1,411 results on '"Perceptual Distortion"'
Search Results
2. Suicidal Ideation in University Students: a Rorschach Assessment
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Thaís Cristina Marques dos Reis, Andrés Eduardo Aguirre Antúnez, and Latife Yazigi
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Rorschach test ,suicide ,perceptual distortion ,stress ,mental health ,Psychology ,BF1-990 - Abstract
Abstract University students are particularly susceptible to suicidal ideation and behavior due to issues inherent to this vital lives’ moment. The Rorschach test can help to understand these students’ suffering. The objective was to evaluate perception, thinking, stress, and distress in the Rorschach test domains in university students attended at a public university mental health service, comparing students with suicidal ideation with those without it. A total of 36 students aged 18 or over were assessed. The instruments were: Rorschach Performance Assessment System (R-PAS), Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) and Self Report Questionnaire (SRQ-20). Two analyses were performed using Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney test, according to the presence of suicidal ideation in the last 30 days (SRQ-20) and in the last six months (C-SSRS). Statistically significant differences were found in the two analyses, indicative of greater perceptual distortion in students without suicidal ideation and of stress and distress in students with ideation.
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- 2023
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3. Factors associated with body image perception of adolescents
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Hyunju Chae
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Body image ,Perceptual distortion ,Adolescents ,Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey (KYRBS) ,Psychology ,BF1-990 - Abstract
This study aimed to confirm the status of body image perception by adolescents in South Korea and identify the associated factors using the data from the 14th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey (KYRBS) conducted in 2018. The KYRBS is a government-approved statistical survey performed annually and an anonymous self-administered online survey conducted in middle and high school students. The data for this study were downloaded from the KYRBS web site and analyzed through complex sample analysis. Body image distortion was found in 40.3% (under-perception 26.5%, over-perception 13.8%) of the boys and 39.7% (under-perception 14.4%, over-perception 25.3%) of the girls. The factors associated with body image distortion were school achievement, weight control, school, school type and exercise in school gym class in boys and school achievement, weight control, and economic status in girls. These results indicated that intervention programs for the accurate perception of body image should be provided to adolescents and these programs should consider gender difference in factors associated with adolescents' body image distortion.
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- 2022
- Full Text
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4. Functional connectivity for face processing in individuals with body dysmorphic disorder and anorexia nervosa.
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Moody, TD, Sasaki, MA, Bohon, C, Strober, MA, Bookheimer, SY, Sheen, CL, and Feusner, JD
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Cerebral Cortex ,Humans ,Magnetic Resonance Imaging ,Case-Control Studies ,Perceptual Distortion ,Anorexia Nervosa ,Adolescent ,Adult ,Female ,Male ,Young Adult ,Body Dysmorphic Disorders ,Facial Recognition ,Anorexia nervosa ,body dysmorphic disorder ,functional connectivity ,psychophysiological interaction ,Eye Disease and Disorders of Vision ,Clinical Research ,Eating Disorders ,Mental Health ,Brain Disorders ,Anorexia ,Serious Mental Illness ,Mind and Body ,Mental health ,Neurosciences ,Public Health and Health Services ,Psychology ,Psychiatry - Abstract
BackgroundBody dysmorphic disorder (BDD) and anorexia nervosa (AN) are both characterized by distorted perception of appearance. Previous studies in BDD suggest abnormalities in visual processing of own and others' faces, but no study has examined visual processing of faces in AN, nor directly compared the two disorders in this respect.MethodWe collected functional magnetic resonance imaging data on 60 individuals of equivalent age and gender in each of three groups--20 BDD, 20 weight-restored AN, and 20 healthy controls (HC)--while they viewed images of others' faces that contained only high or low spatial frequency information (HSF or LSF). We tested hypotheses about functional connectivity within specialized sub-networks for HSF and LSF visual processing, using psychophysiological interaction analyses.ResultsThe BDD group demonstrated increased functional connectivity compared to HC between left anterior occipital face area and right fusiform face area (FFA) for LSF faces, which was associated with symptom severity. Both BDD and AN groups had increased connectivity compared to HC between FFA and precuneous/posterior cingulate gyrus for LSF faces, and decreased connectivity between FFA and insula. In addition, we found that LSF connectivity between FFA and posterior cingulate gyrus was significantly associated with thoughts about own appearance in AN.ConclusionsResults suggest similar abnormal functional connectivity within higher-order systems for face processing in BDD and AN, but distinct abnormal connectivity patterns within occipito-temporal visual networks. Findings may have implications for understanding relationships between these disorders, and the pathophysiology underlying perceptual distortions.
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- 2015
5. Anorexia nervosa and body dysmorphic disorder are associated with abnormalities in processing visual information
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Li, W, Lai, TM, Bohon, C, Loo, SK, McCurdy, D, Strober, M, Bookheimer, S, and Feusner, J
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Biological Psychology ,Psychology ,Anorexia ,Mental Health ,Nutrition ,Eating Disorders ,Eye Disease and Disorders of Vision ,Neurosciences ,Clinical Research ,Mental health ,Adolescent ,Adult ,Anorexia Nervosa ,Body Dysmorphic Disorders ,Evoked Potentials ,Female ,Humans ,Los Angeles ,Magnetic Resonance Imaging ,Male ,Neuropsychological Tests ,Perceptual Distortion ,Psychiatric Status Rating Scales ,Vision Disorders ,Visual Perception ,Young Adult ,Dorsal/ventral visual streams ,electroencephalography ,event-related potential ,face processing ,house processing ,joint ICA ,Public Health and Health Services ,Psychiatry ,Clinical sciences ,Biological psychology ,Clinical and health psychology - Abstract
BackgroundAnorexia nervosa (AN) and body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) are characterized by distorted body image and are frequently co-morbid with each other, although their relationship remains little studied. While there is evidence of abnormalities in visual and visuospatial processing in both disorders, no study has directly compared the two. We used two complementary modalities--event-related potentials (ERPs) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)--to test for abnormal activity associated with early visual signaling.MethodWe acquired fMRI and ERP data in separate sessions from 15 unmedicated individuals in each of three groups (weight-restored AN, BDD, and healthy controls) while they viewed images of faces and houses of different spatial frequencies. We used joint independent component analyses to compare activity in visual systems.ResultsAN and BDD groups demonstrated similar hypoactivity in early secondary visual processing regions and the dorsal visual stream when viewing low spatial frequency faces, linked to the N170 component, as well as in early secondary visual processing regions when viewing low spatial frequency houses, linked to the P100 component. Additionally, the BDD group exhibited hyperactivity in fusiform cortex when viewing high spatial frequency houses, linked to the N170 component. Greater activity in this component was associated with lower attractiveness ratings of faces.ConclusionsResults provide preliminary evidence of similar abnormal spatiotemporal activation in AN and BDD for configural/holistic information for appearance- and non-appearance-related stimuli. This suggests a common phenotype of abnormal early visual system functioning, which may contribute to perceptual distortions.
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- 2015
6. Zulliger R-Optimized Application in Children Victims of Sexual Violence and Cancer
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Eduardo dos Santos de Lima, Silvana Alba Scortegagna, and Ana Carolina Bertoletti De Marchi
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psychological assessment ,child abuse ,projective techniques ,perceptual distortion ,cancer in children ,Psychology ,BF1-990 - Abstract
Abstract Child sexual violence can cause serious damage to the psychosocial development of its victims. Assessments in this context require the use of several psychological tests with proven validity for this purpose. This study aimed to assess children victims of sexual violence using the Zulliger R-Optimized application. The sample consisted of 37 children of both sexes, aged from seven to 13 years old (M = 10.92), distributed in three groups: Sexual Violence Victims (SVV), Cancer Patients (CP) and the Non-Victim Group (NVG). The statistical analyses were performed using the Mann-Whiney and one-way ANOVA tests. The Zulliger variables concerning the clusters Interpersonal Relationship (GHR, PHR, GHR:PHR, p), Self-Image (MOR) and Processing (W:M) showed statistical differences when the SVV group was compared to the other groups. The Zulliger R-Optimized application shows promising results in assessing SVV children, indicating its usefulness for assessments in this context.
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- 2021
- Full Text
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7. Enhanced distraction by magnocellular salience signals in schizophrenia
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Leonard, Carly J, Robinson, Benjamin M, Hahn, Britta, Gold, James M, and Luck, Steven J
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Biological Psychology ,Cognitive and Computational Psychology ,Psychology ,Schizophrenia ,Behavioral and Social Science ,Neurosciences ,Clinical Research ,Mental Health ,Brain Disorders ,Mental health ,Adult ,Analysis of Variance ,Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity ,Female ,Humans ,Male ,Perceptual Disorders ,Perceptual Distortion ,Photic Stimulation ,Reaction Time ,Schizophrenic Psychology ,Visual attention ,Magnocellular ,Eye movements ,Visual search ,Attentional capture ,Cognitive Sciences ,Experimental Psychology ,Biological psychology ,Cognitive and computational psychology - Abstract
Research on schizophrenia has provided evidence of both impaired attentional control and dysfunctional magnocellular sensory processing. The present study tested the hypothesis that these impairments may be related, such that people with schizophrenia would be differentially distracted by stimuli that strongly activate the magnocellular pathway. To accomplish this, we used a visual attention paradigm from the basic cognitive neuroscience literature designed to assess the capture of attention by salient but irrelevant stimuli. Participants searched for a target shape in an array of non-target shapes. On some trials, a salient distractor was presented that either selectively activated the parvocellular system (parvo-biased distractors) or activated both the magnocellular and parvocellular systems (magno+parvo distractors). For both manual reaction times and eye movement measures, the magno+parvo distractors captured attention more strongly than the parvo-biased distractors in people with schizophrenia, but the opposite pattern was observed in matched healthy control participants. These results indicate that attentional control deficits in schizophrenia may arise, at least in part, by means of an interaction with magnocellular sensory dysfunction.
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- 2014
8. Fearful Object Seeing
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Felipe Nogueira de Carvalho
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Philosophy of mind ,Philosophy of science ,media_common.quotation_subject ,05 social sciences ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,06 humanities and the arts ,0603 philosophy, ethics and religion ,Object (philosophy) ,050105 experimental psychology ,Philosophy ,Mode (music) ,Perception ,Intentionality ,060302 philosophy ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Perceptual Distortion ,Psychology ,Empirical evidence ,media_common ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
What is it like to perceive a feared object? According to a popular neo-Gibsonian theory in psychology, fear biases our perceptions of objects so as to encourage particular kinds of actions: when we are afraid, spiders may be perceived as physically closer than they are in order to promote fleeing. Firestone mounted severe criticisms against this view, arguing that these cases are better explained by non-perceptual biases that operate on accurate perceptions of the external environment. In this paper I will argue that fear might indeed distort our perceptions of the world, but not in the way neo-Gibsonians suppose. In the view I favor, perceptual distortions occur as by-products of fearful attention, a special mode of attention that is part of an orchestrated defensive response that prepares the organism to deal effectively with a threat. To argue for this view I will rely on empirical evidence that fearful attention narrows down the focus of attention and favors processing of local rather than global features of stimuli, which may jointly explain why perceptual distortions might occur in fearful object seeing. This view has consequences not only for empirical investigations in fearful perceptual distortions, but also for an explanation of the intentionality of fear and the phenomenal integration of bodily and intentional elements in fear episodes.
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- 2021
9. Attentional capture from looming alters perception
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Francesca C. Fortenbaugh, Regina E. McGlinchey, and Alexander Sugarman
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Cognitive Neuroscience ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Special class ,Article ,Motion (physics) ,Stimulus (psychology) ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,Looming ,Perception ,Perceptual Distortion ,Psychology ,media_common ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
Studies suggest looming motion represents a special class of attentional capture stimulus due to behavioral urgency: the need to act upon objects moving toward us in an environment. In particular, one theory suggests that faster reaction times to targets cued by looming relative to receding motion are driven by post-attentional, motor-priming processes beyond the attentional capture effects seen with other stimulus qualities such as color pop-out. The present study tested this theory using a relative size judgment task where targets were pre-cued by looming and receding optic flow fields. Results show systematic increases in the perceived size of targets that were cued by looming flow fields, consistent with previous attentional capture studies using onset cues. These results challenge theories attributing behavioral changes from looming motion to motor-priming alone.
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- 2021
10. Estudo parcial da validação do Atlas do Rorschach Sistema Compreensivo em amostra de pacientes psiquiátricos de São Paulo Estudio parcial de la validación del Atlas del Rorschach Sistema Comprensivo en muestra de pacientes psiquiátricos de São Paulo Partial validation study of the Rorschach Comprehensive System atlas on a sample of psychiatric patients of São Paulo
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Thaís Cristina Marques, Ana Cristina Chaves, and Latife Yazigi
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Test de Rorschach ,Trastornos psicóticos ,Comprometimiento perceptivo ,Validez del test ,Pacientes psiquiátricos ,Teste de Rorschach ,Transtornos psicóticos ,Comprometimento perceptivo ,Validade do teste ,Rorschach test ,Psychotic disorders ,Perceptual distortion ,Test validity ,Psychiatric patients ,Psychology ,BF1-990 - Abstract
Este trabalho é parte do estudo de validação do atlas de localização e da lista de qualidade formal brasileiros do Rorschach Sistema Compreensivo em amostra de pacientes psiquiátricos da cidade de São Paulo, comparando as variáveis X+%, XA%, WDA%, X-% e Xu% dos pacientes com os valores encontrados na amostra normativa brasileira. Foram avaliados 45 pacientes, e os instrumentos de seleção foram a entrevista clínica estruturada para diagnóstico do DSM-IV (SCID-I) e a Escala das Síndromes Positiva e Negativa (PANSS). 23 pacientes preencheram critério pela SCID-I para transtornos psicóticos e, destes, 19 foram considerados psicóticos pela PANSS. Todos os protocolos foram classificados segundo as classificações norte-americanas e brasileiras. Foi realizada ANOVA, comparando amostras normativas e o grupo de pacientes. As variáveis XA% e X-% mostraram-se sensíveis para detectar as nuances perceptivas entre as pessoas. As áreas de localização e lista de qualidade formal brasileiras se mostraram válidas para discriminar graus de comprometimento perceptivo.Este trabajo es parte del estudio de validación del atlas de localización y de la lista de calidad formal brasileña del Rorschach Sistema Comprensivo en muestra de pacientes psiquiátricos de la ciudad de São Paulo-Brasil, comparando las variables X+%, XA%, WDA%, X-% y Xu% de los pacientes con los valores encontrados en la muestra normativa brasileña. Fueron evaluados 45 pacientes, los instrumentos de selección fueron la Entrevista clínica estructurada para diagnóstico del DSM-IV (SCID-I) y la Escala de las Síndromes Positiva y Negativa (PANSS). 23 pacientes lograron criterio por la SCID-I para trastornos psicóticos y de estos 19 fueron considerados psicóticos por la PANSS. Todos los protocolos fueron clasificados según las clasificaciones norteamericanas y brasileñas. Fue realizada ANOVA, comparando muestras normativas y el grupo de pacientes. Las variables XA% y X-% se mostraron sensibles para detectar los matices perceptivos entre las personas. Las áreas de localización y lista de calidad formal brasileñas se mostraron válidas para discriminar grados de comprometimiento perceptivo.This is part of a validation study of the Brazilian Rorschach Comprehensive System location manual and form quality list, by testing it on a sample of psychiatric patients. The variables X+%, XA%, WDA%, X-% and Xu% of the patients is compared to those encountered in the Brazilian normative sample. The evaluation was conducted with 45 patients. The selection instruments were Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic (SCID-I) and The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). 23 patients met the SCID-I criteria for psychotic disorder, and 19 of them were considered psychotic by PANSS. The protocols were classified according to both the North American and Brazilian lists. ANOVA were made comparing normative samples and the group of patients. The variables XA% and X-% proved to be sensitive in detecting the perceptive nuances among the people involved. The Brazilian lists proved to be valid for distinguishing degrees of impaired perception.
- Published
- 2012
11. Trauma type and suicidal ideation: The mediating effect of cognitive distortions
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Frank W. Weathers, Jessica M. Petri, Lindsay B. Kramer, and Sarah E. Whiteman
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Self blame ,Interpersonal relationship ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Emergency Medicine ,medicine ,Cognition ,Perceptual Distortion ,medicine.symptom ,Psychology ,Suicidal ideation ,General Nursing ,Clinical psychology - Published
- 2019
12. Attentional capture alters feature perception
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Andrew B. Leber, Julie D. Golomb, and Jiageng Chen
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Adult ,Male ,Visual perception ,Adolescent ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Commit ,Article ,050105 experimental psychology ,Task (project management) ,Young Adult ,Behavioral Neuroscience ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,Spatial shift ,Perception ,Humans ,Visual attention ,Attention ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Perceptual Distortion ,media_common ,05 social sciences ,Feature (computer vision) ,Visual Perception ,Female ,Psychology ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
We live in a dynamic, distracting world. When distracting information captures attention, what are the consequences for perception? Previous literature has focused on effects such as reaction time (RT) slowing, accuracy decrements, and oculomotor capture by distractors. In the current study, we asked whether attentional capture by distractors can also more fundamentally alter target feature representations, and if so, whether participants are aware of such errors. Using a continuous report task and novel confidence range report paradigm, we discovered 2 types of feature-binding errors when a distractor was presented along with the target: First, when attention is strongly captured by the distractor, participants commit swapping errors (misreporting the color at the distractor location instead of the target color), which remarkably seem to occur without awareness. Second, when participants successfully resist capture, they tend to exhibit repulsion (perceptual distortion away from the color at the distractor location). Thus, we found that capture not only induces a spatial shift of attention, it also alters feature perception in striking ways. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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- 2019
13. Item-specific overlap between hallucinatory experiences and cognition in the general population: A three-step multivariate analysis of international multi-site data
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Jamie Moffatt, Mahesh Menon, Mimi Suzuki, Todd S. Woodward, Josef J. Bless, Susan L. Rossell, Catherine Bortolon, Frank Larøi, Yuliya Zaytseva, Jane R. Garrison, Matteo Cella, Paul Allen, Vaughan Bell, Charles Fernyhough, Abhijit M. Chinchani, Wei Lin Toh, Nicolas Say, Eva Kozáková, Heungsun Hwang, Meighen M. Roes, and Peter Moseley
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education.field_of_study ,Multivariate analysis ,Hallucinations ,Dichotic listening ,Cognitive Neuroscience ,Population ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Cognition ,Anomalous experiences ,Sensory overload ,C800 ,Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology ,Psychotic Disorders ,Laterality ,Multivariate Analysis ,Humans ,Attention ,Perceptual Distortion ,biological phenomena, cell phenomena, and immunity ,Psychology ,education ,reproductive and urinary physiology ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
Hallucinatory experiences (HEs) can be pronounced in psychosis, but similar experiences also occur in nonclinical populations. Cognitive mechanisms hypothesized to underpin HEs include dysfunctional source monitoring, heightened signal detection, and impaired attentional processes. Using data from an international multisite study on non-clinical participants (N = 419), we described the overlap between two sets of variables - one measuring cognition and the other HEs - at the level of individual items. We used a three-step method to extract and examine item-specific signal, which is typically obscured when summary scores are analyzed using traditional methodologies. The three-step method involved: (1) constraining variance in cognition variables to that which is predictable from HE variables, followed by dimension reduction, (2) determining reliable HE items using split-halves and permutation tests, and (3) selecting cognition items for interpretation using a leave-one-out procedure followed by repetition of Steps 1 and 2. The results showed that the overlap between HEs and cognition variables can be conceptualized as bi-dimensional, with two distinct mechanisms emerging as candidates for separate pathways to the development of HEs: HEs involving perceptual distortions on one hand (including voices), underpinned by a low threshold for signal detection in cognition, and HEs involving sensory overload on the other hand, underpinned by reduced laterality in cognition. We propose that these two dimensions of HEs involving distortions/liberal signal detection, and sensation overload/reduced laterality may map onto psychosis-spectrum and dissociation-spectrum anomalous experiences, respectively. publishedVersion
- Published
- 2021
14. Zulliger R-Optimized Application in Children Victims of Sexual Violence and Cancer
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Ana Carolina Bertoletti De Marchi, Silvana Alba Scortegagna, and Eduardo dos Santos de Lima
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Child abuse ,child abuse ,câncer em crianças ,education ,avaliação psicológica ,Context (language use) ,abuso de niños ,psychological assessment ,Education ,Interpersonal relationship ,distorción perceptiva ,perceptual distortion ,Medicine ,Psychology ,Psychological testing ,Projective test ,General Psychology ,Sexual violence ,business.industry ,evaluación psicológica ,abuso da criança ,cáncer en niños ,cancer in children ,BF1-990 ,distorção perceptiva ,técnicas projetivas ,técnicas proyectivas ,projective techniques ,Sex offense ,Analysis of variance ,business ,Clinical psychology - Abstract
Child sexual violence can cause serious damage to the psychosocial development of its victims. Assessments in this context require the use of several psychological tests with proven validity for this purpose. This study aimed to assess children victims of sexual violence using the Zulliger R-Optimized application. The sample consisted of 37 children of both sexes, aged from seven to 13 years old (M = 10.92), distributed in three groups: Sexual Violence Victims (SVV), Cancer Patients (CP) and the Non-Victim Group (NVG). The statistical analyses were performed using the Mann-Whiney and one-way ANOVA tests. The Zulliger variables concerning the clusters Interpersonal Relationship (GHR, PHR, GHR:PHR, p), Self-Image (MOR) and Processing (W:M) showed statistical differences when the SVV group was compared to the other groups. The Zulliger R-Optimized application shows promising results in assessing SVV children, indicating its usefulness for assessments in this context. Resumo A violência sexual infantil pode gerar graves prejuízos para o desenvolvimento psicossocial de suas vítimas. As avaliações nesse contexto requerem o uso de vários testes psicológicos que possuem evidências de validade para este fim. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar crianças vítimas de violência sexual com o Zulliger aplicação R-Otimizada. A amostra consistiu em 37 crianças com idade entre 7 e 13 anos (M = 10,92), de ambos os sexos, distribuídas em três grupos: Vítimas de Violência Sexual (VVS), Pacientes com Câncer (PC) e Grupo de Não-Vítimas (GNV). Realizou-se tratamento estatístico por meio dos testes Mann-Whiney e Anova de uma via. Variáveis do Zulliger concernentes aos agrupamentos de Relacionamento Interpessoal (GHR, PHR, GHR:PHR, p), Autoimagem (MOR) e Processamento (W:M) apresentaram diferenças estatísticas quando o grupo VVS foi comparado aos outros grupos. O Zulliger aplicação R-Otimizada apresenta resultados promissores na avaliação de crianças VVS, indicando sua utilidade em avaliações desse contexto. Resumen La violencia sexual infantil puede causar daños al desarrollo psicosocial de las víctimas. Evaluaciones en este contexto requieren uso de exámenes psicológicos que tienen evidencia de validez para este propósito. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar niños víctimas de violencia sexual con lo Zulliger aplicación R-Optimizada. La muestra consistió en 37 niños de 7 a 13 años (M = 10.92), ambos sexos, distribuidos en tres grupos: Víctimas de Violencia Sexual (VVS), Pacientes con Cáncer (PC) y Grupo de No-Víctimas (GNV). El tratamiento estadístico se realizó utilizando las pruebas de Mann-Whiney y Anova de una vía. Variables de Zulliger para las agrupaciones de Relaciones Interpersonales (GHR, PHR, GHR:PHR, p), Autoimagen (MOR) y Procesamiento (W:M) mostraron diferencias estadísticas cuando el grupo VVS se comparó con los otros grupos. Zulliger aplicación R-Optimizada muestra resultados prometedores en la evaluación de niños VVS que indican su usabilidad en las evaluaciones en este contexto.
- Published
- 2021
15. Visuospatial working memory abilities and spontaneous sensations perception
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George A. Michael, Gaën Plancher, and Sara Salgues
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Physiology ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Sensation ,Body awareness ,050105 experimental psychology ,Task (project management) ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Perception ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Perceptual Distortion ,media_common ,Sensory stimulation therapy ,Recall ,Working memory ,05 social sciences ,Hand ,Sensory Systems ,Memory, Short-Term ,Space Perception ,Visual Perception ,Psychology ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Cognitive load ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
Aim: Body awareness arises when attending to and maintaining awareness of visuospatial body representations. By the same token, focussing on representations transfers them to working memory. Body awareness and working memory seemingly rely on similar processes and recruit common parietal areas involved in perception. Therefore, we asked whether visuospatial working memory abilities would define individual differences in the perception of spontaneous sensations (SPS), i.e., bodily sensations perceived in the absence of triggers (e.g., tactile stimulation or movement), when attending to the body.Method: Participants completed two visuospatial working memory tasks to assess various mechanisms: (i) the decay of representations was assessed through a Brown-Peterson task in which the delay between the memorandum presentation and its recall was manipulated, and (ii) the impact of distractors' interference and cognitive load (i.e., complexity) on recall performances were assessed through a complex span task that required the processing of distractors while maintaining a memorandum. A standard SPS task involving localization and characterization of SPS perceived on the hands was completed afterwards.Results: Low performance due to decay, distractors' interference and cognitive load in visuospatial working memory was associated with a decrease in the frequency of SPS. Additionally, low performance due to distractors' cognitive load predicted a decrease in the perception of surface-type sensations, and high performance despite distractors' interference led to a better perception of SPS on less sensitive areas of the hand.Conclusion: We discuss how visuospatial working memory processes might contribute to body awareness and perceptual distortions of the body.
- Published
- 2021
16. Time Distortions: A Systematic Review of Cases Characteristic of Alice in Wonderland Syndrome
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Jan Dirk Blom, Nutsa Nanuashvili, and Flavie Waters
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Psychosis ,medicine.medical_specialty ,psychological time ,Ovid medline ,RC435-571 ,Zeitraffer phenomenon ,Audiology ,050105 experimental psychology ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Stimulus modality ,multimodal distortion ,medicine ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Perceptual Distortion ,Time distortion ,slow-motion phenomenon ,Psychiatry ,Modalities ,protracted duration ,05 social sciences ,suprachiasmatic nucleus ,medicine.disease ,Alice in Wonderland syndrome ,Clinical Practice ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,classification ,Systematic Review ,Psychology ,quick-motion phenomenon ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Of the perceptual distortions characteristic of Alice in Wonderland syndrome, substantial alterations in the immediate experience of time are probably the least known and the most fascinating. We reviewed original case reports to examine the phenomenology and associated pathology of these time distortions in this syndrome. A systematic search in PubMed, Ovid Medline, and the historical literature yielded 59 publications that described 168 people experiencing time distortions, including 84 detailed individual case reports. We distinguished five different types of time distortion. The most common category comprises slow-motion and quick-motion phenomena. In 39% of all cases, time distortions were unimodal in nature, while in 61% there was additional involvement of the visual (49%), kinaesthetic (18%), and auditory modalities (14%). In all, 40% of all time distortions described were bimodal in nature and 19% trimodal, with 1% involving four modalities. Underlying neurological mechanisms are varied and may be triggered by intoxications, infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, CNS lesions, paroxysmal neurological disorders, and psychiatric disorders. Bizarre sensations of time alteration—such as time going backwards or moving in circles—were mostly associated with psychosis. Pathophysiologically, mainly occipital areas appear to be involved, although the temporal network is widely disseminated, with separate component timing mechanisms not always functioning synchronously, thus occasionally creating temporal mismatches within and across sensory modalities (desynchronization). Based on our findings, we propose a classification of time distortions and formulate implications for research and clinical practice.
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- 2021
17. Two cortical deficits underlie amblyopia: A multifocal fMRI analysis
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Lixia Feng, Robert F. Hess, Jiawei Zhou, Reza Farivar, Yufeng Huang, and Yifeng Zhou
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Adult ,Male ,Visual acuity ,genetic structures ,Cognitive Neuroscience ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Central field ,Stimulation ,Amblyopia ,050105 experimental psychology ,Developmental psychology ,Contrast Sensitivity ,Perceptual Disorders ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Behavioral study ,medicine ,Humans ,Contrast (vision) ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Spatial representation ,10. No inequality ,Visual Cortex ,media_common ,Brain Mapping ,Perceptual Distortion ,Monocular ,05 social sciences ,medicine.disease ,Magnetic Resonance Imaging ,eye diseases ,Developmental disorder ,Pattern Recognition, Visual ,Neurology ,Space Perception ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,Psychology ,Neuroscience ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Amblyopia is a relatively common (incidence 3%) developmental disorder in which there is loss of vision as a consequence of a disruption to normal visual development. Although the deficit is monocular and known to be of cortical origin, the nature of the processing deficit is controversial. Human behavioral studies have identified two main deficits - a loss of contrast sensitivity and perceived spatial distortions. Here we use a multifocal fMRI approach to ascertain, in a group of anisometropic amblyopes, whether these two deficits have a single common cause or whether they are the result of two underlying independent cortical disorders. We found that fMRI magnitudes were attenuated in amblyopic eye stimulation, and that there was poor fidelity for co-localization of the activity clusters between the amblyopic and fellow-fixing eye stimulation. These effects varied across eccentricities and correlate with the degree of amblyopia but not with one another, suggesting two independent cortical deficits: a reduced responsiveness as well as reduced fidelity of spatial representation. These deficits are independent of eccentricity within the central field and consistent across early cortical visual areas.
- Published
- 2019
18. The Direct Perception Hypothesis: Perceiving the intention of another’s action hinders its precise imitation
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Tom eFroese and David A. Leavens
- Subjects
Child Development ,Perceptual Distortion ,Primates ,Imitation ,social cognition ,Phenomenology ,Psychology ,BF1-990 - Abstract
We argue that imitation is a learning response to unintelligible actions, especially to social conventions. Various strands of evidence are converging on this conclusion, but further progress has been hampered by an outdated theory of perceptual experience. Comparative psychology continues to be premised on the doctrine that humans and nonhuman primates only perceive others’ physical ‘surface behavior’, while mental states are perceptually inaccessible. However, a growing consensus in social cognition research accepts the Direct Perception Hypothesis: primarily we see what others aim to do; we do not infer it from their motions. Indeed, physical details are overlooked – unless the action is unintelligible. On this basis we hypothesize that apes’ propensity to copy the goal of an action, rather than its precise means, is largely dependent on its perceived intelligibility. Conversely, children copy means more often than adults and apes because, uniquely, much adult human behavior is completely unintelligible to unenculturated observers due to the pervasiveness of arbitrary social conventions, as exemplified by customs, rituals, and languages. We expect the propensity to imitate to be inversely correlated with the familiarity of cultural practices, as indexed by age and/or socio-cultural competence. The Direct Perception Hypothesis thereby helps to parsimoniously explain the most important findings of imitation research, including children’s over-imitation and other species-typical and age-related variations.
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- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Effects of visual attention modulation on dynamic effective connectivity and visual fixation during own-face viewing in body dysmorphic disorder
- Author
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Gerhard Hellemann, Joel P. Diaz-Fong, Natalie M. Rotstein, Jamie D. Feusner, Wan-wa Wong, and D. Rangaprakash
- Subjects
Visual search ,medicine.medical_specialty ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Audiology ,medicine.disease ,Gaze ,Visual processing ,Perception ,Body dysmorphic disorder ,Fixation (visual) ,medicine ,Perceptual Distortion ,Functional magnetic resonance imaging ,Psychology ,media_common - Abstract
BackgroundIn individuals with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), selective attention biases and aberrant visual scanning patterns may cause imbalances in global vs. detailed visual processing, contributing to perceptual distortions for appearance. The mechanistic effects of modifying visual attention on brain function in BDD, which may be critical to developing perceptual-based treatments, have not been explored. This study tested the effects of visual-attention modulation on dorsal and ventral visual stream activation and connectivity, and eye behaviors.MethodsWe acquired functional magnetic resonance imaging data in 37 unmedicated adults with BDD and 30 controls. Participants viewed their faces under two conditions: a) unconstrained (naturalistically), and b) holding their gaze on the center of the image (visual-attention modulation), monitored with an eye-tracking camera. We analyzed activation and dynamic effective connectivity in dorsal and ventral visual streams and visual fixation duration.ResultsVisual-attention modulation resulted in longer fixation duration and reduced activation in dorsal and ventral visual streams in both groups compared with naturalistic viewing. Longer fixation duration was associated with greater effective connectivity from V1 to early dorsal visual stream during the second naturalistic viewing, across groups. During naturalistic viewing, there was greater V1 to early dorsal visual stream connectivity after, compared with before, visual-attention modulation.ConclusionsWhen viewing one’s face, longer visual fixation may confer greater communication in dorsal visual system, facilitating global/holistic visual processing. The finding that reduction in visual scanning while viewing one’s face results in persistent effects during unconstrained viewing has implications for perceptual retraining treatment design for BDD.
- Published
- 2021
20. Dynamic arm movements attenuate the perceptual distortion of visual vertical induced during prolonged whole-body tilt
- Author
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Keisuke Tani, Yasushi Kodaka, Keisuke Kushiro, and Shinji Yamamoto
- Subjects
Male ,Central Nervous System ,Vision ,Physiology ,Sensory Physiology ,Social Sciences ,Statics ,Somatosensory system ,Nervous System ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,Psychology ,Perceptual Distortion ,Mathematics::Representation Theory ,media_common ,Multidisciplinary ,Physics ,Classical Mechanics ,Sensory Systems ,Arms ,Tilt (optics) ,Somatosensory System ,Head Movements ,Shutters ,Physical Sciences ,Arm ,Visual Perception ,Medicine ,Engineering and Technology ,Female ,Sensory Perception ,Anatomy ,Whole body ,Gravitation ,Research Article ,Adult ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Science ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Movement ,Posture ,Young Adult ,Physical medicine and rehabilitation ,Perception ,Orientation ,medicine ,Humans ,Mechanical Engineering ,Cognitive Psychology ,Biology and Life Sciences ,Space Perception ,Body Limbs ,Cognitive Science ,Neuroscience - Abstract
Concurrent body movements have been shown to enhance the accuracy of spatial judgment, but it remains unclear whether they also contribute to perceptual estimates of gravitational space not involving body movements. To address this, we evaluated the effects of static or dynamic arm movements during prolonged whole-body tilt on the subsequent perceptual estimates of visual or postural vertical. In Experiment 1, participants were asked to continuously perform static or dynamic arm movements during prolonged tilt, and we assessed their effects on the prolonged tilt-induced shifts of subjective visual vertical (SVV) at a tilted position (during-tiltsession) or near upright (post-tiltsession). In Experiment 2, we evaluated how static or dynamic arm movements during prolonged tilt subsequently affected the subjective postural vertical (SPV). In Experiment 1, we observed that the SVV was significantly shifted toward the direction of prolonged tilt in both sessions. The SVV shifts decreased when performing dynamic arm movements in theduring-tiltsession, but not in thepost-tiltsession. In Experiment 2, as well as SVV, the SPV was shifted toward the direction of prolonged tilt, but it was not significantly attenuated by the performance of static or dynamic arm movements. The results of theduring-tiltsession suggest that the central nervous system utilizes additional information generated by dynamic body movements for perceptual estimates of visual vertical.
- Published
- 2020
21. Robust Data-Driven Auditory Profiling Towards Precision Audiology
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Sébastien Santurette, Tobias Neher, Michal Fereczkowski, Raul Sanchez-Lopez, and Torsten Dau
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Loudness Perception ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Computer science ,Hearing loss ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Hearing Loss, Sensorineural ,precision medicine ,Robust statistics ,hearing deficits ,Audiology ,Loudness ,03 medical and health sciences ,Speech and Hearing ,0302 clinical medicine ,Hearing ,Perception ,Individual data ,medicine ,otorhinolaryngologic diseases ,Profiling (information science) ,Humans ,Perceptual Distortion ,030223 otorhinolaryngology ,media_common ,data-driven analysis ,Heterogeneous group ,Absolute threshold of hearing ,Auditory masking ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,Binaural processing ,Hearing deficits ,Precision medicine ,Auditory Threshold ,Audiogram ,medicine.disease ,Otorhinolaryngology ,Speech Perception ,Audiometry, Pure-Tone ,Sensorineural hearing loss ,Data-driven analysis ,Audiometry ,medicine.symptom ,Psychology ,Noise ,Perceptual Masking ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,ISAAR 2019 Special Collection: Original Article - Abstract
The sources and consequences of a sensorineural hearing loss are diverse. While several approaches have aimed at disentangling the physiological and perceptual consequences of different etiologies, hearing deficit characterization and rehabilitation have been dominated by the results from pure-tone audiometry. Here, we present a novel approach based on data-driven profiling of perceptual auditory deficits that attempts to represent auditory phenomena that are usually hidden by, or entangled with, audibility loss. We hypothesize that the hearing deficits of a given listener, both at hearing threshold and at supra-threshold sound levels, result from two independent types of “auditory distortions”. In this two-dimensional space, four distinct “auditory profiles” can be identified. To test this hypothesis we gathered a dataset consisting of a heterogeneous group of listeners that were evaluated using measures of speech intelligibility, loudness perception, binaural processing abilities and spectro-temporal resolution. The subsequent analysis revealed that distortion type-I was associated with elevated hearing thresholds at high frequencies and reduced temporal masking release and was significantly correlated with elevated speech reception thresholds in noise. Distortion type-II was associated with low-frequency hearing loss and abnormally steep loudness functions. The auditory profiles represent four robust subpopulations of hearing-impaired listeners that exhibit different degrees of perceptual distortions. The four auditory profiles may provide a valuable basis for improved hearing rehabilitation, e.g. through profile-based hearing-aid fitting
- Published
- 2020
22. Brain activation and connectivity in anorexia nervosa and body dysmorphic disorder when viewing bodies: relationships to clinical symptoms and perception of appearance
- Author
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Wesley T. Kerr, Courtney Sheen, Michael Strober, Jamie D. Feusner, Francesca Morfini, Teena D. Moody, and Gigi Cheng
- Subjects
Anorexia Nervosa ,Cognitive Neuroscience ,media_common.quotation_subject ,050105 experimental psychology ,Article ,Visual processing ,03 medical and health sciences ,Behavioral Neuroscience ,Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience ,0302 clinical medicine ,Perception ,mental disorders ,medicine ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging ,Perceptual Distortion ,media_common ,05 social sciences ,Neuropsychology ,Brain ,Hyperconnectivity ,medicine.disease ,Body Dysmorphic Disorders ,Magnetic Resonance Imaging ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Neurology ,Anorexia nervosa (differential diagnoses) ,Body dysmorphic disorder ,Female ,Neurology (clinical) ,Psychology ,Hypoactivity ,Neuroscience ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) and body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) are characterized by distorted perception of appearance, yet no studies have directly compared the neurobiology associated with body perception. We compared AN and BDD in brain activation and connectivity in relevant networks when viewing images of others' bodies and tested their relationships with clinical symptoms and subjective appearance evaluations. We acquired fMRI data from 64 unmedicated females (20 weight-restored AN, 23 BDD, 21 controls) during a matching task using unaltered or spatial-frequency filtered photos of others' bodies. Using general linear model and independent components analyses we compared brain activation and connectivity in visual, striatal, and parietal networks and performed univariate and partial least squares multivariate analyses to investigate relationships with clinical symptoms and appearance evaluations. AN and BDD showed partially overlapping patterns of hyperconnectivity in the dorsal visual network and hypoconnectivity in parietal network compared with controls. BDD, but not AN, demonstrated hypoactivity in dorsal visual and parietal networks compared to controls. Further, there were significant activity and connectivity differences between AN and BDD in both networks. In both groups, activity and/or connectivity were associated with symptom severity and appearance ratings of others' bodies. Thus, AN and BDD demonstrate both distinct and partially-overlapping aberrant neural phenotypes involved in body processing and visually encoding global features. Nevertheless, in each disorder, aberrant activity and connectivity show relationships to clinically relevant symptoms and subjective perception. These results have implications for understanding distinct and shared pathophysiology underlying perceptual distortions of appearance and may inform future novel treatment strategies.
- Published
- 2020
23. Lack of awareness despite complex visual processing: Evidence from event-related potentials in a case of selective metamorphopsia
- Author
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Teresa Schubert, Emily L. Coderre, Michael McCloskey, Kerry Ledoux, Barry Gordon, and David Rothlein
- Subjects
Male ,Visual perception ,Vision Disorders ,Single-subject design ,Visual processing ,Cognition ,Event-related potential ,P3b ,Humans ,Perceptual Distortion ,Face detection ,Evoked Potentials ,Visual Cortex ,Multidisciplinary ,Brain ,Electroencephalography ,Neurodegenerative Diseases ,Biological Sciences ,Awareness ,Middle Aged ,Face ,Visual Perception ,Evoked Potentials, Visual ,Female ,Psychology ,Photic Stimulation ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
Visual awareness is thought to result from integration of low- and high-level processing; instances of integration failure provide a crucial window into the cognitive and neural bases of awareness. We present neurophysiological evidence of complex cognitive processing in the absence of awareness, raising questions about the conditions necessary for visual awareness. We describe an individual with a neurodegenerative disease who exhibits impaired visual awareness for the digits 2 to 9, and stimuli presented in close proximity to these digits, due to perceptual distortion. We identified robust event-related potential responses indicating 1) face detection with the N170 component and 2) task-dependent target-word detection with the P3b component, despite no awareness of the presence of faces or target words. These data force us to reconsider the relationship between neural processing and visual awareness; even stimuli processed by a workspace-like cognitive system can remain inaccessible to awareness. We discuss how this finding challenges and constrains theories of visual awareness.
- Published
- 2020
24. Does the language we use to segment the body, shape the way we perceive it?:A study of tactile perceptual distortions
- Author
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Andrew J. Bremner, Frances Le Cornu Knight, and Dorothy Cowie
- Subjects
Adult ,Linguistics and Language ,Cognitive Neuroscience ,First language ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Tactile perception ,Wrist ,Space (commercial competition) ,050105 experimental psychology ,Language and Linguistics ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Perception ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,medicine ,Proper noun ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Segmentation ,Perceptual Distortion ,Body parts ,media_common ,Language ,05 social sciences ,SoE Centre for Psychological Approaches for Studying Education ,Hand ,Body structural description ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Touch Perception ,Body representations ,Touch ,Psychology ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
Tactile perception is referenced to, and modulated by, body parts and their boundaries. For example, tactile distances presented over the wrist are perceptually elongated relative to those presented within the hand or arm. This phenomenon is argued to result from a segmentation of tactile space according to body parts and their boundaries, i.e., touches presented within a body part are perceived as being more similar, and therefore closer together, whereas those that straddle a body part boundary (e.g. presented across two body parts) are perceived as more distinct and thus further apart. We tested the hypothesis that language shapes this effect by providing consolidatory labels for categories and boundaries, as it does in other perceptual domains. We examined the perceptual elongation of distance over the wrist in a group of Croatian adults (n = 37) whose first language does not differentiate between hand and arm at the wrist in common noun terms (instead, the Croatian word “ruka” encompasses the entire limb). Croatian adults, like UK adults reported in a previous study (Le Cornu Knight, Longo, & Bremner, 2014), perceived distances presented proximodistally over the wrist boundary as longer than those presented mediolaterally, whereas the reverse was found for both the hand and the arm. This pattern of results was remained when Croatian participants were split into two groups of inexperienced or proficient English-language speakers. This is striking evidence that body part boundaries consistently modulate tactile perception, despite differences in the linguistic distinctions of such body parts made by one's first language.
- Published
- 2020
25. Dynamic arm movements attenuate perceptual distortion of visual vertical induced during prolonged whole-body tilt
- Author
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Keisuke Tani, Keisuke Kushiro, Yasushi Kodaka, and Shinji Yamamoto
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Physical medicine and rehabilitation ,Perception ,media_common.quotation_subject ,medicine ,Perceptual Distortion ,Psychology ,Whole body ,Tilt (camera) ,media_common - Abstract
Additional gravitational cues generated by active body movements may play a role in the perception of gravitational space, but no experimental evidence has been shown on this. To investigate this possibility, we evaluated how arm movements made against gravity influenced the perceptual distortion of visual and postural vertical induced by prolonged whole-body tilt. In Experiment 1, participants were asked to perform static or dynamic arm movements during prolonged whole-body tilt and we assessed their effects on subjective visual vertical (SVV) at the tilt position (during-tiltsession) and after tilting back to the upright position (post-tiltsession). In Experiment 2, we evaluated how static or dynamic arm movements during prolonged tilt subsequently affected the subjective postural vertical (SPV). In Experiment 1, we observed that prolonged tilt induced the SVV shifts toward the side of body tilts in both sessions. The prolonged tilt-induced SVV shifts effectively decreased when performing dynamic arm movements in theduring-tiltsession, but not in thepost-tiltsession. In Experiment 2, the SPV shifted toward the side of prolonged body tilt, which was not significantly influenced by the performance of static or dynamic arm movements. Results of theduring-tiltsession suggest that the central nervous system utilizes additional cues generated by dynamic body movements for the perception of the visual vertical.
- Published
- 2020
26. Perceptual Representation of Own Hand Size in Early Childhood and Adulthood
- Author
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Serena Giurgola, Elena Nava, Nadia Bolognini, Giurgola, S, Bolognini, N, and Nava, E
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Visual perception ,media_common.quotation_subject ,lcsh:Medicine ,050105 experimental psychology ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Body representation, body image, human development ,Perception ,Human behaviour ,Body Image ,Psychology ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Perceptual Distortion ,Early childhood ,lcsh:Science ,Child ,media_common ,Multidisciplinary ,Hand size ,lcsh:R ,05 social sciences ,Representation (systemics) ,Cognition ,Human body ,Hand ,Proprioception ,Child, Preschool ,Space Perception ,Visual Perception ,lcsh:Q ,Female ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
Hand size perceptual distortions characterize adult human cognition. Notwithstanding the importance of uncovering how hand size representation develops in humans, studies in this field are still at a preliminary stage. Indeed, it is yet to be understood whether hand size distortions are present and reliable in early childhood and whether they differ from adults’ distortions, offering a more in-depth insight into the emergence and development of such representations. We addressed this issue by comparing 4- to 6- year-old children and adults’ representation of their own hand size, as assessed with a 2-forced choice visual perceptual task. To test participants’ ability to estimate their own hand size, children and adults judged whether pictures of their own hand, resized to appear smaller or bigger than their own hand, matched or not its actual dimension. Results show that children aged 4 to 6 years tend to underestimate their own hand size, while adults underestimate their own hand more weakly. This evidence suggests that body-parts perceptual distortions are already in place in early childhood, and thus represent a characteristic of the human body representation.
- Published
- 2020
27. On Why Objects Appear Smaller in the Visual Periphery
- Author
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Wladimir Kirsch, Wilfried Kunde, and Roland Pfister
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Visual perception ,genetic structures ,Object (grammar) ,050105 experimental psychology ,03 medical and health sciences ,Young Adult ,0302 clinical medicine ,Orientation ,Reaction Time ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Attention ,Perceptual Distortion ,General Psychology ,Cued speech ,05 social sciences ,Middle Aged ,Visual field ,Peripheral ,Pattern Recognition, Visual ,Space Perception ,Female ,Cues ,Visual Fields ,Psychology ,Neuroscience ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
An object appears smaller in the periphery than in the center of the visual field. In two experiments ( N = 24), we demonstrated that visuospatial attention contributes substantially to this perceptual distortion. Participants judged the size of central and peripheral target objects after a transient, exogenous cue directed their attention to either the central or the peripheral location. Peripheral target objects were judged to be smaller following a central cue, whereas this effect disappeared completely when the peripheral target was cued. This outcome suggests that objects appear smaller in the visual periphery not only because of the structural properties of the visual system but also because of a lack of spatial attention.
- Published
- 2019
28. The Enright phenomenon. Stereoscopic distortion of perceived driving speed induced by monocular pupil dilation
- Author
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Andrew D. Carkeet, Kylie M. McNeill, Joanne M. Wood, Joanna A. James, Leigh S. Holder, and Hamish J. McNeill
- Subjects
Male ,Mydriatics ,genetic structures ,Motion Perception ,Stereoscopy ,Distorsión de la velocidad ,Pupil ,law.invention ,Tropicamide ,0302 clinical medicine ,lcsh:Ophthalmology ,law ,Pupillary response ,lcsh:QC350-467 ,Computer vision ,Vision, Binocular ,Pulfrich ,05 social sciences ,Original Article ,Female ,Dilated pupils ,Psychology ,Monocular dilation ,Neutral density filter ,lcsh:Optics. Light ,Driving ,medicine.drug ,Adult ,Automobile Driving ,Conducción ,Enright ,050105 experimental psychology ,Speed distortion ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,Auto-movimiento ,medicine ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Perceptual Distortion ,Dilatación monocular ,Monocular ,business.industry ,eye diseases ,Retinal image ,lcsh:RE1-994 ,030221 ophthalmology & optometry ,Optometry ,sense organs ,Artificial intelligence ,Ophthalmic Solutions ,business - Abstract
Purpose: The Enright phenomenon describes the distortion in speed perception experienced by an observer looking sideways from a moving vehicle when viewing with interocular differences in retinal image brightness, usually induced by neutral density filters. We investigated whether the Enright phenomenon could be induced with monocular pupil dilation using tropicamide. Methods: We tested 17 visually normal young adults on a closed road driving circuit. Participants were asked to travel at Goal Speeds of 40 km/h and 60 km/h while looking sideways from the vehicle with: (i) both eyes with undilated pupils; (ii) both eyes with dilated pupils; (iii) with the leading eye only dilated; and (iv) the trailing eye only dilated. For each condition we recorded actual driving speed. Results: With the pupil of the leading eye dilated participants drove significantly faster (by an average of 3.8 km/h) than with both eyes dilated (p = 0.02); with the trailing eye dilated participants drove significantly slower (by an average of 3.2 km/h) than with both eyes dilated (p
- Published
- 2017
29. Effects of happy and sad facial expressions on the perception of time in Parkinson’s disease patients with mild cognitive impairment
- Author
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F. Perini, Lucia Meligrana, Giovanna Mioni, Simon Grondin, Franca Stablum, and Luigi Bartolomei
- Subjects
Male ,Parkinson's disease ,Parkinson’s disease patients ,Bisection ,Happiness ,Aptitude ,Disease ,Neuropsychological Tests ,Audiology ,Developmental psychology ,0302 clinical medicine ,Reference Values ,Attention ,time bisection task ,Correlation of Data ,media_common ,Aged, 80 and over ,05 social sciences ,Neuropsychology ,Parkinson Disease ,Middle Aged ,Time perception ,Facial Expression ,Sadness ,Clinical Psychology ,Neurology ,Female ,Psychology ,Emotional facial recognition, Parkinson’s disease patients, time bisection task, time perception ,Facial Recognition ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Psychometrics ,media_common.quotation_subject ,behavioral disciplines and activities ,050105 experimental psychology ,03 medical and health sciences ,Emotional facial recognition ,medicine ,Humans ,Cognitive Dysfunction ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Aged ,Perceptual Distortion ,Facial expression ,medicine.disease ,Time Perception ,Neurology (clinical) ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a movement disorder caused by deterioration of the dopaminergic system. Previous studies have demonstrated temporal as well as emotional facial recognition impairment in PD patients. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that emotional facial expressions alter temporal judgments. In the present study, we investigate the magnitude of temporal distortions caused by the presentation of emotional facial expressions (happiness, sadness, and neutral) in PD patients with mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI) and controls.Seventeen older adults with PD-MCI and 22 healthy older adults took part in the present study. Participants were tested with a time bisection task with standard intervals lasting 400 ms and 1600 ms. Moreover, a complete neuropsychological evaluation was conducted to characterize the sample.Differences between groups were observed indicating a general underestimation of time in PD-MCI patients. Temporal impairments in PD-MCI patients seem to be caused mainly by a dysfunction at the level of reference memory. The effect of emotional facial expressions on time perception was evident in both PD patients and controls, with an overestimation of perceived duration when happiness was presented and an underestimation when sadness was presented.Overall, our results indicate that reduced cognitive abilities might be responsible for the lower temporal ability observed in PD-MCI patients. Moreover, similar effects of emotional stimuli were observed in both PD-MCI patients and controls.
- Published
- 2017
30. The effect of food deprivation on human resolving power
- Author
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Tzvi Ganel and Noa Zitron-Emanuel
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Food deprivation ,Visual perception ,Adolescent ,Hunger ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Portion size ,050105 experimental psychology ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,Perception ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,Humans ,Attention ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Size Perception ,Visual resolution ,media_common ,Motivation ,Perceptual Distortion ,digestive, oral, and skin physiology ,05 social sciences ,Portion Size ,Pattern Recognition, Visual ,Feeling ,Female ,Food Deprivation ,Just noticeable ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
The feeling of hunger is an inseparable part of people's daily lives. It has been established that hunger, caused by food deprivation, influences people's physiological and emotional state and their everyday behavior. Yet, it remains unclear whether and in which manner food deprivation affects the way people perceive their environment. In two experiments, we examined the effects of food deprivation on the perceptual resolution of food portion size. We calculated Just Noticeable Differences (JNDs) to measure sensitivity to detect the smallest difference between two stimuli of different sizes. Participants' resolution in both experiments was higher to detect changes in food size compared with baseline when they were hungry due to a short period of food deprivation. Food deprivation did not lead to any biases in the average perception of food size. The results show that food deprivation changes the way people perceive their environment. We discuss the possible role of attention in mediating the effect of food deprivation on the visual resolution of food size.
- Published
- 2017
31. A testképtől a testképzavarig
- Author
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Máté Jambrik, Laura Csenki, Balázs John, Ildikó Ábrahám, Nóra Franczia, and Adrienn Németh
- Subjects
Cognitive Information Processing ,media_common.quotation_subject ,05 social sciences ,General Medicine ,050105 experimental psychology ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Distortion ,Perception ,Trait ,Identity (object-oriented programming) ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Perceptual Distortion ,Psychology ,Focus (optics) ,Identity formation ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Cognitive psychology ,media_common - Abstract
Abstract: The aim of this literature review is to integrate the results of various studies regarding body image and body image distortion into a unified framework. The concept of body image is complex and can be interpreted from multiple points of view. The first part of the study touches upon different age characteristics, attentional focus on the body, the early and important role of the body in identity formation, specific features in adolescence, gender differences, and the often-observed stability of body image (distortion), which may be present as a (trait) marker throughout the lifespan. The second part focuses on the organization of body image. The results of different studies on cognitive information processing are reviewed, the question of perceptual accuracy is addressed and the concepts of embodiment are examined. The third topic is body image distortion. First, the concept is contextualized along different continua, then discussed in a clinical sense along with the complexity of diagnostic methods, as well as the state and trait aspects of body image distortion. Orv Hetil. 2017; 158(19): 723–730.
- Published
- 2017
32. The relevance of cognitive distortions in the psychosocial treatment of adult ADHD
- Author
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J. Russell Ramsay
- Subjects
03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Relevance (information retrieval) ,Cognition ,Perceptual Distortion ,Psychology ,Psychosocial ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,General Psychology ,030227 psychiatry ,Developmental psychology ,Clinical psychology - Published
- 2017
33. A Study on the Effect of Basic Education Program on the Cognitive Change of Sex offender
- Author
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Geun-Guk Kim and Cheol-Min Yu
- Subjects
Sexual violence ,Cognitive change ,Sex offender ,Basic education ,General Medicine ,Perceptual Distortion ,Psychology ,Developmental psychology - Published
- 2016
34. Abnormal Time Experiences in Major Depression: An Empirical Qualitative Study
- Author
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Milena Mancini, Massimo Ballerini, Georg Northoff, Giovanni Stanghellini, John Cutting, and Simona Presenza
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Sense of Coherence ,050105 experimental psychology ,Diagnosis, Differential ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,medicine ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Psychiatry ,Qualitative Research ,Depression (differential diagnoses) ,Nomothetic and idiographic ,Depressive Disorder, Major ,Perceptual Distortion ,05 social sciences ,Conation ,Deja Vu ,Middle Aged ,Time perception ,medicine.disease ,Self Concept ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Clinical Psychology ,Schizophrenia ,Time Perception ,Major depressive disorder ,Female ,Psychology ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Clinical psychology ,Psychopathology ,Qualitative research - Abstract
Background: Phenomenological psychopathology, through theoretical and idiographic studies, conceptualizes major depressive disorder (MDD) as a disorder of time experience. Investigations on abnormal time experience (ATE) in MDD adopting methodologies requested by the standards of empirical sciences are still lacking. Our study aimed to provide a qualitative analysis, on an empirical ground and on a large scale, of narratives of temporal experiences of persons affected by MDD. Methods: We interviewed 550 consecutive patients affected by affective and schizophrenic disorders. Clinical files were analysed by means of consensual qualitative research. Results: Out of 100 MDD patients, 96 reported at least 1 ATE. The principal categories of ATE are vital retardation - the experience of a stagnation of endogenous vital processes (37 patients), the experience of present and future dominated by the past (29 patients), and the experience of the slackening of the flow oftime (25 patients). A comparison with ATE in schizophrenia patients showed that in MDD, unlike in schizophrenia, there is no disarticulation of time experience (disorder of temporal synthesis) but rather a disorder of conation or inhibition of becoming. Limitations: The interview style was not meant to make a quantitative assessment (“false negatives” cannot be excluded). Conclusions: Our findings confirm the relevance of distinctive features of ATE in MDD, support the hypothesis of an intrinsic disordered temporal structure in depressive symptoms, and may have direct implications in clinical practice, especially in relation to differential diagnosis, setting the boundaries between “true” and milder forms of depression, and neurobiological research.
- Published
- 2016
35. Perceptual Distortions of 3-D Finger Size
- Author
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Ebru Ecem Tavacioglu, Matthew R. Longo, and Elena Azañón
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Middle finger ,Body size ,050105 experimental psychology ,Fingers ,03 medical and health sciences ,Young Adult ,0302 clinical medicine ,Artificial Intelligence ,Perception ,medicine ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Computer vision ,Perceptual Distortion ,Finger size ,Size Perception ,media_common ,business.industry ,05 social sciences ,Index finger ,Middle Aged ,Object (philosophy) ,Sensory Systems ,Ophthalmology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Female ,Artificial intelligence ,Psychology ,business ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Finger length - Abstract
Our body is a volumetric, three-dimensional (3-D) object in the world, and we experience it as such. Existing methods for measuring the perceptual body image, however, have been based on judgments of one-dimensional (1-D) length or two-dimensional images. We developed a new approach to the 3-D perceptual body image of the fingers by asking people to judge whether each finger would fit through rings of varying diameter. This task requires participants to conceptualize their finger as a volumetric object entering the ring. In two experiments, we used an adaptive staircase procedure to estimate the perceived size of each finger. There were systematic distortions of perceived 3-D finger size, with the size of index finger and (to a lesser extent) the middle finger underestimated. These distortions were unaffected by changes in hand posture. Notably, the pattern of distortions is qualitatively different from that found in previous research investigating 1-D finger length, suggesting that 3-D judgments of the body may differ in fundamental ways from 1-D judgments of individual body dimensions.
- Published
- 2019
36. Somatosensory cortical representation of the body size
- Author
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Giuseppe Vallar, Nadia Bolognini, Serena Giurgola, Angelo Maravita, Alberto Pisoni, Giurgola, S, Pisoni, A, Maravita, A, Vallar, G, and Bolognini, N
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_treatment ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Somatosensory system ,M-PSI/02 - PSICOBIOLOGIA E PSICOLOGIA FISIOLOGICA ,Choice Behavior ,050105 experimental psychology ,Functional Laterality ,03 medical and health sciences ,Young Adult ,0302 clinical medicine ,Perception ,medicine ,Body Size ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging ,Perceptual Distortion ,Research Articles ,media_common ,Foot (prosody) ,Radiological and Ultrasound Technology ,inferior parietal lobule ,05 social sciences ,Representation (systemics) ,Inferior parietal lobule ,Somatosensory Cortex ,Hand ,Magnetic Resonance Imaging ,Transcranial magnetic stimulation ,Cortical map ,Neurology ,TMS ,body representation ,Female ,Neurology (clinical) ,Anatomy ,Psychology ,Neuroscience ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Photic Stimulation - Abstract
The knowledge of the size of our own body parts is essential for accurately moving in space and efficiently interact with objects. A distorted perceptual representation of the body size often represents a core diagnostic criterion for some psychopathological conditions. The metric representation of the body was shown to depend on somatosensory afferences: local deafferentation indeed causes a perceptual distortion of the size of the anesthetized body part. A specular effect can be induced by altering the cortical map of body parts in the primary somatosensory cortex. Indeed, the present study demonstrates, in healthy adult participants, that repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to the somatosensory cortical map of the hand in both hemispheres causes a perceptual distortion (i.e., an overestimation) of the size of the participants' own hand (Experiments 1-3), which does not involve other body parts (i.e., the foot, Experiment 2). Instead, the stimulation of the inferior parietal lobule of both hemispheres does not affect the perception of the own body size (Experiment 4). These results highlight the role of the primary somatosensory cortex in the building up and updating of the metric of body parts: somatosensory cortical activity not only shapes our somatosensation, it also affects how we perceive the dimension of our body.
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- 2019
37. Tactile distance adaptation aftereffects do not transfer to perceptual hand maps
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Matthew R. Longo, Souta Hidaka, Elena Azañón, and Raffaele Tucciarelli
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media_common.quotation_subject ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Adaptation (eye) ,Somatosensory system ,050105 experimental psychology ,Silhouette ,Fingers ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,Perception ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Computer vision ,Perceptual Distortion ,media_common ,Cued speech ,Proprioception ,business.industry ,05 social sciences ,General Medicine ,Hand ,Adaptation, Physiological ,Touch Perception ,Touch ,Mental representation ,Artificial intelligence ,business ,Psychology ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that mental representations of the hand dorsum are distorted even for healthy participants. Perceptual hand maps estimated by pointing to specific landmarks (e.g., knuckles and tips of fingers) is stretched and shrunk along the medio-lateral and the proximo-distal axes, respectively. Similarly, tactile distance perception between two touches is longer along the medio-lateral axis than the proximo-distal axis. The congruency of the two types of distortions suggests that common perceptual and neural representations may be involved in these processes. Prolonged stimulation by two simultaneous touches having a particular distance can bias subsequent perception of tactile distances (e.g., adaptation to a long distance induces shorter stimuli to be perceived even shorter). This tactile distance adaptation aftereffect has been suggested to occur based on the modulations of perceptual and neural responses at low somatosensory processing stages. The current study investigated whether tactile distance adaptation aftereffects affect also the pattern of distortions on the perceptual hand maps. Participants localized locations on the hand dorsum cued by tactile stimulations (Experiment 1) or visually presented landmarks on a hand silhouette (Experiment 2). Each trial was preceded by adaptation to either a small (2 cm) or large (4 cm) tactile distance. We found clear tactile distance aftereffects. However, no changes were observed for the distorted pattern of the perceptual hand maps following adaptation to a tactile distance. Our results showed that internal body representations involved in perceptual distortions may be distinct between tactile distance perception and the perceptual hand maps underlying position sense.
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- 2019
38. Scene categorization in the presence of a distractor
- Author
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Lukavsky, Jiri
- Subjects
PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Perception|Motion Perception ,Adult ,Male ,Cognition and Perception ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Perception|Vision ,genetic structures ,Computer science ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Perception|Touch, Taste, and Smell ,ComputingMethodologies_IMAGEPROCESSINGANDCOMPUTERVISION ,bepress|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Psychology|Cognition and Perception ,Social and Behavioral Sciences ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Perception|Embodied Cognition ,050105 experimental psychology ,Task (project management) ,03 medical and health sciences ,Young Adult ,0302 clinical medicine ,Foveal ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Perception|Audition ,Psychology ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Attention ,Vision, Ocular ,Focus (computing) ,Perceptual Distortion ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Perception ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Perception|Perceptual Organization ,05 social sciences ,Contrast (statistics) ,Sensory Systems ,FOS: Psychology ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences ,Ophthalmology ,Categorization ,Pattern Recognition, Visual ,Pattern recognition (psychology) ,Peripheral vision ,bepress|Social and Behavioral Sciences ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Perception|Multisensory Integration ,Female ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Perception|Picture Processing ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Perception|Vestibular Systems and Proprioception ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Perception|Action ,Communication channel ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
Humans display a very good understanding of the content in briefly presented photographs. To achieve this understanding, humans rely on information from both high-acuity central vision and peripheral vision. Previous studies have investigated the relative contribution of central/peripheral vision. However, the role of attention in this task remains unclear. In this study, we presented composite images with a scene in the center and another scene in the periphery. The two channels conveyed different information, and the participants were asked to focus on one channel while ignoring the other. In two experiments, we showed that (1) people are better at recognizing the central part, (2) the conflicting signal in the ignored part hinders performance, and (3) this effect is true for both parts (focusing on the central or peripheral part). We conclude that scene recognition is based on both central and peripheral information, even when participants are instructed to focus only on one part of the image and ignore the other. In contrast to the zoom-out hypothesis, we propose that the gist recognition process should be interpreted in terms of the evidence accumulation model in which information from the to-be-ignored parts is also included.
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- 2019
39. Distortions of perceived volume and length of body parts
- Author
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Renata Sadibolova, Elisa Raffaella Ferrè, Matthew R. Longo, and Sally A. Linkenauger
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Adult ,Male ,Similarity (geometry) ,Cognitive Neuroscience ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Sample (material) ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,050105 experimental psychology ,psyc ,Judgment ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Perception ,Statistics ,Body Image ,Body Size ,Humans ,Contrast (vision) ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Perceptual Distortion ,Size Perception ,media_common ,Body proportions ,05 social sciences ,Self Concept ,Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology ,Female ,Psychology ,Focus (optics) ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Volume (compression) - Abstract
We experience our body as a 3D, volumetric object in the world. Measures of our conscious body image, in contrast, have investigated the perception of body size along one or two dimensions at a time. There is, thus, a discrepancy between existing methods for measuring body image and our subjective experience of having 3D body. Here we assessed in a sample of healthy adults the perception of body size in terms of its 1D length and 3D volume. Participants were randomly assigned to two groups using different measuring units (other body part and non-body object). They estimated how many units would fit in a perceived size of body segments and the whole body. The patterns of length and volume misperception across judged segments were determined as their perceived size proportional to their actual size. The pattern of volume misperception paints the representation of 3D body proportions resembling those of a somatosensory homunculus. The body parts with a smaller actual surface area relative to their volume were underestimated more. There was a tendency for body parts underestimated in volume to be overestimated in length. Perceived body proportions thus changed as a function of judgement type while showing a similarity in magnitude of the absolute estimation error, be it an underestimation of volume or overestimation of length. The main contribution of this study is assessing the body image as a 3D body representation, and thus extending beyond the conventional 'allocentric' focus to include the body on the inside. Our findings highlight the value of studying the perceptual distortions "at the baseline", i.e., in healthy population, so as to advance the understanding of the nature of perceptual distortions in clinical conditions.
- Published
- 2019
40. Strange-face illusions during eye-to-eye gazing in dyads: specific effects on derealization, depersonalization and dissociative identity
- Author
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Giovanni B. Caputo
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,050103 clinical psychology ,Eye Movements ,medicine.drug_class ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Illusion ,Eye contact ,Identity (social science) ,projection ,mirror-gazing ,Dissociative Disorders ,Bodily self ,eye contact ,Dissociative ,consciousness ,intersubjectivity ,OBE ,Dissociation (psychology) ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Perception ,Depersonalization ,medicine ,Derealization ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,identity ,media_common ,two-person synchronization ,Perceptual Distortion ,tonic immobility ,Optical Illusions ,05 social sciences ,medicine.disease ,030227 psychiatry ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Clinical Psychology ,Face ,Female ,Self Report ,medicine.symptom ,Psychology ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
Experimentally induced strange-face illusions can be perceived when two individuals look at each other in the eyes under low illumination for about 10 minutes. This task of subject-other eye-to-eye gazing produces the following perceptions by the subject: (i) mild to huge deformations and color/shape changes of face and facial features; (ii) lifeless, unmoving faces and immaterial presences akin to out-of-body experiences; (iii) pseudo-hallucinations, enlightened 'idealized' faces and personalities - rather than the other's actual face. Dissociative phenomena seem to be involved, whereas the effects of non-pathological dissociation on strange-face illusions have not yet been directly investigated. In the present study, dissociative perceptions and strange-face illusions were measured through self-report questionnaires on a large sample (N = 90) of healthy young individuals. Results of correlation and factor analyses suggest that strange-face illusions can involve, respectively: (i) strange-face illusions correlated to derealization; (ii) strange-face illusions correlated to depersonalization; and (iii) strange-face illusions of identity, which are supposedly correlated to identity dissociation. The findings support the separation between detachment and compartmentalization in dissociative processes. Effects of gender show that strange-face illusions are more frequent in men with respect to women if dyads are composed of individuals of different-gender. Furthermore, drawings of strange-faces, which were perceived by portrait artists in place the others' faces, allowed a direct illustration of examples of dissociative identities. Findings are discussed in relation to the three-level model of self-referential processing.
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- 2019
41. Distorted distance perception to reachable points in people with chronic shoulder pain
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José Eduardo Pompeu, Victoria J. Madden, Marcello F. de Sousa, Juliana T. Gasparin, Rafael Krasic Alaiti, Daniel S. Harvie, Maria Helena Leite Hunziker, Marcelo Fernandes da Costa, Alaiti, Rafael K, Harvie, Daniel S, Gasparin, Juliana T, de Sousa, Marcello F, Pompeu, José E, Madden, Victoria J, Hunziker, Maria Helena Leite, and da Costa, Marcelo F
- Subjects
Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,body image ,shoulder pain ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation ,Perceptual inference ,Correlation ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Physical medicine and rehabilitation ,perceptual distortion ,Shoulder Pain ,Perception ,medicine ,Body Image ,Humans ,pain ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Perceptual Distortion ,media_common ,Aged ,Pain Measurement ,Persistent pain ,Distance Perception ,Chronic pain ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,perceptual inference ,MOVIMENTO (FISIOLOGIA) ,Case-Control Studies ,Chronic shoulder pain ,Female ,Chronic Pain ,Psychology ,chronic pain ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
usc Perception is not simply a carbon copy of the real world, but is subject to distortions that may reflect protective drive. This study aimed to investigate whether people with chronic shoulder pain show perceptual distortions of space and body that may promote protective behavior. Eighty-four people with shoulder pain and 51 healthy controls participated. Participants estimated (1) distances to points on a cork-board within and outside reaching distance, and (2) the perceived length of their own arms. A novel measure of movement-related pain was also used to determine whether movement-related pain relates to perceptual distortion. Overall, distance and arm length estimates did not differ between groups, nor did participants perceive their arms to be of different length. However, a moderate correlation between movement-related pain and the index of distance perception was found within the pain group, specifically for distance estimates to points within reach. Our results suggest that distorted perception is not a typical consequence of chronic shoulder pain; however, that it may occur in cases where pain is strongly linked to movement. Our findings have implications for understanding avoidance of movement in people with persistent pain. Refereed/Peer-reviewed
- Published
- 2019
42. Auditory hallucinations, top-down processing and language perception: a general population study
- Author
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de Boer, J N, Linszen, M M J, Schutte, M J L, Begemann, M J H, Heringa, S M, Bohlken, M M, Hugdahl, K, Aleman, A, Wijnen, F N K, Sommer, I E C, Sub Overigen ASW, Leerstoel Postma, LS Psycholinguistiek, ILS LAPD, Clinical Neuropsychology, Interdisciplinary Centre Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), Perceptual and Cognitive Neuroscience (PCN), Guided Treatment in Optimal Selected Cancer Patients (GUTS), Clinical Cognitive Neuropsychiatry Research Program (CCNP), and Movement Disorder (MD)
- Subjects
REALITY ,Male ,SIGNAL-DETECTION ,INFORMATION ,genetic structures ,IMAGERY ,Audiology ,Constant false alarm rate ,bottom-up ,0302 clinical medicine ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,SCHIZOPHRENIA ,BRAIN ,Applied Psychology ,media_common ,education.field_of_study ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,05 social sciences ,Middle Aged ,Visual Hallucination ,PREVALENCE ,Semantics ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Schizophrenia ,Hallucinating ,Speech Perception ,Auditory Perception ,Female ,hallucinations ,Psychology ,Auditory perception ,Adult ,medicine.medical_specialty ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Population ,PREDICTIONS ,behavioral disciplines and activities ,050105 experimental psychology ,MECHANISMS ,03 medical and health sciences ,Young Adult ,Perception ,medicine ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,education ,Analysis of Variance ,Perceptual Distortion ,language ,Original Articles ,medicine.disease ,PSYCHOTIC EXPERIENCES ,Acoustic Stimulation ,top-down ,Linear Models ,Hearing test ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
BackgroundStudies investigating the underlying mechanisms of hallucinations in patients with schizophrenia suggest that an imbalance in top-down expectations v. bottom-up processing underlies these errors in perception. This study evaluates this hypothesis by testing if individuals drawn from the general population who have had auditory hallucinations (AH) have more misperceptions in auditory language perception than those who have never hallucinated.MethodsWe used an online survey to determine the presence of hallucinations. Participants filled out the Questionnaire for Psychotic Experiences and participated in an auditory verbal recognition task to assess both correct perceptions (hits) and misperceptions (false alarms). A hearing test was performed to screen for hearing problems.ResultsA total of 5115 individuals from the general Dutch population participated in this study. Participants who reported AH in the week preceding the test had a higher false alarm rate in their auditory perception compared with those without such (recent) experiences. The more recent the AH were experienced, the more mistakes participants made. While the presence of verbal AH (AVH) was predictive for false alarm rate in auditory language perception, the presence of non-verbal or visual hallucinations were not.ConclusionsThe presence of AVH predicted false alarm rate in auditory language perception, whereas the presence of non-verbal auditory or visual hallucinations was not, suggesting that enhanced top-down processing does not transfer across modalities. More false alarms were observed in participants who reported more recent AVHs. This is in line with models of enhanced influence of top-down expectations in persons who hallucinate.
- Published
- 2019
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43. A kinematic examination of hand perception
- Author
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Lara A. Coelho, Claudia L. R. Gonzalez, and Giovanna Zaninelli
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Kinematics ,Thumb ,Frame of reference ,Motion capture ,050105 experimental psychology ,Judgment ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,Perception ,Body Image ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,medicine ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,media_common ,Perceptual Distortion ,Communication ,Landmark ,Point (typography) ,business.industry ,05 social sciences ,Body perception ,General Medicine ,Hand ,Biomechanical Phenomena ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Space Perception ,Visual Perception ,Female ,Psychology ,business ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
Previous research has found that the perception of our hands is inaccurate. This distorted representation has several constant characteristics including an overestimation of hand width and an underestimation of finger length. In this study, we further investigate this phenomenon by exploring the boundaries of hand representation. Participants placed one hand underneath a table top so it was occluded from view. Using their free hand, participants were instructed to point to the location where they believed the tips and bases of each of their fingers were. These ten landmarks were recorded using a motion capture system. One group of participants pointed to the landmarks in a random order (as done in previous studies) while another group pointed to them in a systematic fashion (from the tip of the thumb sequentially through to the pinky). Furthermore, to explore if having a frame of reference facilitates hand perception, some participants initiated each of their estimations directly from the previous landmark while others initiated them from a home spot located outside the span of the hand. Results showed that the participants who pointed in the systematic order made numerous accurate judgments of hand size and were overall more precise than participants who pointed in a random order. Including a frame of reference however, had no effect on the judgments. The results also showed asymmetries in hand perception. These findings are discussed in relation to different possible internal body representations and hemispheric asymmetries in body perception.
- Published
- 2016
44. Atypical Sensory behaviours in children with Tourette’s Syndrome and in children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
- Author
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Amanda K. Ludlow and Arnold J. Wilkins
- Subjects
Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Visual perception ,Adolescent ,genetic structures ,Sensory processing ,Autism Spectrum Disorder ,medicine.medical_treatment ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Child Behavior ,Sensory system ,Audiology ,050105 experimental psychology ,Developmental psychology ,03 medical and health sciences ,Nonverbal communication ,0302 clinical medicine ,Reading (process) ,Stress (linguistics) ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,medicine ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Child ,media_common ,Perceptual Distortion ,05 social sciences ,medicine.disease ,Clinical Psychology ,Reading ,Case-Control Studies ,Visual Disturbance ,Visual Perception ,Autism ,Female ,Psychology ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Tourette Syndrome - Abstract
Certain visual disturbances make it difficult to read text and have been attributed to visual stress, also called "pattern-related visual stress". 12 Children with ASD, 12 children with Tourette's syndrome and without ASD and 12 controls, all matched on age and non verbal ability, participated in an experiment exploring sensory behaviours and visual stress. Reading rate and accuracy were assessed with the Wilkins Rate of Reading test with and without the Intuitive Overlays. Both the children with Tourette's and the children with ASD showed a higher prevalence of atypical sensory behaviours and symptoms of visual stress than the typically developing control children. Six out of twelve children with Tourette's syndrome (50%) read more accurately and over 15% more quickly with a coloured overlay. Four of the 12 children with ASD and none of the control children read over 15% more quickly with an overlay. The findings are discussed in relation to problems in sensory modulation.
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- 2016
45. Body representations in schizophrenia: an alteration of body structural description is common to people with schizophrenia while alterations of body image worsen with passivity symptoms
- Author
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Nicholas P. Holmes, Flavie Waters, Mathew T. Martin-Iverson, and Kyran T. Graham-Schmidt
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Cognitive Neuroscience ,Schizophrenia (object-oriented programming) ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Illusion ,Body size ,Developmental psychology ,Perceptual Disorders ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Body Image ,Humans ,media_common ,Perceptual Distortion ,External validation ,Middle Aged ,030227 psychiatry ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Case-Control Studies ,Depersonalization ,Schizophrenia ,Female ,Schizophrenic Psychology ,Psychology ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Individuals with schizophrenia, particularly those with passivity symptoms, often feel that their actions and thoughts are controlled by an external agent. Recent evidence has elucidated the role of body representations in the aetiology of passivity symptoms, yet one representation - body structural description - has not yet been examined. Additionally, body image has rarely been examined outside of bodily illusions (e.g., rubber hand experiments) and external validation is required.Body structural description was assessed with an in-between task and a matching body parts by location task, and body image with a questionnaire examining body distortion experiences (containing subscales assessing boundary loss, depersonalisation and body size distortions). Individuals with schizophrenia (20 with current, 12 with past and 21 with no history of passivity symptoms) and 48 healthy controls participated in the study.People with schizophrenia (as a group) made more errors on the in-between task, but not on the matching body parts by location task. Individuals with current passivity symptoms reported greater distortions on all subscales relative to the other clinical samples, except for experiences of boundary loss which were common to both passivity symptom groups.The results indicate that body structural description may be altered in schizophrenia generally and body image alterations are worsened in passivity symptoms, and these alterations likely contribute to the emergence of passivity symptoms.
- Published
- 2016
46. Neural differences in self-perception during illness and after weight-recovery in anorexia nervosa
- Author
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Siobahn M. Evans, Haekyung Jeon-Slaughter, P. Read Montague, Daniel C. Krawczyk, Terry Lohrenz, and Carrie J. McAdams
- Subjects
Adult ,050103 clinical psychology ,Anorexia Nervosa ,Cognitive Neuroscience ,Prefrontal Cortex ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,eating disorders ,Human physical appearance ,Weight Gain ,Gyrus Cinguli ,behavioral disciplines and activities ,Developmental psychology ,Diagnostic Self Evaluation ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Reference Values ,Body Image ,medicine ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Prefrontal cortex ,Perceptual Distortion ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,fMRI ,05 social sciences ,Brain ,Cognition ,Original Articles ,General Medicine ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Mental illness ,Magnetic Resonance Imaging ,Self Concept ,psychiatry ,3. Good health ,self-reflection ,Eating disorders ,Anorexia nervosa (differential diagnoses) ,Female ,Functional magnetic resonance imaging ,Psychology ,Neurocognitive ,medial prefrontal cortex ,psychological phenomena and processes ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Follow-Up Studies - Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a severe mental illness characterized by problems with self-perception. Whole-brain neural activations in healthy women, women with AN and women in long-term weight recovery following AN were compared using two functional magnetic resonance imaging tasks probing different aspects of self-perception. The Social Identity-V2 task involved consideration about oneself and others using socially descriptive adjectives. Both the ill and weight-recovered women with AN engaged medial prefrontal cortex less than healthy women for self-relevant cognitions, a potential biological trait difference. Weight-recovered women also activated the inferior frontal gyri and dorsal anterior cingulate more for direct self-evaluations than for reflected self-evaluations, unlike both other groups, suggesting that recovery may include compensatory neural changes related to social perspectives. The Faces task compared viewing oneself to a stranger. Participants with AN showed elevated activity in the bilateral fusiform gyri for self-images, unlike the weight-recovered and healthy women, suggesting cognitive distortions about physical appearance are a state rather than trait problem in this disease. Because both ill and recovered women showed neural differences related to social self-perception, but only recovered women differed when considering social perspectives, these neurocognitive targets may be particularly important for treatment.
- Published
- 2016
47. How the motor system both encodes and influences our sense of time
- Author
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Hugo Merchant and Kielan Yarrow
- Subjects
Communication ,Supplementary motor area ,Artificial neural network ,business.industry ,Cognitive Neuroscience ,05 social sciences ,Amodal perception ,BF ,Sensory system ,Time perception ,050105 experimental psychology ,03 medical and health sciences ,Behavioral Neuroscience ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,0302 clinical medicine ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Action (philosophy) ,Motor system ,medicine ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Perceptual Distortion ,business ,Psychology ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
Several lines of evidence suggest that motoric brain structures may form the core amodal component of a neural network supporting a wide range of timed behaviours. Here, we review recent findings which elucidate the neural computations that occur within motor regions, and in particular the supplementary motor area, in order to support precisely timed actions. Although motor activity may help us represent time, it is also clear that action both enriches and complicates the interpretation of sensory inputs. Hence, in the second half of this review, we consider the latest findings regarding the perceptual distortions that our actions can impose upon our subjective perception of time.
- Published
- 2016
48. Different visuomotor processes maturation rates in children support dual visuomotor learning systems
- Author
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Rosinna Gómez-Moya, Rosalinda Diaz, and Juan Fernandez-Ruiz
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,genetic structures ,Concept Formation ,Biophysics ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,050105 experimental psychology ,Procedural memory ,Extinction, Psychological ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,Child Development ,0302 clinical medicine ,Figural Aftereffect ,Humans ,Attention ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,Child ,Motor skill ,Perceptual Distortion ,05 social sciences ,Motor control ,Cognition ,General Medicine ,Visual field ,Wedge prism ,Child, Preschool ,Female ,Visual Fields ,Psychology ,Prism adaptation ,Psychomotor Performance ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Throwing ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
Different processes are involved during visuomotor learning, including an error-based procedural and a strategy based cognitive mechanism. Our objective was to analyze if the changes in the adaptation or the aftereffect components of visuomotor learning measured across development, reflected different maturation rates of the aforementioned mechanisms. Ninety-five healthy children aged 4-12years and a group of young adults participated in a wedge prism and a dove prism throwing task, which laterally displace or horizontally reverse the visual field respectively. The results show that despite the age-related differences in motor control, all children groups adapted in the error-based wedge prisms condition. However, when removing the prism, small children showed a slower aftereffects extinction rate. On the strategy-based visual reversing task only the older children group reached adult-like levels. These results are consistent with the idea of different mechanisms with asynchronous maturation rates participating during visuomotor learning.
- Published
- 2016
49. Psychotherapy Techniques for Patients Diagnosed with Schizophrenia
- Author
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Andrew C. Lotterman
- Subjects
Perceptual Distortion ,Psychosis ,Psychotherapist ,Psychotherapeutic Processes ,Schizophrenia (object-oriented programming) ,Treatment outcome ,Psychological Techniques ,General Medicine ,medicine.disease ,Psychotherapy ,Clinical Psychology ,Treatment Outcome ,Schizophrenic Psychology ,Schizophrenia ,medicine ,Humans ,Psychology ,Clinical psychology - Abstract
The paper describes how standard psychotherapy techniques need to be modified to suit the specialized needs of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia. Patients with psychosis often have lost their ability to use words to describe their inner states. As a result, traditional forms of psychotherapy which depend so crucially on the use of language are compromised. The goal of treatment at the start is to help the patient recover his ability to use language to describe his inner life. Eventually, this enables the patient to make use of more traditional forms of psychodynamic treatment.
- Published
- 2016
50. Increased Vulnerability to Pattern-Related Visual Stress in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis
- Author
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Kevin B. Paterson, Claire V. Hutchinson, and Rachel L. Wilson
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,musculoskeletal diseases ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Visual perception ,Adolescent ,genetic structures ,Encephalomyelitis ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Sensory system ,Audiology ,Glare ,Perceptual Disorders ,Young Adult ,Artificial Intelligence ,Stress (linguistics) ,medicine ,Chronic fatigue syndrome ,Humans ,In patient ,Young adult ,Psychiatry ,Perceptual Distortion ,Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Sensory Systems ,Ophthalmology ,Pattern Recognition, Visual ,Reading ,Female ,Asthenopia ,Psychology - Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine vulnerability to pattern-related visual stress in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS). A total of 20 ME/CFS patients and 20 matched (age, gender) controls were recruited to the study. Pattern-related visual stress was determined using the Pattern Glare Test. Participants viewed three patterns, the spatial frequencies (SF) of which were 0.3 (low-SF), 2.3 (mid-SF), and 9.4 (high-SF) cycles per degree (c/deg). They reported the number of distortions they experienced when viewing each pattern. ME/CFS patients exhibited significantly higher pattern glare scores than controls for the mid-SF pattern. Mid-high SF differences were also significantly higher in patients than controls. These findings provide evidence of altered visual perception in ME/CFS. Pattern-related visual stress may represent an identifiable clinical feature of ME/CFS that will prove useful in its diagnosis. However, further research is required to establish if these symptoms reflect ME/CFS-related changes in the functioning of sensory neural pathways.
- Published
- 2015
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