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Recent research in social psychology suggests that our attitudes and actions don’t typically issue from our reflective capacities. Instead, it appears that they often issue from what psychologists refer to as “automatic” processes, understood as psychological processes that operate quickly, efficiently, and outside of our conscious awareness and control. Much of this same research also suggests that when we do exercises our reflective capacities (rare as it may be), it’s usually not to question our attitudes and actions but rather to rationalize them (that is, to come up with reasons to do, think, and feel things that we want to do, think, and feel anyway). In light of these findings, a number of people have recently argued that we aren’t the kind of rational, reflective creatures that philosophers have traditionally thought we are. My aim in this dissertation is to respond to their worries. In the first half, I focus on questions related to our ability to do things for reasons. Common sense suggest that we often do things for reasons, but if our attitudes and actions typically issue from automatic processes, to what extent is this true? I argue that the best way to make good on the idea that we often do things for reasons is to accept both that our ability to do things for reasons doesn’t depend on our reflective capacities and that many of the processes that actually guide our attitudes and actions, though perhaps “automatic,” are nevertheless quite responsive to reasons. In the second half of the dissertation, I focus on whether we can rely on our reflective capacities to improve our agency. Although I deny that we need these capacities to do things for reasons, the reasons for which we do things aren’t always good reasons, and it’s only natural to think that we can rely on our reflective capacities to monitor and control their influences on us. However, this sort of view faces to main empirical challenges. First, it appears that we often don’t know what the causes of our attitudes and actions are, so how can we be expected to monitor and control their influences on us? Second, even if we do know what the causes of our attitudes and actions are, why should we think that we’re inclined to use reflection to question them? Isn’t it much more likely that we’ll use it to rationalize them instead? In response to the first challenge, I argue that once we recognize that reflection doesn’t require us to have introspective access to its objects, it becomes more plausible to think that we’re often in a good position to reflect on the causes of our attitudes and actions. In response to the second challenge, I argue that as long as we focus on the ways in which other people improve our reflection, the idea that we’ll often be inclined to use reflection to question our attitudes and actions becomes more plausible as well.

Zusammenfassung Das Thema Hatespeech ruckt immer mehr in den Fokus der Offentlichkeit und der Forschung. Im Gegensatz zu Hatespeech im Internet wird jedoch Hatespeech unter Jugendlichen, die von Angesicht zu Angesicht im Schulkontext ausgeubt wird, kaum beachtet. Hier setzt die vorliegende Studie an, in der Schuler*innen (n = 55), Lehrkrafte (n = 18) und Sozialpadagog*innen (n =16) auf der Basis leitfadengestutzter Interviews dazu befragt wurden, was mogliche Beweggrunde und Motive dafur sind, dass Schuler*innen Hatespeech in der Lebenswelt Schule und online ausuben. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass mogliche Beweggrunde fur Hatespeech Angst vor Statusverlust, Gruppendruck, Provokation, Spas, politisch-ideologische Uberzeugung und Kompensation von Frust- und Minderwertigkeitsgefuhlen sind. Daruber hinaus wird verdeutlicht, dass sich hinter diesen Grunden fur Hatespeech oftmals Grundmotive nach Macht und Zugehorigkeit abzeichnen. Die Ergebnisse werden in Bezug auf anschliesende Forschung und praktische Implikationen diskutiert. Schlagworter: Hatespeech, Hassrede, Grunde, Motive, Schule ----- “Then everyone just goes along with it.” A qualitative study on reasons and motives of hate speech among students Abstract Interest in the topic of hate speech has increased steadily in both the public realm and that of scientific research. Seldom addressed, however, is the proliferation of hate speech amongst adolescents, experienced face-to-face in the school context. To this end, the present study interviewed students (n = 55), teachers (n = 18) and social workers (n = 16), using guideline-based interviews to discuss reasons and motives for students practicing hate speech both online and in the school environment. Results showed that reported reasons for hate speech include fear of diminishing status, peer group pressure, provocation, fun, political-ideological convictions, and compensation for feelings of frustration and inferiority. Additionally, reasons for hate speech are often associated with the basic motives need for power and affiliation. The findings are discussed in relation to future research and practical implications. Keywords: hate speech, reasons, motives, school ----- Bibliographie: Ballaschk, Cindy/Wachs, Sebastian/Krause, Norman/Schulze-Reichelt, Friederike/Kansok-Dusche, Julia/Bilz, Ludwig/Schubarth, Wilfried: „Dann machen halt alle mit.“ Eine qualitative Studie zu Beweggrunden und Motiven fur Hatespeech unter Schuler*innen, Diskurs Kindheits- und Jugendforschung / Discourse. Journal of Childhood and Adolescence Research, 4-2021, Online-First, S. 1-18. https://doi.org/10.3224/diskurs.v16i4.01

This qualitative research contributes to the telework research literature by identifying and categorizing employee motives for teleworking. Motives for telework contextualize teleworking behavior, represent proximal telework outcomes, and serve as potential boundary conditions for telework-outcome relationships. Role identity theory (Burke & Tully Social Forces, 55(4), 881-897, 1977) and the uncertainty-reduction hypothesis (Hogg & Terry Academy of Management Review, 25, 121-140, 2000) suggest that motives may be driven by role salience and the ability to meet work and nonwork demands. In this research, we sought to identify a comprehensive list of motives as well as reconcile the wide range of categories and labels given to telework motives in the literature. We asked two independent samples of workers comprised of two subsamples of teleworkers (n1 = 195; n2 = 97) and a subsample of nonteleworkers (n3 = 947) why they telework or would like to telework. A total of 2504 reasons were gathered across the three subsamples. Most respondents reported multiple reasons, especially when encouraged to list all of their reasons. After distinguishing preconditions from motives to telework, ten categories emerged from the qualitative data with “avoid commute” emerging as the most frequently reported motive. Other frequently reported motives included “tend to family demands” and “productivity.” Additional motives are discussed along with implications for telework research and policy development and implementation.

Observation of parent child naturalistic play interaction with children with Down Syndrome and typically developing children, investigating the contexts in which face looking occurs.

Background: Nurses in Nigeria and the whole world are facing an unprecedented severe level of anxiety in their professional and individual lives, compounded by not knowing what the future holds especially with regards to the present COVID-19 pandemic. This research is to evaluate the knowledge and reasons for anxiety toward COVID 19 among nurses in Nigeria. Materials and Methods: An online cross-sectional quantitative survey that utilized a multistage sampling technique and data was collected with questionnaire instrument from 418 nurses using Google form for a period of eight weeks. Analysis of the result was with the aid of the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 20 software. Descriptive data of participants was presented in tables while the test of the inferential data was with Chi-square at 95% level of significance (p = 0.05). Results: The result revealed that 81.3% of the respondents are female, with a mean age of 37.81+8.21 years and mean years of experience of 13.1+8.44 years. One hundred and eighty (56.9%) of the respondents have good knowledge of COVID -19, with mean of 10.67±1.19. 88.5% were anxious because they are front line workers and having direct contact with COVID-19 patients. The relationship between identified reasons for the anxiety experienced among Nigerian nurses and level of knowledge of COVID-19 were not significant (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Although nurses in Nigeria are knowledgeable about the COVID-19, they have reasons for being anxious. Addressing the reasons for their anxiety will promote their physical and psychological well-being.

Disapproval of others’ beliefs and practices is an inevitable consequence of living with diversity, and the ability to tolerate, or put up with, these differences is crucial to maintain a functional society. Considering reasons to condone what one disapproves of is considered a key aspect of tolerance. Across three national samples (N = 1,708), the current research examines how recognizing arguments to support practices that one disapproves of increases tolerance. Studies 1–2 demonstrate that when participants generate arguments to support Muslim minority practices (Study 1) and Orthodox Protestant minority practices (Study 2), they disapprove of, they show increased tolerance towards such practices in society. In Study 3, the importance of considerations is experimentally extended by demonstrating that perceiving objectionable behaviour as more reasonable increases tolerance. Collectively, these studies demonstrate the importance of engaging in and perceiving reasonable considerations to enhance tolerance of dissenting beliefs or practices.

This article proposes to narrow the gap between the space of reasons and the space of causes. By articulating the standard phenomenology of reasons and causes, we investigate the cases in which the clear-cut divide between reasons and causes starts to break down. Thus, substituting the simple picture of the relationship between the space of reasons and the space of causes with an inverted and complex one, in which reasons can have a causal-like phenomenology and causes can have a reason-like phenomenology. This is attained by focusing on “swift reasoned actions” on the one hand, and on “causal noisy brain mechanisms” on the other hand. In the final part of the article, I show how an analogous move, that of narrowing the gap between one’s normative framework and the space of reasons, can be seen as an extension of narrowing the gap between the space of causes and the space of reasons.

Background People should be able to quit or moderate their drinking without negative social consequences, but studies have shown how nondrinkers often face pressure and negative reactions. As previous research has mostly focused on youth, we conducted a population-level study of the ways adult nondrinkers encounter their drinking companions on drinking occasions and what kinds of reactions they perceive from their social environments. Method The data were based on the Finnish Drinking Habits Survey (FDHS), a general population survey of Finns aged 15-79 collected in 2016 (N = 2,285; 330 nondrinkers; response rate 60%). Characteristics of drinking occasions where nondrinkers participate ("non-drinking occasions") were measured through self-reports of frequency, time, purpose, and social companion on those occasions. Nondrinkers' experiences of non-drinking occasions and reactions from the social environment were measured by question batteries on social consequences. Results Compared with drinking occasions, non-drinking occasions occurred more often at family events at home than on late-night drinking occasions. Accordingly, nondrinkers reported relatively low levels of negative consequences, and the reported consequences were least frequent in the oldest age group. Nondrinkers reported mostly positive feedback from people around them, more often from family members than from peers. However, negative consequences were reported in all studied groups, most commonly among youth and former drinkers. Conclusions The study indicates that nondrinkers' social environments may be more supportive than what has been suggested previously, yet coping mechanisms are required especially from youth and former drinkers. The positive social experiences of being a nondrinker should guide the promotion of moderate and non-drinking.

Background Sex work is a growing phenomenon triggered by a number of causes. The current study uses a qualitative method to investigate the reasons why women participate in sex work in Tehran. Methods The statistical population consisted of all female sex workers in Tehran, Iran, from which 22 individuals were chosen via snowball sampling. In-depth interviews were conducted for data gathering, and traditional content analysis was used for data analysis. Graneheim and Lundman's method was utilized to evaluate the data, and Guba and Lincoln's criteria were employed to determine the research's strength and transferability. Results The results of the data analysis were divided into five categories (or themes) and 19 subcategories. The categories were familial instability, societal pressure, consumerism, social insecurity, and a meek and inefficient personality. Conclusion Sex work may be avoided by raising women's social status, providing greater economic assistance, making society safer, particularly in workplaces, improving intra-family connections, boosting self-esteem and self-efficacy, and teaching them how to deal with life's issues., Sex workers, Reasons, Conventional content analysis, Iran.

A successful first year is of vital importance to academic achievement in higher education. How can we identify those students at risk at a very early stage, i.e. even before they have entered university? This study focuses on three pre-university factors, namely academic self-efficacy, self-regulated learning, in terms of autonomous motivation and time-management, and beyond classroom engagement. 2355 Dutch prospective first-year students in the fields of science, humanities and social sciences filled in our survey. Data on first year academic achievement in terms of grade point average (GPA) was obtained at the end of the first year. Prospective first-year students scored high on all of the variables; we found gender-related differences, favouring female students, as well as discipline-related differences. Time management and autonomous motivation were found to be positive predictors of achievement; beyond classroom engagement was a negative predictor of achievement. This paper contributes to the research on first-year academic achievement and emphasises the importance of providing students with personalised trajectories from the moment they enter university.

Is knowledge definable as justified true belief ("JTB")? We argue that one can legitimately answer positively or negatively, depending on whether or not one's true belief is justified by what we call adequate reasons. To facilitate our argument we introduce a simple propositional logic of reason-based belief, and give an axiomatic characterization of the notion of adequacy for reasons. We show that this logic is sufficiently flexible to accommodate various useful features, including quantification over reasons. We use our framework to contrast two notions of JTB: one internalist, the other externalist. We argue that Gettier cases essentially challenge the internalist notion but not the externalist one. Our approach commits us to a form of infallibilism about knowledge, but it also leaves us with a puzzle, namely whether knowledge involves the possession of only adequate reasons, or leaves room for some inadequate reasons. We favor the latter position, which reflects a milder and more realistic version of infallibilism., v3 edits acknowledgments

Background and Study Aim.Researchers since the late 1970s have been interested in finding out the reasons attributed to outcomes. To facilitate attribution research in Croatia we translated and validated The Revised Causal Dimension Scale (CDS-II) and examined its invariance when attributing most and least successful competition performances. Materials and methods.To achieve our stated aim, 384 kinesiology students completed the translated CDS-II. To test the latent structure of the questionnaire, we used CFA and tested two alternative models (orthogonal solution and model with correlated latent variables). Additionally, we examined the CDS-II invariance when attributing the most and the least successful competition performance in sport using longitudinal CFA. The reliability was tested using Cronbach alpha coefficients. Lastly, we tested differences in latent means between most and least successful performance using pairwise t-test. Results.Similar to the originally published findings, CFA indicated the CDS-II structure with correlated latent variables had an adequate and better fit than the orthogonal solution in both situations. Furthermore, we confirmed configural, metric and scalar invariance, as well as partial strict invariance since one item’s residuals differed significantly from the others. Cronbach alpha coefficients were adequate across both situations. Lastly, athletes attributed their most successful performances to more internal, stable and controllable reasons than their least successful performances. Conclusions.We confirmed that the Croatian version of the CDS-II has adequate psychometric properties and is therefore suitable for research in sport situations., Предпосылки и цель исследования.Исследователи с конца 1970-х годов были заинтересованы в выяснении причин, связанных с результатами. Чтобы облегчить исследование атрибуции в Хорватии, мы перевели и утвердили Пересмотренную шкалу причинно-следственных связей (CDS-II) и изучили ее неизменность при атрибуции наиболее и наименее успешных результатов конкуренции.Материал и методы. Для достижения поставленной цели 384 студента-кинезиолога заполнили переведенный CDS-II. Для проверки скрытой структуры анкеты мы использовали CFA и протестировали две альтернативные модели (ортогональное решение и модель с коррелированными скрытыми переменными). Кроме того, мы исследовали инвариантность CDS-II при определении наиболее и наименее успешных соревновательных результатов в спорте с использованием продольной CFA. Надежность проверялась с использованием альфа-коэффициентов Кронбаха. Наконец, мы проверили различия в скрытых средних между наиболее и наименее успешными результатами, используя попарный t-критерий.Результаты.Подобно первоначально опубликованным результатам, CFA показала, что структура CDS-II с коррелированными латентными переменными имеет адекватное и лучшее соответствие, чем ортогональное решение в обеих ситуациях. Кроме того, мы подтвердили конфигурационную, метрическую и скалярную инвариантность, а также частичную строгую инвариантность, поскольку остатки одного элемента значительно отличались от других. Коэффициенты альфа Кронбаха были адекватными в обеих ситуациях. Наконец, спортсмены объясняли свои наиболее успешные выступления более внутренними, стабильными и контролируемыми причинами, чем наименее успешные выступления.Выводы. Мы подтвердили, что хорватская версия CDS-II обладает адекватными психометрическими свойствами и поэтому подходит для исследования в спортивных ситуациях., Передумови та мета дослідження. Дослідники з кінця 1970-х років були зацікавлені в з'ясуванні причин, пов'язаних з результатами. Щоб полегшити дослідження атрибуції в Хорватії, ми перевели і затвердили Переглянуту шкалу причинно-наслідкових зв'язків (CDS-II) і вивчили її незмінність при атрибуції найбільш і найменш успішних результатів конкуренції.Матеріал і методи. Для досягнення поставленої мети 384 студента-кінезіології заповнили переведений CDS-II. Для перевірки прихованої структури анкети ми використовували CFA і протестували дві альтернативні моделі (ортогональное рішення і модель з корельованими прихованими змінними). Крім того, ми досліджували инвариантность CDS-II при визначенні найбільш і найменш успішних змагальних результатів в спорті з використанням поздовжньої CFA. Надійність перевірялася з використанням альфа-коефіцієнтів Кронбаха. Нарешті, ми перевірили відмінності в прихованих середніх між найбільш і найменш успішними результатами, використовуючи попарний t-критерій.Результати. Подібно спочатку опублікованими результатами, CFA показала, що структура CDS-II з корельованими латентними змінними має адекватне і кращу відповідність, ніж ортогональное рішення в обох ситуаціях. Крім того, ми підтвердили конфігураційну, метричну і скалярную инвариантность, а також часткову сувору инвариантность, оскільки залишки одного елемента значно відрізнялися від інших. Коефіцієнти альфа Кронбаха були адекватними в обох ситуаціях. Нарешті, спортсмени пояснювали свої найбільш успішні виступи більш внутрішніми, стабільними і контрольованими причинами, ніж найменш успішні виступи.Висновки. Ми підтвердили, що хорватська версія CDS-II володіє адекватними психометричними властивостями і тому підходить для дослідження в спортивних ситуаціях.

Domestic “vaccine passports” are being implemented across the world as a way of increasing vaccinated people’s freedom of movement and to encourage vaccination. However, these vaccine passports may affect people’s vaccination decisions in unintended and undesirable ways. This cross-sectional study investigated whether people’s willingness and motivation to get vaccinated relate to their psychological needs (autonomy, competence and relatedness), and how vaccine passports might affect these needs. Across two countries and 1358 participants, we found that need frustration—particularly autonomy frustration—was associated with lower willingness to get vaccinated and with a shift from self-determined to external motivation. In Israel (a country with vaccine passports), people reported greater autonomy frustration than in the UK (a country without vaccine passports). Our findings suggest that control measures, such as domestic vaccine passports, may have detrimental effects on people’s autonomy, motivation, and willingness to get vaccinated. Policies should strive to achieve a highly vaccinated population by supporting individuals’ autonomous motivation to get vaccinated and using messages of autonomy and relatedness, rather than applying pressure and external controls.

User participation is nowadays a desirable feature of social services work. The International Federation of Social Workers states that staff shall promote the participation of clients so as to “enable them to be empowered in all aspects of decisions and actions affecting their lives.” The statement is codified in various national ethical codes; the Swedish Code of Conduct and Ethical Behaviour for Social Workers specifies that interventions shall build on client participation and common agreement. However, a 2012 Swedish governmental report noted that among 16 methods for user participation in the social services, psychiatry, and abuse and addiction care, only one, shared decision making (SDM), had been evaluated in randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Given this lack of evaluations, how ought professionals to choose between the various methods? The aim of this article is to introduce distinctions in order to answer the question of how social workers ought to choose between different user participation methods, to suggest how this choice could be made, and to argue that the case for SDM seems to be stronger than for other methods. We can distinguish between justificatory, motivational, and explanatory reasons in order to clarify what types of reasons are relevant when choosing between methods. Another distinction concerns general and specific reasons for user participation. No particular method for user participation can inherit its support only from general reasons, since these ordinarily do not point out any method as better than another one. Rather, specific reasons are needed. Social workers do have good reasons for choosing certain methods for user participation rather than others. These methods can be found by looking at specific justificatory reasons. The case for SDM is strengthened by its having been evaluated in RCTs and also because the SDM components harmonize with relevant components in the presented (Swedish) legislation.

Use of electronic cigarettes, or e-cigarettes, has increased exponentially in recent years. Mechanisms that might underlie this increase include expectancies and reasons for e-cigarette use. This study was designed to identify and evaluate changes in expectancies and reasons for e-cigarette use among young adults over time and to determine whether such changes were associated with changes in e-cigarette use. Data for these analyses were collected from a sample of 137 young adult e-cigarette users who completed electronic surveys 5 times over a 12-month period. Results yielded five e-cigarette use expectancy and reason factors: Affect-Related Reasons, Social Reasons, Positive Social Expectancies, Positive Internal Expectancies, and Negative Expectancies. Linear mixed models showed that Negative Expectancies significantly increased over time (p = .004), whereas Affect-Related Reasons significantly decreased over time (p = .001). Additional linear mixed models indicated that, whereas both frequency and quantity of e-cigarette use decreased over time, changes in Positive Internal Expectancies were positively associated with changes in frequency of e-cigarette use (p = .032) and changes in Positive Social Expectancies were positively associated with changes in both frequency (p = .007) and quantity (p = .026) of e-cigarette use. These findings suggest that young adults' expectancies and reasons for using e-cigarettes fluctuate over time, and changes in expectancies seem to be longitudinally associated with changes in e-cigarette use. Positive expectancies for e-cigarette use represent targets for clinical, prevention, and intervention efforts. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Pseudoscience spreads through communicative and inferential processes that make people vulnerable to weird beliefs. However, the fact that pseudoscientific beliefs are unsubstantiated and have no basis in reality does not mean that the people who hold them have no reasons for doing so. We propose that, reasons play a central role in the diffusion of pseudoscience. On the basis of cultural epidemiology and the interactionist theory of reasoning, we will here analyse the structure and the function of reasons in the propagation of pseudoscience. We conclude by discussing the implications of our approach for the understanding of human irrationality.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to investigate non-participants' preferences for cardiovascular disease screening programme characteristics and whether non-participation can be rationally explained by differences in preferences, decision-making styles and informational needs between non-participants and participants.METHODS: We conducted a discrete choice experiment at three screening sites between June and December 2017 among 371 male non-participants and 830 male participants who were asked to trade different levels of five key programme characteristics (chance of health benefit, risk of overtreatment, risk of later regret, screening duration and screening location). Data were analysed using a multinomial mixed-logit model. Health benefit was used as a payment vehicle for estimation of marginal substitution rates.RESULTS: Non-participants were willing to accept that 0.127 (95% confidence interval 0.103-0.154) fewer lives would be saved to avoid overtreatment of one individual, whilst participants were willing to accept 0.085 (95% confidence interval 0.077-0.094) fewer lives saved. This translates into non-participants valuing health benefits 7.9 times higher than overtreatment. The corresponding value of participants is 11.8. Similarly, non-participants had higher requirements than participants for advanced technology and a quicker screening duration. With regard to their participation decision, 64% of the non-participants felt certain about their choice compared with 89% among participants.CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that non-participants have different preferences than participants at screening as they express relatively more concern about overtreatment and have higher requirements for a high-tech screening programme. Non-participants also report to be more uncertain about their participation decision and more often seek additional information to the standard information provided in the invitation letter. Further studies on informational needs and effective communication strategies are warranted to ensure that non-participation is a fully informed choice.

Italian Dyslexia Association (Messina section); Orientation and Placement Centre -University of Messina (Italy), Although the number of students with dyslexia enrolled in Italian universities is constantly growing, their presence remains relatively limited. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate the choices made by students with dyslexia in relation to university studies, and the underlying reasons for their choices. This study also compares these choices for students with and without dyslexia. In all, 440 high school students and their families agreed to take part in this project. Socio-demographic data was collected for the 47 students with dyslexia and 47 class-matched students without dyslexia, along with information on their current schools and their future educational plans. A specially developed questionnaire was used for the students, in combination with structured interviews with their families. The results show significant differences between these groups regarding both choices for university studies and the underlying motivations for these choices. Furthermore, certain psychological and emotional factors are implicated here in the decisions of the students with dyslexia regarding both university studies and their underlying reasons. Future research is needed to further investigate these factors in the educational choices of students with dyslexia., Italian Dyslexia Association (Messina section), Orientation and Placement Centre - University of Messina (Italy)

The robot rights debate has thus far proceeded without any reliable data concerning the public opinion about robots and the rights they should have. We have administered an online survey (n = 439) that investigates layman’s attitudes toward granting particular rights to robots. Furthermore, we have asked them the reasons for their willingness to grant them those rights. Finally, we have administered general perceptions of robots regarding appearance, capacities, and traits. Results show that rights can be divided in sociopolitical and robot dimensions. Reasons can be distinguished along cognition and compassion dimensions. People generally have a positive view about robot interaction capacities. We found that people are more willing to grant basic robot rights such as access to energy and the right to update to robots than sociopolitical rights such as voting rights and the right to own property. Attitudes toward granting rights to robots depend on the cognitive and affective capacities people believe robots possess or will possess in the future. Our results suggest that the robot rights debate stands to benefit greatly from a common understanding of the capacity potentials of future robots.

La elección de estudios universitarios es un proceso complejo en el que influyen diferentes variables. En este estudio se analizan los motivos de elección de carrera del alumnado de los Grados de Maestro/a en Educación Infantil y Educación Primaria de la Universitat de València en la última década, así como las posibles diferencias en los motivos a lo largo del tiempo y en función del Grado y del sexo. Utilizando como instrumento de recogida de información, un cuestionario adaptado de otra investigación en el contexto español, se analizan las motivaciones de un total de 769 estudiantes de estas titulaciones, recogidas en tres tiempos (cursos: 2010-2011, 2014-2015 y 2018-2019). Los resultados permiten detectar que las motivaciones del alumnado de los grados de Maestro/a en Educación Infantil y Educación Primaria son de carácter fundamentalmente intrínseco, independientemente del momento, del sexo de los participantes y del grado elegido. Sin embargo, las motivaciones extrínsecas, que ocupan el segundo lugar en el caso de los hombres, descienden a lo largo del tiempo, mientras que las trascendentes, las segundas en el caso de las mujeres, aumentan según avanza la década. Estos resultados pueden ayudar a entender por qué en estos grados la demanda es alta y la tasa de abandono muy baja. Choosing a university degree is a complex process influenced by different variables. This study reports on the reasons provided by students at the Universitat de València to enrol in the Infant and Primary Education degrees during the last decade. This study also identifies possible differences in the motives over time and depending on the degree and gender. Using as a tool for collecting data a questionnaire adapted from existing research in the Spanish context, the motivations of a total of 769 students of these degrees, collected in three stages, were analysed. The outcome allows us to detect that the motivations of the students to choose this kind of Degrees are fundamentally intrinsic, regardless of the moment, the gender of the participants and the degree. However, extrinsic motivations, which are the second most referred to in the case of men, decrease over time, while transcendent ones, the second most referred to type of motivation by women, increase as the decade progresses. These results can help to understand why the demand for these degrees is high and the dropout rate is very low. Le choix des études universitaires est un processus complexe influencé par différentes variables. Dans cette étude, nous analysons les raisons du choix de carrière des étudiants de la licence en éducation de la petite enfance et en éducation primaire de l’Université de Valence au cours de la dernière décennie, ainsi que les éventuelles différences dans les raisons au fil du temps et en fonction du diplôme et du sexe. En utilisant comme intrument de collecte d’informations un questionnaire adapté d’une autre recherche dans le contexte espagnol, les motivations d’un total de 769 étudiants de ces diplômes, recueillies sur trois périodes de temps, sont analysées. Les résultats nous permettent de détecter que les motivations des étudiants des diplômes en éducation de la petite enfance et en éducation primaire sont fondamentalement de nature intrinsèque, indépendamment du moment, du sexe des participants et du diplôme choisi. Cependant, les motivations extrinsèques, qui occupent la deuxième place dans le cas des hommes, diminuent avec le temps, tandis que les motivations transcendantes, la deuxième dans le cas des femmes, augmentent au fur et à mesure que la décennie avance. Ces résultats peuvent aider à comprendre pourquoi la demande pour ces diplômes est élevée et le taux d’abandon très faible.

Background Patient absconding from hospital is one of the permanent issues the hospitals face, which poses many risks and challenges to the patient, hospital, and society. The present study aimed to identify the reasons for patient absconding behavior for public hospitals in southeastern Iran. Methods The present study is a qualitative study which was conducted at three public hospitals in southeastern Iran using purposive sampling through semi-structured interviews with 63 informants involved in patient treatment process. Data were analyzed using Colaizzi content analysis (CCA) method. Results Three main themes of economic, social factors, and factors related to the hospital covering 15 subthemes were identified to explain the reasons for patients absconding behavior. Conclusion There are many reasons for reducing patients absconding from hospitals, and one of the main reasons is the patients’ economic and social problems. The absconding behavior can lead to harm and problems for patients, and some emotional and occupational consequences for the employees and nurses. Paying attention to this issue and considering some courses of action to prevent patient absconding might lead to a considerable promotion of public trust and eliminate many problems for hospitals.

Objective To examine gender and socioeconomic differences in adolescents’ reasons for not smoking cigarettes using self-reported data from Danish 14-year-olds (N = 1,559) collected in 2018. χ2-tests were used to assess whether the proportion of students who rated 12 statements as important reasons for not smoking cigarettes differed according to gender and family occupational social class (OSC). Results More girls than boys stated that thinking the taste of cigarettes is disgusting, not being allowed to smoke by parents, knowing smoking is dangerous, not being allowed to smoke before the age of 18, not wanting to be addicted to smoking, and that smoking makes you smell bad were important reasons for choosing not to smoke cigarettes. More boys than girls reported exercising a lot and having a partner that does not smoke as important reasons for not smoking cigarettes. More students with a high OSC compared with a low OSC stated exercising a lot and that smoking makes you smell bad were important reasons. In conclusion, reasons for not smoking cigarettes differed substantially across gender and less according to socioeconomic position.