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The clear decline in the practice of physical activity (PA) in contemporary society has well-documented problematic consequences in public health. It has led to a clear investment of research efforts in the attempt to identify the psychological constructs associated with health behaviors such as PA, in particular, the motivation that leads people to adopt these behaviors. In this context, the objective of the present study is to present a suggestion of a Portuguese version of the Physical Activity and Leisure Motivation Scale (PALMS), denominated PALMS-p. This instrument evaluates the reasons for the practice of PA. The psychometric qualities of the instrument were evaluated in a sample of 234 participants (86 males, 148 females) who practiced different PA in a recreational context. Confirmatory factorial analysis confirmed the factorial robustness of the PALMS-p (&chi, 2/df = 2.010 comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.950, goodness of fit index (GFI) = 0.855, Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) = 0.939 root-mean-square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.021, P(RMSEA &le, 0.05) &lt, 0.001), and the results show that this version presents good internal consistency. The present study corroborates the fidelity and validity of PALMS-p as a motivation measure for the practice of PA in the Portuguese population.

ResumenEl propósito del presente estudio fue descubrir las rela­ciones entre los comportamientos del entrenador percibi­dos por los deportistas durante el entrenamiento y la competición y la cooperación a través de la red baye­siana. Los deportistas masculinos profesionales de varios deportes de equipo (N = 158) completaron la versión portuguesa de la Escala de Liderazgo para el Deporte y el Cuestionario de Cooperación Deportiva para evaluar la cooperación. Se identificaron relaciones entre los comportamientos percibidos del entrenador en entornos de entrenamiento y competición y la tendencia de los atletas a cooperar. En general, los hallazgos apoyan que, en el deporte, los comportamientos del entrenador con­gruentes con las necesidades individuales de los atletas y adaptados a las demandas situacionales pueden promo­ver el comportamiento prosocial. AbstractThe purpose of the present study was to discover the relationships between athletes’ perceived coach behaviors during training and competition, and cooperation via Bayesian network (BN). Professional male atheletes from several team sports (N = 158) completed the Portuguese version of the Leadership Scale for Sport and the Questionário de Cooperação Desportiva to assess cooperation. Relationships were identified between perceived coach behaviors in training and competition environments and with athletes tendency to cooperate. Overall, the findings support that in sports, coaching behaviours congruent with the athletes’ individual needs and adapted to the situational demands may promote prosocial behaviour.

This study attempts to analyze the relationship between two key psychological variables associated with performance in sports - Self-Determined Motivation and Competitive Anxiety - through Bayesian Networks (BN) analysis. We analyzed 674 university students that are athletes from 44 universities that competed at the University Games in Mexico, with an average age of 21 years (SD = 2.07) and with a mean of 8.61 years' (SD = 5.15) experience in sports. Methods: Regarding the data analysis, firstly, classification using the CHAID algorithm was carried out to determine the dependence links between variables; Secondly, a BN was developed to reduce the uncertainty in the relationships between the two key psychological variables. The validation of the BN revealed AUC values ranging from 0.5 to 0.92. Subsequently, various instantiations were performed with hypothetical values applied to the "bottom" variables. Results showed two probability trees that have extrinsic motivation and amotivation at the top, while the anxiety/activation due to worries about performance was at the bottom of the probabilities. The instantiations carried out support the existence of these probabilistic relationships, demonstrating their scarce influence on anxiety about competition generated by the intrinsic motivation, and the complex probabilistic effect of introjected and identified regulation regarding the appearance of anxiety due to worry about performance. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

In team sports, athletes' goals may focus on the task (enhancing performance, developing better skills, etc.) or on ego (being better than the others, achieving superiority, etc.). This study investigated the relationships between athletes' goal orientation and their tendency to cooperate with teammates and coaches. 158 professional men ( M age = 24.1 yr., SD = 4.6) who played on various sport teams participated in this study. Goal orientation was measured with the Portuguese version of the Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire, and cooperation was measured with the Questionário de Cooperação Desportiva. Cooperation was positively correlated with task orientation, and negatively correlated with ego orientation. Overall, the findings support that in sports, directing the players' focus on task may promote prosocial behavior.

O principal objectivo do presente artigo é apresentar uma sugestão de versão portuguesa do Questionário de Cooperação Desportiva (Garcia-Mas et al., 2006). Este instrumento avalia o grau de cooperação numa situação desportiva, baseada na interacção interpessoal e na busca dos objectivos por parte dos jogadores relativamente aos objectivos da equipa, do treinador e dos seus companheiros. As qualidades psicométricas do instrumento foram avaliadas numa amostra de 127 atletas praticantes de futebol. A análise factorial confirmatória original revelou que os dados obtidos com a versão portuguesa não apresentam uma total sobreposição aos obtidos com a versão espanhola. Assim, adoptando uma estratégia exploratória e tendo em conta a dupla fonte de cooperação (disposicional e situacional), propôs-se uma forma de melhorar a validade de constructo do questionário através de uma nova estrutura factorial e da eliminação de alguns itens. A versão final do QCD-p é composta por 12 itens distribuídos por dois factores disposicionais (Cooperação Condicionada e Cooperação Incondicionada) e um factor situacional (Cooperação com o Treinador). ABSTRACT: The main objective of this study is to present a proposal for the Portuguese version of the “Cuestionário de Cooperación Deportiva” (Garcia-Mas, 2006). This instrument assesses the degree of cooperation in a sportive situation, based on interpersonal interaction and the pursuit of objectives by the players on the objectives of the team, the coach and the companions. The psychometric properties of the instrument were evaluated in a sample of 127 soccer athletes. Confirmatory factor analysis of the original factorial structure revealed that the data in the Portuguese sample did not exactly match the structure obtained in the Spanish version. Thus, adopting an exploratory strategy and taking into account the dual source of cooperation (dispositional and situational), we proposed a way to improve the construct validity of the questionnaire through a new factorial structure and by the deletion of some items. The final version of the QCD-p consists of 12 items distributed by two dispositional factors (Conditional Cooperation and Cooperation Unconditional) and a situational factor (Cooperation with the Coach).