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To determine whether scores from the two most widely-used Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) and Standard for Logarithmic Visual Acuity (SLVA) acuity charts are comparable.

This systematic review will synthesise the literature pertaining to psychophysiological measurement of cognitive processing during and after cancer. The following protocol was developed using the preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement

The main aim of the intended project is to reduce feeling of procedural pain (when changing bandages) in burn patients through a developed and pilot-verified application for virtual reality (hereinafter VR). The first study on this topic was conducted in the US on two pediatric patients (Hoffmann et al. 2000). In addition to pharmacological pain therapy, there are a number of non-pharmacological options (eg, relaxation techniques) that are based on distracting attention from the feeling of pain. VR appears to be the most promising of these options and, in addition to distraction, it also reduces anxiety and depressive symptoms and enhances patient cooperation (Scapin et al. 2018). The studies also agree on the beneficial role of immersivity; a sense of immersion in VR (Tribert et al. 2014).

This systematic review is investigating the effects of psychological stress on musculoskeletal tissue health.

The aim of this scoping review is to create an overview about existing measuring parameters for pain-related and movement-related fear and the underlying constructs.

The objective of this scoping review is to examine how researchers incorporate technology in behaviour analytic studies focused on increasing physical activity.

The impact of introducing sit-stand desks in the workplace for a healthier aging: a randomized controlled trial in sedentary adults

COVID-19 conspiracy rhetoric has been rampant throughout the pandemic. As a result, vaccination rates in many developed countries have not been ideal despite substantial public spending. If conspiracy theories about COVID-19 vaccination proliferate, it can discourage people from taking vaccines. To address this timely issue with global health consequences, we examine if conspiracy mentality – the general tendency to adopt a conspiratorial frame of thinking, is related to populist sentiments, which drive vaccine hesitation. The finding from our exploratory supports the hypothesis that individuals high in conspiracy mentality are more likely to mistrust experts, which in turn predicts vaccine hesitancy. This finding begs another key question: What can we do to counteract mistrust? The vaccine advocacy literature has suggested that communicating the prosocial benefits of herd immunity may buffer vaccine hesitation. The decision to vaccinate can be conceived as a trade-off between costs incurred (e.g., time and monetary resources, inconvenience, and potential side effects) and benefits of personal protection and herd immunity. With higher conspiracy mentality, individuals may perceive more vaccine risks and emphasize the costs (vs. benefits) associated with vaccination. However, research revealed that if the benefits of herd immunity are made salient, individuals may be motivated by collective benefits and reduce their reluctance to get vaccinated. In the proposed experiment, we hypothesize that highlighting the prosocial benefit of head immunity may offset the perceived cost of trusting experts due to people’s conspiracy mindset. To this prediction, we designed an experiment manipulating herd immunity communication and assessing participants’ vaccine hesitancy and intention to be vaccinated against a fictitious pathogen.

A scoping review protocol aiming at mapping and characterize the literature regarding the positive and negative psychological aspects of parents of individuals with Rett syndrome in all ages.

A qualitative study designed to assess attitudes towards male and female sterilization to better understand the decision making process behind choosing this contraceptive method and identify areas for future research as trends in sterilization rates have begun to change in response to new restrictions to access to abortion and add to the limited literature that focuses on sterilization in particular.

Objective: The objective of this scoping review is to understand the extent and type of research that has been conducted regarding sexual trauma revictimization among military personnel and veterans. Introduction: Military sexual trauma (MST) is a traumatic event that has become a growing concern in all branches of the U.S. military. Despite preventative efforts by the Department of Defense and the Veterans Health Administration (VHA), the incidence of sexual abuse among service members has been increasing. Between the years of 1997-2015, rates of MST have increased by 200% (Collette, 2021), and the VHA estimates that 33% of women and 2% of men have suffered sexual abuse during their time in the military (U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, 2021). Many of these individuals go on to suffer negative physical and mental health outcomes such as PTSD, depression, eating disorders, emotion dysregulation, substance use disorder, and even further sexual trauma (Walker et al., 2017). Sexual abuse revictimization is a concerning outcome of sexual trauma that results in similar symptoms of the original sexual abuse, but with a greater risk (Arata, 2002). A multitude of reviews of the extant literature on revictimization have been published over the last two decades synthesizing the current evidence that has established sexual trauma, in all stages of development: childhood, adolescence, and adulthood, as a risk factor for future sexual abuse. Critically, a recent review by Walker et al. (2017) found that individuals who experience sexual abuse are three times more likely to be revictimized and the likelihood of revictimization increases with the recency, frequency, and severity of the abuse. Although there have been many reviews of sexual trauma revictimization within the general population, the same cannot be said for military and veteran populations, which have been known to have relatively higher rates of sexual trauma. To date, only one systematic review has been conducted regarding this high-risk population (Tirone et al., 2020). Unfortunately, this review only considered sexual trauma happening within or after the military experience, not sexual abuse that may have occurred before. Consequently, the literature analyzing sexual trauma and revictimization throughout the entire lifetime, to include: childhood, adolescence, and adulthood (prior to military service) has been overlooked, and a scoping review exploring these additional factors merits consideration. It is our goal to take an inclusive and comprehensive approach, looking at sexual abuse throughout the entire lifetime: childhood, adolescence, and adulthood- of an individual who is currently serving on active duty or has served in the past. We hope to discover broad trends of revictimization before, during, and after military service; treatment modalities; and potential mediators and moderators of revictimization.

A systematic scoping review to investigate and report on the known measures of common humanity and their core features

The intention of this scoping literature review is to collate and compare the spatial and behavioural observation methods that are commonly used in healthcare environments research so that researchers can easily access and appreciate the benefits and limitations of the various methods for particular research contexts.

Holmes and Rahe published the Social Readjustment Rating Scale in 1967 (Holmes & Rahe, 1967). There have been a number of updates since the original SRRS was first published (Hobson & Delunas, 2001; Hobson et al., 1998; Miller & Rahe, 1997; Muhlenkamp, Gress, & Flood, 1975). However, the most recent of these is already 20 years ago, and therefore a further update appears timely. The primary aim of the current study is to update the SRRS without fundamentally changing the scale to ensure that studies based on the original SRRS can be compared with studies that use this update. The secondary aim is to collect data from younger adults (18 – 35yrs) specifically to assess whether it might be suitable to administer the SRRS across all adult ages, perhaps with weightings adjusted by age band (young vs. middle-aged, vs older adults). This may be of use for researchers.

The goal of the present study is to investigate how information on an analgesic therapy affects the evaluation of recollected pain episodes. Moreover, we want to investigate whether recognition memory performance for therapeutic information affects the evaluation of recollected pain episodes. Therefore, the subjects are instructed to recall a moderate and severe pain episode from memory and evaluate pain intensity, suffering from pain and pain interference in relation to the recollected pain episodes. Subsequently, the subjects receive one of four different types of information on analgesic therapy. This therapeutic information varies in terms of (1) the likelihood of receiving an analgesic (high/low confidence) and (2) the potency of the analgesic (high/low potency). Afterwards, the subjects shall re-evaluate the recollected pain episodes, however, this time accounting for the therapeutic information they just have received. In order to measure the effect of recognition memory performance for therapeutic information on the pre-post changes in pain ratings, a Remember-Know-task with items from the therapeutic information on analgesic therapy is assessed at the end of the experiment.

Systematic review taking gamification and technology into account when designed to fit the job of medical practitioners.

The aim of the present scoping review is to summarize and evaluate the current state of evidence regarding the effects of evening/nocturnal light exposure on acute melatonin suppression in children and adolescents. To our best knowledge, this will be the first review to summarize this field of research. The evaluation of strengths and weaknesses of earlier studies hopefully contributes to an optimization of future research.

This project serves as a pre-registration of the protocol for "Approaches to measuring and conceptualising sleep discrepancy: A scoping review"

Background: The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) recommends aspirin for colorectal cancer prevention for people with Lynch syndrome. Strategies to change practice should be informed by an understanding of the factors influencing prescribing. Aim: To investigate the optimal type and level of information to communicate with GPs to increase their willingness to prescribe aspirin. Design and setting: We will recruit GPs in England and Wales (n=672) to an online survey with a 23 factorial design. GPs will be randomised to one of eight vignettes describing a hypothetical patient with Lynch syndrome recommended to take aspirin by a clinical geneticist. Method: Across the vignettes, we will manipulate the presence or absence of three types of information: 1) existence of NICE guidance; 2) results from the CAPP2 trial; 3) information comparing the risks/benefits of aspirin. We will estimate the main effects and all interactions on the primary (willingness to prescribe) and secondary outcomes (comfort discussing aspirin).

This study uses a survey to ask orgasmic meditation practitioners to compare their experience of Orgasmic Meditation to sex and fondling

N-of-1 trials and single-case designs (SCD) are used to evaluate individual-patient response to interventions. This is in contrast to group-based research designs (e.g. randomised controlled trials), which tell us more about the average response to interventions for the group studied. N-of-1 trials and SCDs are being increasingly recognised as a useful method across a number of disciplines, but generally their adoption has been limited. This may be related to a number of inaccurate beliefs about these methods or perceived barriers to using them. It is important to explore stakeholder perspectives of N-of-1 trials and SCDs in order to identify strategies to increase awareness and adoption. To date, there are few high-quality studies investigating multiple stakeholder perspectives about using N-of-1 trials and SCDs studies in the healthcare context. Most studies have focused on the views of clinicians or patients, with few exploring views of other important stakeholders such as funders, statisticians, methodologists, publishers and regulators. Furthermore, the existing evidence is based on poorly reported research methodology with no theoretical basis about the potential factors that might influence awareness and adoption. A comprehensive, theory-based, in-depth investigation of perspectives across multiple stakeholders groups is needed. This can inform the development of intervention strategies to improve awareness and adoption of N-of-1 trials and SCD studies in healthcare.

The aim of the present scoping review is to summarize and evaluate the current state of evidence regarding the effects of evening/nocturnal light exposure on acute melatonin suppression in children and adolescents. To our best knowledge, this will be the first review to summarize this field of research. The evaluation of strengths and weaknesses of earlier studies hopefully contributes to an optimization of future research.

The Medical Maximizer-Minimizer Scale (MMS) captures the extent to which some individuals are more disposed to seek health care than others (Scherer et al, 2016). Recent findings of Scherer et al (2020) suggest that people more disposed to seeking health care ("Maximizers") may also be more likely to make low-benefit health care decisions. Low-benefit health care has negative consequences for individuals and for the efficacy of a health care system as a whole. The aims of this study are to explore whether: - the MMS predicts preference for low- or high-benefit care (replication of Scherer et al, 2020) - Protection Motivation Theory explains Minimizer and Maximizer preferences for health behaviour - intolerance of uncertainty adds further explanatory power in understanding MMS responses in a behavioural threat - manipulating the cost (risk) and threat (reassurance) appraisal changes people's preference for high- and low-benefit care. Effective interventions that encourage individuals who have a tendency to make low-benefit health care decisions to make better choices could be enormously beneficial to those individuals as well as enabling health resources to be used efficiently.

This mixed methodology study aims to describe how patient education about functional disorders differs across specialist treatment settings in Europe. We will first identify relevant network of treatment services providing specialist management of functional disorders across at least 6 European Countries, and systematically gather and analyse patient educational material that is currently in use across these services. The second stage will be to survey health-care professionals working within these services about their personal understanding of the aetiology of functional disorders, and their clinical practices with regard to patient education and guided self-help. In the third stage we will carry out in depth semi-structured interviews with a sample group of healthcare professionals to enable richer descriptions to be gathered. Qualitative data will be analysed using theoretically driven thematic analysis. This work will build on in-depth recent literature reviews of themes in etiological explanations, explanatory models and effective behavioural change techniques. Quantitative survey data will be organised to allow comparison between factors of interest in the data-set (these include the country, professional background of the participant, and clinical focus of the treatment service’). This study builds on the work of the Clinic of functional disorders at Aarhus University Hospital. The purpose of the study is to describe information that may be important in developing an e-health educational programme that has international usability and acceptability.

The aim of the Global Scales for Early Development (GSED) Project is to develop robust, universal, and psychometrically sound scales to measure the development of children aged 0-3 years. This study aims at the validation of the GSED measures (Short, Long and Psychosocial Forms)

Schizophrenia is a very challenging condition to medically manage, especially with majority of the population ending up with medication noncompliance due to the severity of treatment resistance, adverse affects. This ultimately leads to a very poor quality of life. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has been proposed as a new intervention to use in patients with treatment resistant Schizophrenia or those who are approaching treatment resistance due to poor access and inadequate quality of life. We hypothesize that ECT will improve the quality of life in schizophrenia and reduce the overall population in the frightening treatment resistant and become more treatment compliant and potentially remission.

This experiments tests whether the organization of information on genetic testing effectiveness influences comprehension of the information.

mild to moderate long-covid digital intervention study

Registration of review as submitted to PROSPERO.

Objective: The objective of this scoping review is to understand the extent and type of research that has been conducted regarding sexual trauma revictimization among military personnel and veterans. Introduction: Military sexual trauma (MST) is a traumatic event that has become a growing concern in all branches of the U.S. military. Despite preventative efforts by the Department of Defense and the Veterans Health Administration (VHA), the incidence of sexual violence among service members has been increasing. Between the years of 1997-2015, rates of MST have increased by 200% (Collette, 2021), and the VHA estimates that 33% of women and 2% of men have suffered sexual violence during their time in the military (U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, 2021). Many of these individuals go on to suffer negative physical and mental health outcomes such as PTSD, depression, eating disorders, emotion dysregulation, substance use disorder, and even further sexual trauma (Walker et al., 2017). Sexual violence revictimization is a concerning outcome of sexual trauma that results in similar symptoms of the original sexual violence, but with a greater risk (Arata, 2002). A multitude of reviews of the extant literature on revictimization have been published over the last two decades synthesizing the current evidence that has established sexual trauma, in all stages of development: childhood, adolescence, and adulthood, as a risk factor for future sexual abuse. Critically, a recent review by Walker et al. (2017) found that individuals who experience sexual abuse are three times more likely to be revictimized and the likelihood of revictimization increases with the recency, frequency, and severity of the abuse. Although there have been many reviews of sexual trauma revictimization within the general population, the same cannot be said for military and veteran populations, which have been known to have relatively higher rates of sexual trauma. To date, only one systematic review has been conducted regarding this high-risk population (Tirone et al., 2020). Unfortunately, this review only considered sexual trauma happening within or after the military experience, not sexual violence that may have occurred before. Consequently, the literature analyzing sexual trauma and revictimization throughout the entire lifetime, to include: childhood, adolescence, and adulthood (prior to military service) has been overlooked, and a scoping review exploring these additional factors merits consideration. It is our goal to take an inclusive and comprehensive approach, looking at sexual trauma throughout the entire lifetime: childhood, adolescence, and adulthood- of an individual who is currently serving on active duty or has served in the past. We hope to discover broad trends of revictimization before, during, and after military service; treatment modalities; and potential mediators and moderators of revictimization.

Elder abuse has been identified as one of the major problems of public health globally. Many types of mistreatment practices contribute to elder abuse. Also, the event has been known to occur in community as well as institutional settings such as hospitals and nursing homes. Elder abuse has been shown to affect the quality of life of individuals and increase premature mortality of the elderly. However, majority of elder abuse remains undocumented due to reasons such as fear and lack of awareness of one’s rights among others. Furthermore, the social construct of Indian societies makes the identification and acknowledgement of elder abuse challenging. Although, there have been studies and reports regarding the prevalence of elder abuse in India from various geographical regions, the strength of this evidence is unknown and a general view of prevalence of elder abuse in India is missing.We propose to undertake a systematic review and metanalysis of the published literature from India regarding the prevalence of elder abuse in any setting. For the purpose we will scan various indexing databases for identification of relevant studies and follow standard protocols and guidelines for formulation of evidence. The results of this study will give an entrusted overview of the status of elder abuse in India and aid policy-making initiatives and interventions to be directed accordingly.

INTRODUCTION: The need to be able to assess collaborative practice in health care teams has been recognized in response to the direction for team-based care in a number of policy documents. The purpose of this study is to report on further refinement of such a measurement instrument, the Assessment of Interprofessional Team Collaboration Scale (AITCS) first published in 2012. To support this refinement, two objectives were set: Objective 1: to determine whether the items from the data collected in 2016 load on the same factors as found for the 2012 version of the 37-item AITCS. Objective 2: to determine whether the items in the subscales of the AITCS could be reduced while retaining psychometric properties similar to those from the earlier versions of the AITCS. METHODS: Initially, the overall data sets of 1002 respondents from two hospitals and four community agencies were analyzed for demographics and scale and subscale mean values, SDs, and mean item scores. After deletion of respondents because of missing data, 967 respondents were available for the first analysis. An exploratory factor analysis was then conducted to determine the factor structure. All respondents with any random missing data were further removed to reduce the data set to 676 responses, followed by a confirmatory factor analysis to find a model fit resulting in an item reduction in the scale. RESULTS: The result was a 23-item AITCS-II for practitioners that retained acceptable levels of reliability and validity within 3 subscales-partnership (8 items), cooperation (8 items), and coordination (7 items). DISCUSSION: The shortened version of the AITCS-II is a valid and reliable instrument that can be used to assess collaboration in health care teams in practice settings.

Yoga, a mind-body activity that requires attentional engagement, has been associated with positive changes in brain structure and function, especially in areas related to awareness, attention, executive functions and memory. Normal aging, on the other hand, has also been associated with structural and functional brain changes, but these generally involve decreased cognitive functions. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to compare brain cortical thickness in elderly yoga practitioners and a group of age-matched healthy non-practitioners. We tested 21 older women who had practiced hatha yoga for at least eight years and 21 women naive to yoga, meditation or any mind-body interventions who were matched to the first group in age, years of formal education and physical activity level. A T1-weighted MPRAGE sequence was acquired for each participant. Yoga practitioners showed significantly greater cortical thickness in a left prefrontal lobe cluster, which included portions of the lateral middle frontal gyrus, anterior superior frontal gyrus and dorsal superior frontal gyrus. We found greater cortical thickness in the left prefrontal cortex of healthy elderly women who trained yoga for a minimum of eight years compared with women in the control group.

Much of published research in psychology has been found irreproducible, possibly caused in part by questionable research practices. Open practices have been suggested as a way to combat these issues. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of declared intent to use open practices in Swedish human subjects research. We investigated the occurrence of declared intent to use open practices in a sample of 102 applications to regional ethical review boards (ERBs) in Sweden approved in 2013. Specifically, we investigated the prevalences of declared intent in applications to (1) publish the report with open access, (2) openly publish research materials, (3) openly publish data, and (4) preregister the study. 3% of applications stated an intention to publish open reports, and 5% included references to preregistrations. Statements of intent to publish data and/or materials openly were not found in any applications. A significant difference between types of open practices was identified; however, we observed no statistically significant differences in pairwise comparisons. One cause of low prevalences might be that researchers are disincentivized to use open practices. Future studies should use more recent ERB applications and larger samples.

Conduct problems seem to increase among youths placed in group homes. An overview, however, suggested that group home resources may be protective. Smaller homes with fewer residents, may better prevent delinquency and criminality. It was theorized that the fewer the number of youths in a group home the more resourceful it is in terms of its youths/caregiver ratio. Group home size probably also matters because the more the concentration of residents increases the more their influence, pro or con, increases. Logistic regressions modeled conduct problems and tested the hypothesis that group home size moderates peer influence-conduct problem relationships such that large homes with many residents are relatively risky places, while smaller homes with fewer residents are relatively protected places. It was tested and supported cross-sectionally among 875 youths, 10 to 17 years of age in Ontario group homes in 2012–13 (participation = 90%) and longitudinally among 175 youths who remained in group home care three years later (2015–16, follow-up = 96%). The positive peer influence by group home size interaction at baseline was such that the influence of such peers was most protective in large group homes with eight or more residents. A main protective association of positive peers was maintained at follow-up, but not its interaction with group home size. The negative peer influence by group home size interaction was significant at cohort baseline and at 3-year follow-up. No youth ought to be placed in a group home with more than six or seven peers. Prospective cohorts are needed to definitively test this theory about the protective effects of relatively small group homes.

Problem-based learning (PBL) is well suited for courses in the history of medicine, where multiple perspectives exist and information has to be gleaned from different sources. A student, an archivist, and a teacher offer three perspectives about a senior level course where students explored the antecedents and consequences of medical technology. Two active learning strategies were used: (a) PBL to explore the historical basis of procedures used to diagnose, prevent and treat a single disease, tuberculosis, and (b) a concurrent inquiry-based component that permitted individual exploration of other medical technologies and demonstration of learning through diverse options (book reviews, conversations, essays, archival research, oral exams). This course was highly rated by students with an overall rating of 9.5 ± 0.7 (36 students from 2008–2012).

While JJ was a medical student, the authors worked on a two-part study of the stories of “good death” as they were told by palliative care patients, caregivers, physicians and nurses. In this personal reflection, de Jong (JJ), now a family practitioner and Clarke (LC), an artist and educator in medicine and health care, consider the value of such “story work” in the development of key skills for a physician. While this is the experience of two individuals, the conclusions have relevance for those engaging in story work within the context of medicine, medical education and the health care community.

Threat perception related to environmental issues such as air pollution may be a determinant of pro-environmental behaviors. Among the potential threats of air pollution, include the perceived impacts on the psychological, social, and economic wellbeing of a community. Because of rapid increases in population growth, urbanization, and the mountainous landscapes, the American West is extremely susceptible to the adverse impacts of air pollution. A secondary data analysis was conducted using data from the Air Quality Perception Survey conducted in Cache County, Utah. The survey focused on the public perception of air pollution in Cache County and perceived impact on personal and community life. From a sample of 289 returned surveys, the data were examined to determine the possible link between threat perception and the decision to engage in specific pro-environmental and avoidance behaviors. The analysis found that threat perception predicted some pro-environmental and avoidance behaviors.