Both traininges applied on experimental groups (ninety minutes each session) weekly and the control group did not receive any training. The data analyzed by mixed analysis variance. Results: Results showed that both of mindfulness training & self-care training were affected the same on increasing to body image (p

The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and importance of life skills components in social studies textbooks. The research method is content analysis and the units of analysis were sentences and images. The statistical population was all the textbooks of social education in the elementary school in 2021, in which the whole society was considered as a sample. The research tool is a researcher-made checklist and data was analyzed via MAXQDA software. After determining the frequency of indicators, for the comparing the frequencies, Chi-square and Shannon's Entropy method was used. The results revealed that the highest frequency of the life skills components observed in the sixth grade with 1048 cases, the second rank belongs to the fifth grade with 908 cases, and the last rank belongs to the fourth grade with 401 items. The results of chi-square test confirmed the significant differences in frequencies. Also, the results of Shannon's Entropy analysis indicated that the highest coefficient of importance is related to the component of creative thinking and the lowest is related to self-awareness. Overall, the findings have useful implications for designing school-based interventions in teaching life skills.

Background: Self-efficacy and resilience are among the most important concepts related to psychological capital that consists of various dimensions and considering the multidimensional nature of peace education, examining its impact on increasing self-efficacy and resilience is the main issue of the present study. Aims: The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of peace education on self-efficacy and resilience of junior high school students. Methods: The present study was conducted as a quasi-experimental method with a pretest-posttest design and considering three experimental and control groups with a two-month follow-up. The statistical population of the study consists of first grade high school students in District 3 of Tehran. 60 samples were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method. The data collection tool was a psychological capital questionnaire that was used to test the two items of self-efficacy and resilience. After performing the pre-test, the experimental group received peace training in 8 sessions of 120 minutes in 8 consecutive weeks and the control group did not receive any training in this field. At the end of the experimental group, post-test and after two months, follow-up test was performed. Mixed analysis of variance in SPSS-22 software was used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that the effect of peace education on the components of self-efficacy and resiliency, is significant at the level of 0.01. Also, peace education compared to the control group has led to an increase in the mean scores of the components of self-efficacy and resiliency in the post-test and follow-up stages. Conclusion: Due to the significant effect of peace education on students' self-efficacy and resiliency, this method can be used in their academic success.

Background: Action for personal growth is a complex structure that consists of various dimensions and due to the multidimensional nature of peace education, examining its impact on increasing action for personal growth is the main issue of the present study that no research has been done in this field. Aims: The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of peace education on the Personal Growth Initiative of junior middle school students. Methods: The method of the present study was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. To conduct the research, among all the male middle school students in District 3 of Tehran who were studying in the academic year 2009-2010; 60 people were selected as a sample through multi-stage random sampling and They were randomly divided into experimental (n = 30) and control (n = 30) groups. The students in the experimental group were then trained in peace in 8 sessions of 2 hours in 8 weeks. The instrument used in the study was the Personal Growth Initiative Questionnaire (PGIQ) Which were performed in three stages of pre-test, post-test and follow-up (two months) in both experimental and control groups and were analyzed using mixed design analysis method in SPSS software. Results: In the developed model, the implementation of peace education in comparison with the control group, the components of action for personal growth were significant at the level of 0.01%.Due to the significant impact of peace education on action for students' personal growth, this method can be used in their academic success. Conclusion: Due to the significant effect of peace education on students' Personal Growth Initiative, this method can be used in their academic success.

Background: The available statistics show that the number of divorces registered in the early years of cohabitation, especially in the first five years, is higher than other years of marriage. Qualitative studies on the pathology of this issue and the development of a model to reduce its causative factors have been neglected. Aims: The aim of this study was to discover the antecedents and consequences of divorce in the first five years of married life and to develop a conceptual model of the contexts that shape it. Method: The study was conducted with a qualitative approach and data foundation method. The statistical population included all divorced couples in the first five years of living together in Tehran and Shiraz in 1398. 19 people were selected from the statistical population in a targeted manner. Participants were interviewed with in-depth semi-structured interviews, and the data were analyzed in accordance with the systematic approach of Strauss and Corbin in a regular and continuous process. Results: Finally, from the analysis and the conceptual model of the research, it can be concluded that divorce in the first years of family life is the result of individual, marital and family and socio-cultural weaknesses of the couple. Conclusions: Therefore, it is necessary for preventive programs in the field of community health to focus on education, skills training and reduction of individual and marital deficits for people about to get married and couples in the early years of married life.

Background: Previous studies have investigated the effect of songwriting on depression in depressed individuals. But there is a research gap around the study of the effect that the poetry play has on the self-esteem and hope of depressed people. Aims: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of poetry play on the self-esteem and hope of dysthymic depressed individuals. Method: This was a quasi-experimental study with pre-test, post-test design with control group. The statistical population included all depressed patients referring to Arman Shayan Specialized Rehabilitation Center in 2019. Twenty-four depressed individuals were selected by purposive sampling and were randomly assigned into two groups of 12 experimental and control groups. Research instruments include: Lutz's Psychological Capital Scale (2007), Coprassimental Self-esteem Questionnaire (1967), and Researcher-Made Poetry Sessions (1398). Multivariate analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. Results: The genre of poetry had a significant effect on self-esteem and hope components (p< 0/05). The effect of treatment in the follow-up ward was also lasting (p< 0/05). Conclusions: Poetry play had an effect on improving self-esteem and hope components of depressed patients.

Background: There is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, neurofeedback and drug therapy in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. But can working memory training affect these children's attention? Aims: The efficacy of working memory training was to increase the attention of children with attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder. Method: This study was a quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design with control group. The statistical population consisted of all male students in the third grade of primary school who referred to the belief center. Forty third grade male students were voluntarily recruited from the faith center as a sample. They were randomly divided into two equal groups of experimental and control (20 persons). Data were analyzed using t-student tests. Research tools are: Clinical Interview: (Lazak, 2004). SNAP-IV Grading Scale, Swanson (1980) Conners Parent Questionnaire (Revised Form) (1999) Working Memory Training Software (Khodadadi, 2014). Results: Working memory training significantly increased the attention of children with attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder (P

Background: Feeling lonely can cause depression in the elderly. But the key question is, does therapeutic well-being affect the feeling of loneliness and cognitive emotion regulation in elderly people with non-clinical depression? Aims: The efficacy of therapeutic well-being was on the feeling of loneliness and cognitive emotion regulation in elderly patients with non-clinical depression. Method: This research was a quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test with control group. The statistical population of the study included all elderly (male and female) aged 65 to 85 years living in Nashat nursing home in Mashhad. Thirty individuals were selected by simple random sampling method and were randomly assigned into two groups of 15 experimental and control groups. Research instruments included Russell's Loneliness Questionnaire (1996), Garnefsky's Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, Craig & Spinhaun's (2001), Yasavig's Elderly Depression Questionnaire (1993), and the eight-session Therapeutic Well-being Protocol (Cook Ern & Clich 2017). Results were analyzed by ANOVA. Results: The results showed that well-being therapy had a significant effect on loneliness and cognitive emotion regulation (P

Background: Depression is a common behavioral disorder that presents many emotional problems for people with depression. The main question is: Does the poetry play affect the depression and psychological capital of the dysthymic depressed people? Aims: To evaluate the effectiveness of composing poetry on self-esteem and investing a psychological support for a systemic. Method: This was a quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test with control group. The statistical population of the study included all depressed patients referred to Arman Shayan Specialized Rehabilitation Center in 1398. Twenty-four sample groups, including 24 individuals, were selected from the community and were randomly assigned into two groups (12 individuals 10 women and two men) of experimental and control groups. The instruments are the Lovebound and Lovebound Depression Questionnaire (1995); the Lutz Psychological Capital Questionnaire (2007). Questionnaires were administered to the two pre-test groups, and then to the experimental group, but the control group did not receive any intervention. The data were analyzed by ANOVA. Results: The results showed that poetry play had a significant effect on depression and psychological capital (p

Background: Research has shown the effectiveness of different types of skill and thinking games individually on improving reading skills in children with reading disorders, but is the combination of skill and thinking games effective in learning children with reading disorders? Aims: Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of LEGO skill-mental game on the amount of learning in children with reading disabilities. Method: The research method was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest design with control group. The statistical society included all 3rd grade elementary school children with a learning disorder in reading and writing in Tehran. 50 children were selected through available sampling. Then, 30 children with high levels of learning disabilities were selected randomly and replaced in two groups of 15 people (one experimental group and one control group).Each of the children in the experimental group received 12 sessions of Lego's intellectual-linguistic training with a phonological awareness group, once a week for 60 minutes. The research instrument consisted of Reading and Dyslexic Test. Data were analyzed by MANOVA analysis in SPSS software. Results: The results showed that the learning level of children with reading disorder in the experimental group (Lego skill-intellectual game) increased compared to the control group in the post-test phase. Conclusions: The results of this study showed the use of the Lego game can improving the analysis and problem solving power and social relationships as a new learning system improved the learning of children with learning disabilities.

Background: Research has shown the effectiveness of games on various variables such as social abilities, communication, and reducing isolation in children with learning disabilities. But the effectiveness of Lego's skill-thinking game on parent-child interaction tension remains neglected. Aims: Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of Hand-Thinking Playing LEGO on stress parent-child interaction in children with learning disabilities. Method: The research method was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest design with control group. the statistical society included all 3rd grade elementary school children with a learning disorder in reading and writing in Tehran. 50 children were selected through available sampling. then, 30 children with high levels of stress parent-child interaction were selected randomly and replaced in two groups of 15 people (one experimental group and one control group). each of the children in the experimental group received 12 sessions of Hand-Thinking Playing LEGO (Story Starter) by Lego Educational Group (2014) with a phonological awareness, once a week for 60 minutes. The research instrument consisted of, Parental Stress Index (PSI) by Abidin (1990). Results: Data were analyzed by ANCOVA analysis. Findings showed that lego skill-intellectual play had a significant effect with 95% confidence Interval on the level of stress parent-child interaction in terms of parents (P

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the short-term pattern of Spiritually Multidimensional Psychotherapy (SMP) on increasing psychological well-being of patients with depression syndrome. This study was semi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design and a control group. The Statistical population of the study was 48 people, the depressed patients referring to the counseling center of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences and the Religious Counseling Center of Holy Shrine. According to Morgan's table, 40 patients (n=25 women, n=15 men) were selected through availability sampling and randomly placed into exprimental and control groups. The questionnail used in this study was Ryff psychological well being (1989). The exprimental group received 12 one-half-hour sessions of psychotherapy .The results of covariance analysis showed that there was a significant increase in psychological well-being component after intervention(P

Background: Dependency on virtual social networks is associated with negative psychological and non-psychological consequences but can the combination of cognitive-behavioral therapy and meta-cognitive training have an effective role in reducing this dependency? Aims: The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of a combination of cognitive-behavioral therapy and meta-cognitive training in reducing virtual social networks dependency. Method: The research design is quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest and control group. Data gathering tool is Virtual Social Networking Dependency Questionnaire (Sadeghzadeh et al., 2018). Among the students with high scores on social networks dependency which have been chosen by convenience sampling, 30 volunteers were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group received twelve training sessions based on a researcher-made protocol (2018). Results: The results of statistical analysis showed that the experimental group had lower mean scores on the social network dependency scale in compare with the control group. This result was significant at alpha level of 0/05. Conclusions: it can be said that our protocol was recognized effective and it can be helpful for counselors, parents and educational policymakers to reduce student's virtual social networks dependency.

Background: There is a great deal of research into the effectiveness of various therapies. But which of these two therapies is more effective? Aims: This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of reality therapy and cognitive therapy (based on Mindfulness) the emotional maturity adolescents. Method: The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test, post-test and follow-up design. The statistical population consisted of all female secondary school students in district one of Tehran's education region. In this study, 45 students whose score was 1.5 standard deviation lower than the normative group were selected and selected. assigned to three groups of reality therapy, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy-awareness and control. Experimental groups individually participated in 8 90-minute sessions of Reality Therapy Excerpted from William Glaser's Reality Therapy Book (2013) and Mindfulness-Based Therapy Cognition from Rebecca Crane's (2009) Mindfulness-Based Therapy Therapy They did. The instrument of this study was Emotional Maturity of Yashivar Singh and Mahish Bahargawa (1974) and analyzed using covariance analysis method. Results: Reality therapy training had a significant effect on adolescents' emotional maturity with effect size (0/809) (f= 114/417, p0/05). Conclusions: The adolescents in both groups showed a better level of emotional maturity and both groups were equally effective in this regard.

Background: one of the disabling neurological disorders is MS.chornic process ,not having definitive treatment and engaging aperson at a yaung age causes many mental disorders in the patient.Among which are anxiety,depression and stress are all more prevalent. And affects on quality of life in this patients. Aims: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of stress management training Based on cognitive_behavioral model on quality of life. Method: The samples of this research was 30 persons, who had MS and randomly divided into experimental and control groups. All of the sample groups completed quality of life questionair .then Stress management training was conducted during 10 sessions in experimental Group; based on Sara MC Namara `s program; while the control group did not receive any training. Subsequently, after intervention,and 6 months later, all variables were re-examined Data are collected using mixed analysis of variance. Results: Finding showed that stress management training based on cognitive _ behavioral model, enhanced the quality of life in MS patients (p

Background: Domestic violence is a social problem that can lead to many physical and mental consequences. Aims The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of supportive group reality therapy on the hope and responsibility of divorced women of victim of domestic violence. Method: The research method is semi-experimental with pre-test-post-test design with control group. The sample consists of 30 divorced women who have been subjected to domestic violence. The instruments used were two questionnaires: Schneider's Hope Questionnaire, and California's Personality Questionnaire's Responsibility Scale. After selecting the groups, the pre-test was used for the primary control, after which the experimental group was exposed to education (training sessions were based on Glaser's theory of supportive group therapy), the independent variable in 10 sessions of 80 minutes to the group The test was presented, but no training was provided for the control group. To analyze the results of this research, descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used. At the inferential level of the research data, the covariance analysis test was used to test the research hypotheses. Results: The results of the data analysis indicated that support for group therapy therapy with a reality therapy approach is effective in increasing the hope of future and accountability of the divorced women victims of domestic violence(p

Background: The purpose of this study was to compare cognitive behavioral therapy with mindfulness on well-being in patients with type 2 diabetes. Aims: The research was semi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design of three groups. Method: The statistical population included all patients with type 2 diabetes and a member of the Charity Association for the Support of Diabetic Patients in Tehran in 2018. Among them, 60 were randomly selected and after the initial pre-test of Riff psychological well-being (1989), 48 subjects with the lowest score of psychological well-being were selected and randomly divided into three groups (two experimental and one Control group) were replaced. Data were analyzed by covariance analysis and Bonferroni post hoc test. Results: The findings showed that both cognitive-behavioral interventions (p

Background: Chronic renal disease is highly associated with reduced quality of life and hope has an important role in improving the quality of life of dialysis patients. The study aimed to examine the mediating role of hope on the relationship between neuroticism and extraversion factors and quality of life in dialysis patients. Method: In a correlative study, 100 dialysis patients from Qom hospitals were selected by cluster random sampling and participants completed quality of life, Snyder hope scale and NEO personality inventory. Data were analyzed by using a Structural Equation Modeling. Results: The structural equation model revealed that hope has mediating role in relationship between neuroticism and extraversion factors and quality of life in dialysis patients. This means that neuroticism has negative indirect effect and extraversion has positive indirect effect due to hope on quality of life. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, neuroticism and extraversion factors play an important role in the hope of dialysis patients that have an impact on the quality of life for dialysis patients.

Objective: This study aimed to predict coping strategies based on the characteristics of the stimulants-dependent people. Method: The research method was correlational. The population consisted of all stimulant-dependent individuals (n=402) that consecutively admitted to addiction centers of Tehran over the last year and had a drug dependence diagnosis. By systematic sampling, 201 subjects were selected of this population. The NEO personality inventory (NEO-FFI short form) and Lazarus-Folkman’s coping strategies (WCQ-short form) questionnaires administered among selected sample. Results: The results showed that there is a positive correlation between the personality dimension of neuroticism and coping strategies of avoidance, disengagement, and a negative one with continence. There is a positive correlation between the personality dimension of extroversion and avoidance, seeking social support and a negative one with (assuming) responsibility. Also there is a positive correlation between the personality dimension of compatibility with restraint coping strategies and seeking social support. Conscientiousness personality dimension did not predict any coping strategies in stimulus-dependent patients. Conclusion: Personality traits can predict coping strategies in stimulus-dependent individuals. For the treatment of addicted patients paying attention to evaluation of the patients’ characteristics is suggested.

Background and Objective: Recent studies show that depressed people have an attention bias to negative stimuli. Therefore, the present study was carried out to compare attention bias in depressed and normal people. Method: The present research was an analysis study with a causal- comparative method. The statistical population included all the depressed individuals who had referred to a psychological clinic in Tehran. Using convenience sampling method and carrying out the Beck Depression Inventory as well as the unstructured interview with DSMIV criteria, 30 depressed individuals (cut-off point 21 and higher) were selected as the patient group, and then were compared to 30 normal people, as the control group, in terms of sex, age, marriage status, and education levels as compare group. Finally, the computer-based neurological test of Dot- Probe (emotional faces stimuli) was performed on the subjects of both groups. Results: The data were analyzed using t-test to examine the extent of matching between the two groups, and the multivariate analysis of covariance (MANOVA) was applied to study attention bias in the two groups. The results showed that there was a difference of time speed between the two groups; i.e. the depressed group acted slower in responding to incongruent stimuli. However, there was no significant difference in accuracy of the responds. Conclusion: The findings imply the role of depression severity in exacerbating attention bias in depressed people, and also the necessity to apply treatment methods or to use attention bias modification in depressed individuals

Introduction: The purpose of this study was comparing of resiliency, identity styles, spirituality, and perceived social support in addicts, non-addicts, and recovered addicts. Method: In this causal-comparative study, by available sampling, 30 addicts, 30 non-addicts, and 30 recovered addicts were selected of adolescents. All participants completed the resiliency, identity styles, spirituality, and perceived social support questionnaires. Results: The results of comparing of identity styles indicated that on informational and normative styles, non-addicts had significantly higher scores than addicts and recovered addicts. On avoidant/disoriented style, non addicts had significantly lower levels than two other addict groups. The results of comparing of resiliency showed that non-addicts had significantly higher scores than two other groups. Also recovered addicts were significantly more resilient than addicts. In comparing of spirituality component, non addicts and recovered addicts had significantly higher scores than addicts. By Comparing of perceived social support, non-addicts and recovered addicts had significantly higher levels than addicts. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, participating in NA groups and perception of social support increased the resiliency of recovered addicts. Also, identity is relatively consistent component that by participating in treatment process, does not change significantly.

Objective: The study has been conducted to compare the instruction effects of inductive thinking strategy with the traditional teaching approach on school achievement of students with mental retardation. Method: A quasi-experimental design with pre-test post-test plan with control group has been adapted. A sample of 60 subjects were randomly selected from the population of the fifth- grader students of Hamedan special education schools, A representative sample was randomly assigned into two experimental groups and two control groups. (Each included 15 male and 15 female subjects.) Prior to the research phase both groups received a pre-test. Designed for a science course, the experimental group was assigned under the inductive thinking instruction technique and was instructed by well trained teachers for a period of four months. The number of sessions summed up to at least 24 thirty-minute sessions in a Learning Disability Center in Hamedan. Meanwhile, the control group (males and females) received their instructions in a traditionally presented technique of teacher- Student interactions. Results and recommendations: The school performances of both groups were evaluated by a post-test. The findings showed that the amount of the achievement of the students who received the inductive thinking instructions was far higher than the students who took the same science course by the traditional approach.