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Vocabulary is an integral aspect when learning a foreign language. The issue discussed in this research includes learning new vocabularies by Japanese language learners who are competent and the relevance of vocabulary-learning strategy by Oxford (1990) to foreign language learners' current condition. This research aims to elaborate on the relevant vocabulary-learning strategy for foreign learners of the Japanese language. The research methodology is qualitative, with semi-structured interviews by adopting the questionnaire by Saengpakdeejit (2014). The vocabulary-learning strategy is classified based on the taxonomy of vocabulary learning strategy by Oxford (1990), Schmitt (1997), and Churches (2009). The result shows that Japanese language learners who are competent apply the vocabulary learning strategy, as Oxford (1990) stated. The dominant strategy used by the participants is a cognitive strategy, which allows new vocabularies to be stored in the participant's memory. Furthermore, information related to new vocabularies needs to be stored in the participant's memory using vocabularies. Besides, a competent Japanese language learner can use the learning resources, printed materials, and digital application to improve the vocabularies.

The mastery of vocabulary is important and it is a fundamental requirement that influences students’ achievement in studying English. However, during the pre-observation, most of students still have a problem with vocabulary mastery. They are difficult to join the lesson well in the classroom, although the teacher explains the material clearly, this seems because they lack of vocabulary. This article aimed to find out whether the selected game i.e., “Colour Me Colours” can improve the students’ vocabulary mastery at the Second-grade of SMP YP PGRI 4 Makassar. This pre-experimental involves one pre-test and post-test group with four meetings of treatment between it. The data was collected through vocabulary tests to find out students’ scores. Derived from the data analyzed, “Colour Me Colours” game can improve the students’ vocabulary mastery. The students’ scores had a significant different score in pre-test and post-test. The result of the pre-test (49) was low than post-test (90,66). This result highlighted significant findings that most students were more active and interested in learning vocabulary by using “Colour Me Colours” game.

The research in this article aims to develop a picture book based on visual thinking strategies for thematic learning in elementary schools. This is specifically intended to test the feasibility of the media developed in aspects of 1) material, 2) media, 3) teacher response, and 4) student response. This research is categorized as research and development. Research subjects for limited trials were teachers and third-grade students of SD Muhammadiyah 16 Karangasem consisting of 2 teachers and 9 students. The type of research is qualitative evaluative. The data were obtained from the validation assessment of material experts, media experts, teachers, and students' responses. The data analysis technique was conducted through flow and constant comparison methods. Based on the results, the assessments of the media developed are 1) material experts earned a score of 62 with suitable category, 2) media experts obtained a score of 45 with suitable category, 3) teacher responses scored 44 with very suitable category, and 4) student responses gained a score of 14.1 with very suitable category. To conclude, the picture book based on visual thinking strategies is suitable for learning media in elementary schools. Penelitian dalam artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan buku bergambar berbasis strategi berpikir visual untuk pembelajaran tematik di sekolah dasar . Hal ini secara khusus dimaksudkan untuk menguji kelayakan media yang dikembangkan pada aspek 1) materi, 2) media, 3) respon guru, dan 4) respon siswa. Penelitian ini dikategorikan sebagai penelitian dan pengembangan . Subjek penelitian pada penelitian terbatas ini adalah guru-guru dan siswa kelas tiga di SD Muhammadiyah 16 Karangasem yang terdiri dari 2 guru dan 9 siswa. Data diperoleh dari penilaian validasi ahli materi, ahli media, guru, dan tanggapan siswa. Teknik analisis data dilakukan dengan metode perbandingan aliran dan konstan. Berdasarkan hasil penilaian terhadap media yang dikembangkan adalah 1) ahli materi memperoleh skor 62 dengan kategori sesuai, 2) ahli media memperoleh skor 45 dengan kategori sesuai, 3) tanggapan guru memperoleh skor 44 dengan kategori sangat sesuai, dan 4) Respon siswa memperoleh skor 14,1 dengan kategori sangat sesuai. Kesimpulannya, buku bergambar berbasis strategi berpikir visual cocok untuk media pembelajaran di sekolah awal.

This research aimed at exploring students’ interest and knowledge in blended learning context at English Education Department in Universitas Lancang Kuning (Unilak). This descriptive quantitative research involved 27 out of 135 students as the samples as they are part of a class that uses blended learning actively through their entire semester. These 27 students were selected by using random sampling technique from fourth, sixth, and eight semester in regular class. The questionnaire used as the main instrument to collect the data. The data analyzed descriptively in term of mean and standard deviation then interpreted descriptively. The result of the findings revealed that the majority of students’ have High level of students’ interest and knowledge in blended learning context. It was probed by their mean score, interest students’ score 3.71 and the students’ knowledge score 3.67. The standard deviation to interest was 6,83 and knowledge was 5.28. This is means that the blended learning which employed during these 2 years seems in a high interest and knowledge level among the students at English Language Education Department.

Kanji learning is considered to be a hard job when it comes to learning Japanese. However, studies on kanji learning strategies are uncommon in Japanese language academia in Vietnam. In other countries, many research models on kanji learning strategy use and effectiveness were developed. With regard to language context in Vietnam, this paper reports an investigation on the relationship between strategy use and effectiveness, and learners’ perceived effectiveness of kanji learning strategy. Data collected from 122 learners has given some solid answers to the questions on strategy use – effectiveness relationship and perceived effectiveness of learners.

Concept Mapping (CM) is a learning strategy to organize and understand complex relationships, which are particularly characteristic of the natural science subjects. Previous research has already shown that constructing concept maps can promote students’ meaningful learning in terms of deeper knowledge and its more flexible use. While researchers generally agree that students need to practice using CM successfully for learning, key parameters of effective CM training (e.g., content, structure, and duration) remain controversial. This desideratum is taken up by our study, in which three different training approaches were evaluated: a CM training with scaffolding and feedback vs. a CM training without additional elements vs. a non-CM control training. In a quasi-experimental design, we assessed the learning outcome of N = 73 university students who each had participated in one of the trainings before. Our results suggest that an extensive CM training with scaffolding and feedback is most appropriate to promote both CM competence and acquisition of knowledge. From an educational perspective, it would therefore be advisable to accept the time-consuming process of intensive practice of CM in order to enable students to adequately use of the strategy and thus facilitate meaningful learning in terms of achieving sustained learning success.

Writing an English for EFL learner is a difficult skill because English is a foreign language. Besides that, sometimes EFL learner is confused with organizing the idea, translating the language from Indonesia to English, follow the grammatical rule, find and write the proper vocabulary. In this research focus on the students' writing difficulties in recount text, the factors which influence the students' writing difficulties in recount text, and the way of the teacher solve the students' writing difficulties. This study investigates the writing difficulties of students in SMA Kemala Bhayangkari 3 Porong. In this study, the data served as a qualitative descriptive which took the students' exercise of recount text and interviewed the subject. The result shows that there are different difficulties for each students' ability. Internal and external factors also turned out to be one of the causes of difficulties faced by students in writing recount text. The results of interviews with teachers are known that teacher’s have used metacognitive strategies as solving problems faced by students in writing skills.

The article deals with the issue of applying the communicative approach as a strategy of forming foreign language speaking competence while learning the English language. New political, socio-economic and cultural realities require increasing the role of foreign languages in Ukraine. The general strategy of foreign language teaching is determined by the needs of modern society and the level of developing linguistic, psychological, pedagogical and related sciences. The communicative approach is defined as this strategy. It defines the practical goal of foreign language teaching and learning, that is, forming and developing intercultural communicative competence.The communicative approach in foreign language studying is distinguished as a result of methodological realizing of scientific achievements in the field of linguistics, i.e. the theory of communicative linguistics, psychology, and the theory of activity, that is reflected in papers on methodology of foreign language teaching of such scholars as O. Leontiev, I. Zymnia, Yu. Passov, S. Shatilov, H. Rohova and others. The issue of the specificity of communicative phenomena is considered by M. Bovtenko, O. Bihych, L. Byrkun, V. Demiankov, Yu. Karaulov and others. The issue of intercultural communication is investigated by E. Vereshchahin, N. Liubimova, O. Mykhailova, L. Samovar and others. The problem of motivation in foreign language teaching is studied by A. Danylchenko, A. Lypkina, A. Markova, T. Matis, T. Kharchenko and others. Such researchers as J. Atkinson, I. Bekh, I. Vasyliev, D. Elkonin, O. Leontiev, L. Slavina, H. Shchukina and others claim that forming and keeping the motivation in studying are the most important aspects of modern foreign language education. The analysis of scientific references shows the lack of comprehensiveness in studying the outlined problem and the need to investigate the communicative approach to learning English.The aim of the study is to define the term “communicative approach”, to determine the new strategic directions of mastering English, and to characterize the functions of a foreign language for career prospects.It is found out that the main strategy of foreign language teaching is the communicative approach, which determines the practical purpose of foreign language studying and learning (mastering foreign language intercultural communication through forming and developing intercultural communicative competence and its components). Due to the communicative approach the process of learning a foreign language is built adequately to real speech communication, that is, the learning process is a model of speech communication that takes place in real life. The communicative approach to teaching a foreign language, adopted in the modern national methodology in accordance with the European processes of internationalization and globalization, determines the choice of goals according to which principles, content, methods, techniques, and means of teaching are defined.It is stated that the task of a foreign language teacher is to formulate accurately motivational statements for language learning (e.g. to travel without go-betweens, to solve all questions at the hotel, to choose the best service and route by yourself, to learn about culture and traditions of a foreign country, to watch films in English, to listen to English songs, to use applications and computer programs in English, etc.) and form a person who will be able to participate in intercultural communication. Developing communicative skills will help students to continue their studying, improve professionally, and work abroad that will contribute to the expansion of the international relations of our country and its entry into the educational and economic space. In further papers it is planned to propose linguistic exercises for developing communication skills for student successful professional activity.

Present study examines pedagogically the effect of blended learning activities to augment listening and speaking at tertiary level. Teachers provided content online that allowed measuring the students’ engagement, satisfaction, teacher’s role, and content and examination. Using the tools online on Blackboard®, discussion on forums and listening activities, the teacher provided the blended learning activities. The three-step strategy (3SS) framework was adopted for language learning.It provided students strategies that generated, supported and manipulated the blended learning activities for learning in the face to face sessions. The study investigates how blended learning activities motivate the engagement of students, their satisfaction, the role of the teacher, content and assessment from the students’ point of view. The study uses a population of 38 students from two sections of a listening and speaking class (control G1 n = 20 and blended G2 n = 18), a placement test, examination results and responses from a questionnaire as instruments for examining the effect of blended learning activities on the students’ engagement, satisfaction, teacher’s role, content and examination. The results using descriptive statistics demonstrate positive effects of using blended learning activities in supporting the improvement of students’ learning on listening and speaking at elementary level.e. In brief, using the evidence from the study reveals that exposing foundation year students to blended learning activities have positive effects on students’ engagement, satisfaction, teacher’s role, content and examination when learning English. The paper situated itself in the discussion of providing enriched language learning content online for supporting and measuring learning through the objective measurement of the content from the opinion of the students.

Development of affective learning strategies, value-related strategies, which are difficult to measure, with respect to the awareness arising from within each individual. Attitudes that are a reflection of the value they have, generally confront to any situation that contains conflict or problems. The process in affective formation used in the learning strategy often uses the process of modeling. Whereas in the model of affective learning strategy using model konsiderasi, cognitive development model, value clarification techniques, cognitive moral model, and non-directive model. The characteristics in learning affective field that is about the attitudes, interests, values, moral and self-concept. In addition to aspects of cognitive and psychomotor ability formation, the formation of student attitudes is not less important is to develop an attitude so that children behave according to norms prevailing in society. Advantages: 1) Emphasize the development of thinking that involves mental and positive emotions. 2) Be able to collaborate and balance between the cognitive, affective and psychomotor domains. 3) Can form the character, attitude and mental learners mature. While Weaknesses: 1) Difficult to control because of the many factors that affect the development of one's attitude. 2) Successful formation of attitudes can not be directly evaluated, and 3) Requires long habituation. The results in implementing affective sphere in PAI learning can use several ways, namely First, Receiving. Second, Responding. Third, Valuing. Fourth, Organizing. And Fifth, Charcterization by value or value complex.

The aim of this study was to develop Arabic speaking skill by implementing Content Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) model at Jakarta State University. The CLIL used in the lesson emphasized the memorization of dialogues and sentence patterns as one of the main characteristics of the audiolingual method. The research employed the mixed approach using Research and Development (R & D). The procedure of research used Borg and Gall model which has the steps; preliminary step, adevelopment step, and evaluation step.The data ware taken by observation, questionnaire, interview, documentation, and test. The research finding shows that the development of CLIL learning strategy for Arabic speaking with the material using Qur’an, Hadits, Fiqih and Tsaqofah Islamiah was an effective model for improving learning to speak Arabic. CLIL have four components that are content, cognition, communication, and culture. These are integrated with the variation of learning media.

Resumo A regulação partilhada é um elemento essencial na aprendizagem colaborativa e os trabalhos de grupo representam boas oportunidades para que o indivíduo possa desenvolver competências autorregulatórias por meio de interações com os outros. O presente estudo procurou compreender de que forma os alunos percecionam a regulação partilhada em trabalhos de grupo e como se apoiam enquanto equipa na regulação das tarefas e na resolução de problemas. Participaram do estudo 251 alunos de 3º e 4º ano do 1º ciclo do ensino básico. Os resultados mostraram que os alunos identificam facilitadores e não facilitadores na regulação partilhada da tarefa, tendo o suporte do grupo um papel relevante como facilitador. Discutem-se implicações práticas assim como as limitações do estudo. Abstract Shared regulation is an essential element in collaborative learning and group work, which provides good opportunities for students to develop self-regulation competencies through interaction with others. This study aimed to understand how students perceive shared regulation of learning during group work and how they support each other as a team in the regulation of tasks in solving problems. The data were collected from a sample of 251 participants from 3 rd and 4 th grade. Results revealed that students identified facilitators and non-facilitators in the shared regulation of tasks. Perceived support emerged as an important factor for shared regulation of tasks. Practical implications as well as limitations of the study are discussed. Résumé La régulation partagée est un élément essentiel de l’apprentissage collaboratif et le travail de groupe représente une bonne opportunité pour que l’individu puisse acquérir des compétences autorégulatrices par le biais d’interactions avec les autres. Cette étude a pour but de comprendre comment les élèves appréhendent la régulation partagée pendant le travail de groupe et comment ils s’entraident en tant qu’équipe dans la régulation des tâches et la résolution des problèmes. 251 élèves de la deuxième année du cours élémentaire et de la première année du cours moyen (CE2 et CM1) ont participé à l’étude. Les résultats ont montré que les élèves identifient des facilitateurs et des non-facilitateurs dans la règulation partagée des tâches, et que le soutien du groupe joue un rôle important comme facilitateur. Les implications pratiques aussi bien que les limitations de l’étude sont présentées. Resumen La regulación compartida es un elemento esencial en el aprendizaje colaborativo y los trabajos de grupo representan buenas oportunidades para que el individuo pueda desarrollar competencias autorregulatorias a través de interacciones con los demás. El presente estudio buscó comprender de qué forma los alumnos perciben la regulación compartida en trabajos de grupo y cómo se apoyan como equipo en la regulación de las tareas y en la resolución de problemas. Participaron del estudio 251 alumnos del 3º y 4º año del primer ciclo de la enseñanza básica. Los resultados mostraron que los alumnos identifican facilitadores y no facilitadores en la regulación compartida de la tarea, teniendo el soporte del grupo un papel relevante como facilitador. Se discuten las implicaciones prácticas, así como las limitaciones del estudio.

Language learning is a comprehensive concept encompassing numerous components and needs. Because of this, it is affected by various subjects, the most significant of which are learner personality and the language learning strategy choices of students. Taking into consideration the importance of these factors in language education, the main aim of this study is to discover the relationship of students’ personality types and their language learning strategy choices, also taking into account their language levels, in order to provide information for syllabus designers and language teachers. In order to do so, a survey design method was used, supported by the Myers Briggs Personality Test and the SILL (Strategy Inventory for Language Learning). Sixty-eight randomly selected students participated in the study. After analyzing data with SPSS 23.0, it was found that there is no significant statistical relationship between strategy choices and personality types. On the other hand, the participants showed different characteristics (most of them had ESTJ, or “extravert, sensing, thinking, judging” characteristics); furthermore, they desired to use different learning styles, the most often used of which were compensation, memory, and social strategies. This study is important in that it revealed that students can have different characteristics and learning strategies, and that these differences should be taken into consideration while planning a language course. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/sm-2018-0015

Expository Text Structure strategy addresses the informational structure of the text that provides students with a feasible way to analyze through a visual representation of the text which creates an understanding of the basic part of the expository text. This study was carried out through a quasi-experimental design or two group pre-test post-test designs to determine the effectiveness of the Expository Text Structure strategy on the reading comprehension of the students. The researchers developed a reading comprehension test to gather data and were analyzed using percentage rate, frequency count, percentage mean, and t-test for independent samples. Results revealed an increase in the result of the experimental group than the control group after the application of the intervention. Therefore, there was a difference in the reading comprehension level of the pupils in both groups. The change between pre-test and post-test scores of both groups was significantly different. Hence, the study concluded that the Expository Text Structure strategy was significantly effective in enhancing the reading comprehension skills of the students. This offers pedagogical implications such that the Expository Text strategy can be applied to increase the comprehension of the students.

To understand the development of students’ higher-order thinking skills (HOTS) in the smart classroom environment, a structural equation modeling analysis was used to examine the relationships between key factors that influence students’ learning and their HOTS within a smart classroom environment. A sample of 217 first-year Chinese college students, who studied in a smart classroom environment for one semester, completed a survey that measures their smart classroom preferences, learning motivation, learning strategy, peer interaction, and HOTS. The results indicated that peer interaction and learning motivation had a direct impact on students’ HOTS. Furthermore, indirect effects were found between students’ learning strategy and HOTS through the mediator peer interaction, and between smart classroom preferences and HOTS through the following: learning motivation, the combination of learning strategy and peer interaction, and the combination of learning motivation, learning strategy and peer interaction. Based on these findings, this study recommends that instructors teaching in a smart learning environment should focus on improving peer interaction and learning motivation, as well as smart classroom preferences and learning strategy, to hone students’ HOTS.

Generative learning theory posits that learners engage more deeply and produce better learning outcomes when they engage in selecting, organizing, and integrating processes during learning. The present experiments examine whether the generative learning activity of generating explanations can be extended to online multimedia lessons and whether prompts to engage in this generative learning activity work better than more passive instruction. Across three experiments, college students learned about greenhouse gasses from a 4-part online lesson involving captioned animations and subsequently took a posttest. After each part, learners were asked to generate an explanation (write-an-explanation), write an explanation using provided terms (write-a-focused-explanation), rewrite a provided explanation (rewrite-an-explanation), read a provided explanation (read-an-explanation), or simply move on to the next part (no-activity). Overall, students in the write-an-explanation group (Experiments 2 and 3), write-a-focused-explanation group (Experiment 2), and rewrite-an-explanation group (Experiment 3) performed significantly better on a delayed posttest than the no-activity group, but the groups did not differ significantly on an immediate posttest (Experiment 1). These results are consistent with generative learning theory and help identify generative learning strategies that improve online multimedia learning, thereby priming active learning with passive media.

Game-based learning supported by mobile intelligence technology has promoted the renewal of teaching and learning models. Herein, a model of Question-Observation-Doing-Explanation (QODE) based on smart phones was constructed and applied to science learning during school disruption in COVID-19 pandemic. In this study, from the theoretical perspective of cognitive-affective theory of learning with media, Bandura's motivation theory and community of inquiry model, self-report measure was used to verify the effect of students' scientific self-efficacy and cognitive anxiety on science engagement. A total of 357 valid questionnaires were used for structural equation model research. The results indicated that two types of scientific self-efficacy, as indicated by scientific learning ability and scientific learning behavior, were negatively associated with cognitive anxiety. In addition, cognitive anxiety was also negatively correlated to four types of science engagement, as indicated by cognitive engagement, emotional engagement, behavioral engagement, and social engagement through smartphone interactions. These findings provide further evidence for game-based learning promoted by smart phones, contributing to a deeper understanding of the associations between scientific self-efficacy, cognitive anxiety, and science engagement. This study points out that the QODE model is suitable for implementing smart mobile devices to students' science learning.

This study primarily wanted to explore students’ views and how they employ translation-related strategies to learn English. Five students from the accounting department, Universitas Negeri Malang participate in this qualitative case study. The findings showed that students consider translation has a positive contribution to their English learning. They also mentioned learning activities by using translation that can be categorized into several learning strategies. It is expected that the results of the study can raise awareness and exercise cautious use of translation as an effective learning strategy in English for the benefits of the students.Abstrak: Penelitian ini ingin mengeksplorasi pandangan siswa dan bagaimana mereka menggunakan strategi terkait terjemahan untuk belajar bahasa Inggris. Lima mahasiswa dari jurusan akuntansi, Universitas Negeri Malang berpartisipasi di studi kasus kualitatif ini. Hasil wawancara menunjukkan bahwa siswa menganggap terjemahan memiliki kontribusi positif untuk pembelajaran bahasa Inggris. Mereka juga menyebutkan beberapa kegiatan belajar yang terkait dengan penggunaan terjemahan yang dapat dikategorikan ke dalam beberapa strategi pembelajaran. Diharapkan hasil penelitian ini dapat meningkatkan kesadaran dan melatih penggunaan terjemahan secara hati-hati sebagai strategi pembelajaran bahasa Inggris yang efektif untuk kepentingan siswa.

To better understand students’ computational thinking skills (CTS) within the context of flipped-classroom instruction, a structural equation modeling analysis is employed to examine the key factors that influence student learning and students’ CTS when learning through flipped-classroom instruction. A total of 406 first-year college students responded to the survey. The results of this study show that student-to-student connectedness, learning motivation, and learning strategy have a direct impact on students’ CTS. In addition, indirect effects were found between student-to-student connectedness and CTS through learning motivation. Indirect effects were also found between learning motivation and CTS through the learning strategy in a flipped-classroom instruction situation. The findings of this research have practical implications for instructors, in that they should focus on the key factors that predict students’ computational thinking skills.

This research is carried out to investigate Indonesian EFL students’ use of self-regulated writing (SRW) strategies and to identify the SRW strategies applied, particularly by proficient students in writing. The research involved 45 students who have passed an essay writing course focusing on expository essays. Data on the students’ use of SRW strategies came from a Self-Regulated Learning Strategy Questionnaire (SRLSQ) adopted from Abadikhah et al. (2018). The students’ use of SRW strategies were categorized into six dimensions: motive , metho d, time , performance , physical environment , and social environment . Out of the total number of respondents, four proficient students were involved in a semi-structured interview. The interview was aimed at knowing the students’ use of SRW strategies in the planning, execution, and evaluation (PLEE) cyclical model of process writing. The result of the questionnaire data analysis showed that the students use all of the six dimensions of SRW strategies, with the highest mean for the social environment dimension and the lowest mean for the motive dimension. The result of the interview data analysis revealed that the proficient students also use the six dimensions of SRW strategies. Still, they dominantly apply the method , performance , and social environment dimensions of SRW strategies.

This study is aimed at verifying the finding of a study on what learning strategies applied by the students in writing text and the impact of learning strategies toward the students’ writing score. This is a qualitative descriptive study, and it is conducted at Communication Science Department of the Muhammadiyah University of Ponorogo. The instruments used to collect the data were observation, documentations, and questionnaire. After analyzing the data, it is found that the learning strategies used by the students in writing English text are metacognitive strategies, compensation strategies, cognitive strategies, affective strategies, memory strategies, and social strategies. The students use learning strategies in moderate level which means they sometimes use these learning strategies. Moreover, learning strategies influence the students’ writing score; the students who get good score use metacognitive strategies and the students who get fair score use affective strategies.

The study outlined in this article aims to describe and explain the cognitive learning strategies used by foreign students in learning the Indonesian language. The research was designed as a qualitative study. The research participants are foreign students who were learning the Indonesian language in the BIPA program. The data sources of the research were students’ behaviors that indicated the cognitive strategies they adopted in learning the Indonesian language. Data were collected by interview and observation, and were analyzed by (1) identifying the data, (2) classifying and categorizing the data, (3) interpreting the data, and (4) drawing a conclusion. Findings of the research showed that in learning Indonesian language, BIPA students used various learning strategies. The cognitive learning strategies used by BIPA students in learning Indonesia ranged from applying their understanding of language structures and punctuations to strategies that drew on higher-level thinking processes. BIPA students selected and applied the learning strategies depending on the types of learning tasks they encountered. Apart from that, individual-factors and the learning environment were also influential in students’ selection of learning strategies.

Cognitive flexibility refers to the ability to modify learned behavior in response to changes in the environment. In laboratory rodents, cognitive flexibility can be assessed in reversal learning, i.e., the change of contingencies, for example in T-maze discrimination learning. The present study investigated the role of the neuropeptide S (NPS) system in cognitive flexibility. In the first experiment, mice deficient of NPS receptors (NPSR) were tested in T-maze discrimination and reversal learning. In the second experiment, C57BL/6J mice were tested in the T-maze after nasal administration of NPS. Finally, the effect of nasal NPS on locomotor activity was evaluated. NPSR deficiency positively affected the acquisition of T-maze discrimination but had no effects on reversal learning. Nasal NPS administration facilitated reversal learning and supported an allocentric learning strategy without affecting acquisition of the task or locomotor activity. Taken together, the present data show that the NPS system is able to modulate both acquisition of T-maze discrimination and its reversal learning. However, NPSR deficiency only improved discrimination learning, while nasal NPS administration only improved reversal learning, i.e., cognitive flexibility. These effects, which at first glance appear to be contradictory, could be due to the different roles of the NPS system in the brain regions that are important for learning and cognitive flexibility.

We systematically searched five databases to assess the potential of concept mapping based technologies to promote self -regulated learning in science education. Our search uncovered 17 relevant studies that investigated seven different types of learning technologies. We performed a narrative analysis assessing how each technology affects self regulated learning through cognitive, metacognitive, and motivation strategies, according to Schraw et al. (2006)'s model. We suggest concept mapping technologies may affect self-regulated learning through enhancing these strategies to varying degrees. Computer software was particularly useful for developing cognitive strategies through ease of use. Teaching agents were particularly useful for developing metacognitive strategies by coupling visualisation of knowledge patterns with performance monitoring, aided by a teaching metaphor. Finally, mobile devices and teaching agents were most effective in enhancing motivation. Effects on knowledge gains remain unclear due to small sample sizes. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Digital game play is a common pastime among college students and monopolizes a great deal of time for many students. Researchers have previously investigated relationships between subject-specific game play and academics, but this study fulfills a need for research focusing on entertainment game strategies and how they relate to strategies and success in other contexts. Utilizing a survey of 191 undergraduate students, the goal was to investigate students’ digital game play habits, strategies, and beliefs that predict gaming expertise, and to determine if these relate to academic success. Factor analysis revealed three latent variables that predict expertise: dedication, solo mastery, and strategic play. Multiple regression analysis was used to determine whether these three components could also predict academic outcome variables. Findings point to the absence of a relationship between these variables and academic GPA, but to the presence of a tentative relationship between confidence in game play and confidence in personal control over academic success.

Students’ academic achievement is one of main indicator of education goals. This research aimed to analyze adolescents’ characteristics, family’s characteristics, academic emotions, and learning strategies, and its effect on academic achievement of high school students. The locations were chosen purposively in Bogor District. Samples of this study were 132 high school students from both X and Y high schools by proportional random sampling technique. Data were collected through questionnaires and filled-in by samples. The data analysis used descriptive analysis (minimum value, maximum value, average, standard deviation, and frequency) and inferential analysis (Spearman correlation test, Pearson correlation test, and multiple linear regression test). Result showed that positive-activation emotion was mostly felt by adolescents. Learning strategies that mostly used were time/study environment management and help-seeking, meanwhile in general learning strategy usage was still low. Female students engaged more variative learning strategies and better academic achievement than male students. Positive-activation emotion had increased the learning strategies, and the variety of learning strategies usage will affect academic achievement positively. Meanwhile, family characteristics was found have no significant effect on learning neither strategies nor academic achievement.

The perceptual strength in learning styles refers to obtain knowledge most easily by different sensory systems. Discovering the perceptive strengths and weaknesses of each student and finding ways to optimize their learning is always a challenge for the professor. In extreme cases such as in the visual impairment touch-and-go approaches can be an alternative. This paper aims at sharing the usage of tactual resources as a learning strategy in a case of visual impairment, developed by a group of professors for supporting classes of Linear Algebra and Analytic Geometry at Sorocaba Engineering College (Faculdade de Engenharia de Sorocaba - FACENS). As a result, there was ease of handling tactile resources by the student, considerable gain in understanding the theoretical subjects and of practical cases analyzed in classroom. According to professors’ perception, the concrete experimentation by using the touch-and-go strategy provided satisfactory support for the classes. Therefore, the usage of touch-and-go by means of the tactile resources can be considered as a promising approach as a learning strategy in cases of visual impairment., La fuerza perceptual en los estilos de aprendizaje se refiere a obtener conocimiento más fácilmente por diferentes sistemas sensoriales. Descubrir las fuerzas y debilidades perceptivas de cada alumno y encontrar maneras de mejorar su aprendizaje es siempre un desafío para el profesor. En casos extremos, como los de baja visión, el enfoque touch-and-go puede ser una alternativa. Este trabajo tiene por objetivo compartir la experiencia pedagógica del uso de recursos táticos como estrategia de aprendizaje en un caso de deficiencia visual, desarrollada para apoyar clases de Álgebra Lineal y GeometríaAnalítica en la Facultad de Ingeniería de Sorocaba (Facens). Como resultado, se verificó facilidad en el manejo de los recursos táticos por el alumno, ganancia considerable en la comprensión de los conceptos teóricos y de los casos prácticos analizados en el aula. De acuerdo con la percepción docente, la experimentación concreta usando la estrategia basada en recursos táctiles (touch-and-go) proporcionó apoyo satisfactorio para las clases. Por lo tanto, el enfoque touch-and-go puede ser considerado una estrategia prometedora en casos de deficiencia visual., La force perceptive dans les styles d'apprentissage se réfère à l'obtention de connaissances plus facilement par différents systèmes sensoriels. Découvrir les forces et les faiblesses perceptives de chaque élève et trouver des moyens d'améliorer son apprentissage est toujours un défi pour l'enseignant. Dans les cas extrêmes, tels que la basse vision, l'approche tactile peut être une alternative. Ce travail vise à partager l'expérience pédagogique de l'utilisation des ressources tactiques comme une stratégie d'apprentissage dans un cas de déficience visuelle, développé pour soutenir les classes en algèbre linéaire et géométrie analytique à Faculdade de Engenharia de Sorocaba (Facens). De ce fait, il a été facile de gérer les ressources tactiques de l'élève, de réaliser des progrès considérables dans la compréhension des concepts théoriques et des cas pratiques analysés en classe. Selon les perceptions des enseignants, l'expérimentation concrète à l'aide d'une stratégie tactile (touch-and-go) a fourni un soutien satisfaisant aux cours. Par conséquent, l'approche tactile peut être considérée comme une stratégie prometteuse en cas de déficience visuelle., A força perceptual nos estilos de aprendizagem refere-se a obter conhecimento mais facilmente por diferentes sistemas sensoriais. Descobrir as forças e fraquezas perceptivas de cada aluno e encontrar maneiras de melhorar sua aprendizagem é sempre um desafio para o professor. Em casos extremos, como os de baixa visão, a abordagem touch-and-go pode ser uma alternativa. Este trabalho tem por objetivo compartilhar a experiência pedagógica do uso de recursos táticos como estratégia de aprendizagem em um caso de deficiência visual, desenvolvida para apoiar aulas de Álgebra Linear e Geometria Analítica na Faculdade de Engenharia de Sorocaba (Facens). Como resultado, verificou-se facilidade no manejo dos recursos táticos pelo aluno, ganho considerável na compreensão dos conceitos teóricos e dos casos práticos analisados ”‹”‹em sala de aula. De acordo com a percepção docente, a experimentação concreta usando a estratégia baseada em recursos táteis (touch-and-go) proporcionou apoio satisfatório para as aulas. Portanto, a abordagem touch-and-go pode ser considerada uma estratégia promissora em casos de deficiência visual.

Technological impact and immigration have resulted in ICT playing a significant role in educational adaptation to multicultural environments. This study focuses on flipped learning as an innovative teaching method. The overall objectives of this research are, on the one hand, to carry out a review of the scientific literature about flipped learning, and, on the other hand, to know the extent of its scope amongst teaching staff in cross-border regions. To achieve these objectives, a quantitative method has been developed through a descriptive model. 316 teachers from different educational centres of the Spanish Autonomous City of Ceuta (Spain) were selected as a sample, and an ad hoc questionnaire was used as an instrument for collecting personal data. Statistical procedures were performed through SPSS software, using location and scattering parameters (median and standard deviation), measurements (Pearson’s asymmetry coefficient and Fisher’s pointing coefficient) and association tasks between variables. The results show that teachers claim to have the necessary knowledge to implement flipped learning in their programmes, but they still have certain deficiencies in their specific training. A significant number of these teachers do not use it because they lack training and digital assets, and also because of a certain apprehension towards innovative practices. The main benefits include the improvement in the student’s autonomy, their participation, interaction and motivation, as well as the teachers’ satisfaction. Regarding the teachers’ perception, it therefore follows that flipped learning contributes to the attention towards diversity created by the multicultural environments, which in this case is a result of the migration phenomenon. La incidencia tecnológica y la inmigración han provocado que las TIC jueguen un papel importante en la adecuación discente a entornos multiculturales. Esta investigación se ha centrado en el flipped learning como enfoque metodológico innovador. Los objetivos generales de este estudio son, por un lado, realizar una revisión de la literatura científica sobre flipped learning y, por otro, conocer su alcance en el profesorado de regiones transfronterizas. Para ello se ha utilizado un método cuantitativo por medio de un diseño de tipo descriptivo y correlacional. Se ha tomado una muestra de 316 docentes de diferentes centros educativos de la Ciudad Autónoma de Ceuta (España). Como instrumento de recogida de datos se ha empleado un cuestionario ad hoc. Los procedimientos estadísticos se han efectuado mediante el software SPSS, realizándose parámetros de localización y dispersión (media y desviación típica), medidas de forma (coeficiente de asimetría de Pearson y coeficiente de apuntamiento de Fisher) y pruebas para el grado de asociación entre variables (Chi-cuadrado de Pearson y V de Cramer). Los resultados reflejan que el profesorado considera que dispone de conocimientos para usar flipped learning, pero presenta carencias en su formación específica. Se ha obtenido que gran parte de los docentes no lo utilizan por la ausencia de formación y recursos digitales y por aprensión hacia prácticas innovadoras. Entre los beneficios encontrados destacan la mejora de la autonomía, participación, interacción y motivación de los discentes, así como la satisfacción del profesorado por lo alcanzado. Se concluye que el flipped learning, en base a la percepción docente, contribuye a la atención a la diversidad originada por ambientes multiculturales ocasionados por el fenómeno migratorio.

[EN] In the European Space of Higher Education, the cultural features of the millennials, the development of technology and the shift in the understanding of the students’ learning process, have played a vital role in the development and evolution ofgamification-based teaching practices. Gamification is related to the development of skills, motivation and commitment ofstudents. The aim of this paper is to provide evidence of the benefits of gamification in the training itinerary of BusinessAdministration students. To this end, two different experiences have been selected, based on the skills students train and theadded value that these skills may provide. In the first case, this paper presents empirical evidence of the improvement on the final grade of students who have participated in the gamification experience. The benefits of the second experience are diverse and reach students, universities and companies.The success of both experiences is linked to their adaptation to the cultural trai, [ES] Los rasgos culturales de los millennials, el desarrollo de la tecnología y el cambio de concepción del proceso de formación de los alumnos, impulsado por el Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior, han sido determinantes en el desarrollo y evolución de los juegos en la docencia universitaria. La gamificación está relacionada con el desarrollo de habilidades, la motivación y el compromiso del estudiante. Además, las empresas la están incorporando en sus procesos de selección y formación. El trabajo tiene como objetivo aportar evidencias cuantitativas y cualitativas de los beneficios de la gamificación en el itinerario formativo de los estudiantes de Administración y Dirección de Empresas (ADE). Para ello se han seleccionado dos experiencias distintas, por las competencias que se trabajan y por el valor añadido que aportan. En el primer caso, el trabajo presenta evidencia empírica de la mejora de la calificación final de los estudiantes que han participado en la experiencia de gamificación

Objectives To determine learning strategies, study habits, and online social networking use of undergraduates at an Irish medical school, and their relationship with academic performance. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in Year 2 and final year undergraduate-entry and graduate-entry students at an Irish medical school. Data about participants’ demographics and educational background, study habits (including time management), and use of online media was collected using a self-report questionnaire. Participants’ learning strategies were measured using the 18-item Approaches to Learning and Studying Inventory (ALSI). Year score percentage was the measure of academic achievement. The association between demographic/educational factors, learning strategies, study habits, and academic achievement was statistically analysed using regression analysis. Results Forty-two percent of students were included in this analysis (n=376). A last-minute “cramming” time management study strategy was associated with increased use of online social networks. Learning strategies differed between undergraduate- and graduate-entrants, with the latter less likely to adopt a ‘surface approach’ and more likely adopt a ‘study monitoring’ approach. Year score percentage was positively correlated with the ‘effort management/organised studying’ learning style. Poorer academic performance was associated with a poor time management approach to studying (“cramming”) and increased use of the ‘surface learning’ strategy. Conclusions Our study demonstrates that effort management and organised studying should be promoted, and surface learning discouraged, as part of any effort to optimise academic performance in medical school. Excessive use of social networking contributes to poor study habits, which are associated with reduced academic achievement.

This study aims to determine the effect of peer tutors learning strategies and achievement motivation on learning outcomes of students of class VIII subjects Qirâ’at al-Qur’ân. This research used a 2x2 factorial experimental design and was performed in MTs Ex PGA Univa Project Field with sample of 48 students. The results show: 1) The students who learn Qirâ’at al-Qur’ân through peer tutoring learning strategy is higher than those who learn through expository teaching strategies in MTs Ex PGA Univa Medan Project, 2) learning outcomes of Qirâ’at al-Qur’ân of students who have high achievement motivation with learning strategy peer tutors is higher than expository teaching strategy in MTs Ex PGA Univa Medan Project, 3) learning outcomes of Qirâ’at al-Qur’ân of students who have low achievement motivation and learning strategy is lower than the peer tutor learning strategies Ex MTs expository PGA Univa Medan Project, 4) There is interaction between learning strategies and achievement motivation on learning outcomes Qira'at al-Qur'an of student MTs Ex PGA Univa field Project.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of metacognitive strategies on self-regulated learning processes, focusing on the mediating effects of self-efficacy. The surveys were conducted in December 2016 (Time 1) and January 2017 (Time 2). One hundred and five undergraduates enrolled at a Japanese university participated in this survey study, consisting of two surveys conducted one month apart. The questionnaires measured the use of metacognitive strategies (i.e., planning strategy and monitoring strategy), self-efficacy, general learning behaviors (behavioral engagement and persistence), and the use of cognitive strategies (i.e., writing-repetition strategy and deep-processing strategy). First, cross-lagged structure equation modeling revealed that the use of planning strategy enhanced self-efficacy. Second, path analysis examined relationships between metacognitive strategies, general learning behaviors, and cognitive strategies. It revealed that (a) general learning behaviors were promoted by metacognitive strategies mediated by self-efficacy and (b) cognitive strategies were almost directly affected by the monitoring strategy. The current study reveals that general learning behaviors and cognitive strategies involve different processes than metacognitive strategies.

Background Tutoring is a useful tool in the university teaching-learning binomial, although its development is impaired in large classes. Recent improvements in information and communication technologies have made tutoring possible via the Internet. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of mixed-method academic tutoring in two basic subjects in Veterinary Science studies at the University of León (Spain) to optimize the usefulness of tutoring support in the college environment. This quasi-experimental study was firstly carried out as a pilot study in a small group of tutored students of “Cytology and Histology” (CH) (47/186; 25.3%) and “Veterinary Pharmacology” (VP) (33/141; 23.4%) subjects, and was implemented in a large class of CH the next academic year (150 students) while comparing the results with those obtained in a previous tutorless course (162 students). Tutored students were given access to online questionnaires with electronic feedback on each subject. In addition to traditional tutoring carried out in both tutored and tutorless students, the pilot study included three sessions of face-to-face tutoring in order to monitor the progress of students. Its efficacy was assessed by monitoring students’ examination scores and attendance as well as a satisfaction survey. Results Although the examination attendance rate in the pilot study was not significantly different between tutored and tutorless groups in both subjects, an increase for numerical scores in tutored groups was observed, with a significant higher final score in VP (p = 0.001) and in the CH practice exams (first term, p = 0.009; final, p = 0.023). Good and merit scores were also better in tutored students with significant differences in VP (p = 0.005). Students felt comfortable with the tutoring service (100% in CH; 91.7% in VP). Implementation of this additional support in CH also resulted in a significant increase of attendance at the final exam in tutored courses (87.3% versus 77.2%; p = 0.026), scaled (p = 0.001) and numerical scores (final score, p = 0.001). Conclusions Online tutoring support, together with conventional teaching methods, may be a useful method to incorporate student-centered learning in basic subjects in Veterinary Science. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi: 10.1186/s12917-018-1330-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

It is well known that university students with ineffective learning strategies and low motivation are at risk for lowered grades and stress. Given the needs of these students, Mount St. Vincent University developed the Student Success Course (SSC), a 14-week intervention that offers instruction in learning strategies, self-management, and motivation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the SSC for 100 undergraduates on academic probation. From pre- to post-test, participants reported a significant increase in cognitive strategies, study skills, and motivation as well as a significant decrease in test anxiety and procrastination (ps < .05). Over time, participants also demonstrated a significantly improved GPA (p < .0001). These results support the hypothesis that the SSC is an effective intervention, at least in the short-term, for improving learning and motivational strategies in at risk students. Il est reconnu que les étudiants d’université dont les stratégies d’apprentissage sont inefficaces et qui ont une faible motivation risquent de souffrir de stress et d’obtenir de mauvaises notes. Au vu des besoins de ces étudiants, Mount St. Vincent University a mis en place un cours pour faciliter la réussite des étudiants (Student Success Course - SSC). Il s’agit d’une intervention de 14 semaines au cours de laquelle on enseigne des stratégies d’apprentissage, de gestion autonome et de motivation. L’objectif de cette étude est d’évaluer l’efficacité de ce cours dans le cas de 100 étudiants de premier cycle placés en probation. Les participants ont rapporté, avant et après le test, une augmentation significative de leurs stratégies cognitives, de leurs compétences en matière d’apprentissage et de leur motivation, ainsi qu’une baisse importante de leur anxiété face aux examens et de leur procrastination (ps < .05). Avec le temps, les participants ont également démontré une augmentation de leur moyenne pondérée cumulative (p < .0001). Ces résultats soutiennent l’hypothèse selon laquelle le cours en question représente une intervention efficace, tout au moins à court terme, pour améliorer les stratégies d’apprentissage et de motivation chez les étudiants à risque.

Research on the impacts of the ‘requirement system’ on student learning is still rare, however the system is still widely applied by Dental Schools in many countries. The major consequent of this system is the unpreparedness of students’ learning prior to presenting patients with particular complaints. Objective: This study aimed to explore the effect of the ‘requirement system’ on students’ learning strategy in Dental Education University of Jenderal Soedirman. Methods: This was a qualitative-phenomenography study. The collection of data was through observations and interviews. The number of subjects was 13 students of the same batch in a clinical education level. Observations by 2 clinical teachers were done in advance and lasted for six weeks, followed by in-depth interviews. Results: Interviews revealed that application of the ‘requirement system’ had prompted the students to get the patients and to learn or not learn correspondingly to the specified cases. Observations revealed that preparation for learning did not consequently lead to students’ performance in doing clinical work. Conclusion: ‘Requirement system’ driven students’ preparation for learning. However, number of cases did not. Modifying the ‘requirement system’ and improving the quality of clinical supervision are two important things suggested by this study.DOI: 10.14693/jdi.v22i2.260

WOS: 000359278300009 The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between attitudes towards problem based learning (PBL) and motivated strategies for learning of students studying in school of physical education and sport. 333 of students in school of physical education and sport participated in this study. Turkish form of motivated strategies for learning questionnaire and the attitude scale towards Problem-based learning was used to collect data. Collected data was analyzed in SPSS 22.0. Two different models were hypothesized and models' fit indices were analyzed in AMOS. Two models were hypothesized in this study and both models were accepted. Consequently, these two examined factor can be effective in teaching and learning.

Several experts ( Paunonen & Ashton, 2001 , Laidra, Pullmann, & Allik, 2007, Komarraju et al., 2011 and others) noted a significant correlation between learning styles, personality traits and academic achievement. We decided to find out what is the relation between the Big Five personality traits (Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism) and different preferred learning strategies (Deep Processing, Elaborative Processing, Fact Retention, Methodical Study) and academic achievement (measured by GPA and success at the state final examination). The sample included 254 graduates of the first cycle degree programs at Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra. We found a significant relation of all four learning strategies with academic achievement and positive relation with personality traits Openness, Conscientiousness with academic achievement of university students. Conscientiousness and Openness appears to facilitate a variety of effective learning strategies and may be especially useful traits for attaining high levels of academic achievement.

Radiografstudiet er en kombinasjon av teoretisk undervisning og ferdighetstrening ved utdanningsinstitusjon og praksisstudier ved forskjellige bildediagnostiske og kliniske enheter. Radiografutdanningen ved Høgskolen i Sør-Trøndelag (HiST) benytter ulike pedagogiske verktøy for å imøtekomme Kvalitetsreformens krav om tettere oppfølging og utnytting av ny teknologi i undervisningen. Tilbudet av andre ressurser enn forelesning for læring er stort og økende, delvis gjennom anbefalt og ønsket bruk av ny teknologi ved utdanningsinstitusjonene. Samtidig er forelesningen beholdt som sentral undervisningsform. Vedvarende lavt oppmøte til forelesninger er bakgrunnen for denne evalueringen av forelesning som undervisningsform, gjennom dens betydning for læring og relevans for studentenes læringsstrategier. Tilstedeværelse for i alt 106 studenter, i ti emner fordelt på tre studieår, ble registrert for studieåret 2013/2014 og koblet til karakterdata. Nyttelsesgrad av tilrettelagte nettressurser ble kartlagt i de utvalgte emnene. Det ble gjennomført dybdeintervju med sju studenter om forelesningsoppmøte og hvordan forelesningen og andre ressurser inngår i egen læring. Resultatene bekrefter sammenheng mellom eksamenskarakter og oppmøte. Videre viste nyttelsesgrad av tilrettelagte nettressurser og studenters beskrivelse av egen læringsstrategi stor grad av instrumentell tilnærming for læring av teori. Intervju med studenter viste tydelig at de ønsker forelesninger, og at kunnskap tilegnet i forelesninger er grunnleggende for dybdelæring i praksisstudier. © 2015 Elin Rødahl Thingnes, Ragna Stalsberg og Beathe Sitter. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons CCBY 4.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

This study aims to determine the effect of learning models and styles of thought on the ability of students to solve environmental problems. The study was conducted in SMP 21 Bekasi during August 2012 to May 2013 academic year 2012/2013. This study used an experimental method, with 2 x 2 factorial designs. Variable research include learning model as an independent variable, style of thinking as a control variable, and the ability of students to solve environmental problems as the dependent variable. Sampling techniques using multistage random sampling, a class VIII-2 obtained as an experimental class and class as the control class VIII-1. The results showed that: First, the ability of students to solve environmental problems learning with instructional strategies ekperiensial higher than students using expository. Second, the ability of students to think accommodative style in solving environmental problems is higher than students think assimilative style. Third, the ability of students to solve environmental problems that have accommodative learning style with experiential learning strategies are higher than students who learned with expository learning strategies. Fourth, the ability of students to solve environmental problems that have assimilative learning style with instructional strategies expository higher than students who study with experiential learning strategies.Fifth, the interaction between learning strategy and thinking styles affect students' ability to solve environmental problems. This means that the effect of the interaction between learning strategy and thinking styles affect the level of students' abilities to solve environmental problems. The conclusion of this study is that students are given learning with experiential learning model has the ability to solve environmental problems is higher compared with the gain ekpositori learning.

Individuals within species differ consistently in their behaviour. Such individual differences may represent adaptations. Recently, researchers have started to implement the same adaptive framework to individual differences in cognition, leading to the suggestion that personality and cognition should covary. To determine the contextual consistency of cognitive traits and their covariation with several personality traits, 24 guinea pigs, Cavia aperea f. porcellus, were tested using a battery of 12 cognitive tests. Four tests each were conducted to test for problem solving, association learning and social learning. We assessed consistency within each of these three domains and tested for cognitive and behavioural syndromes between domains. Problem solving and social learning were consistent across contexts and positively correlated with each other. In addition, both correlated positively with boldness, and problem solving showed a negative correlation with aggressiveness and sociopositive behaviour. Association learning was neither consistent nor correlated with personality or performance in the other cognition tasks. We showed contextual consistency of two cognitive traits and found multiple links to personality traits that were predicted by recent theory. Surprisingly, associative learning was not consistent, demonstrating the importance of testing the relation between personality and multiple cognitive traits to increase our understanding of individual variation in cognition and personality. (C) 2017 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.