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O sexismo é um tópico cujo interesse social tem crescido a medida que a figura feminina vence as barreiras da desigualdade de gênero. O discurso sexista propaga e incentiva o comportamento depreciativo e abusivo contra mulheres. Uma caracterização e identificação precisa são peças-chave para tratar e mitigar a violência. Neste trabalho, apresentamos um corpus de discurso sexista em Português coletado a partir de portais de notícias de grande aceitação popular. O trabalho apresenta três contribuições principais: (1) o processo de criação do corpus e de rotulação de comentários (sexista/não sexista); (2) a caracterização e análise do corpus e do comportamento dos rotuladores anônimos; (3) uma avaliação inicial de técnicas de aprendizagem de máquina para classificação de comentários sexistas/não sexistas. Os resultados preliminares mostram que, ao utilizar support vector machine, é possível identificar comentários sexistas com uma medida F1 acima de 0,8, precisão acima de 0,9 e revocação próxima a 0,8.

The authors examined the relationship between social interest and social well-being across adolescence, young adulthood, and middle adulthood stages. The study sought to investigate about how social interest could be an important predictor of social well-being across multiple life span development stages. A total of 360 participants, males and females, with age ranging from 15 to 65 years (M = 33.50, SD = 11.99), belonging to two ecological settings, i.e., rural (Gorakhpur region, eastern Uttar Pradesh, India) and urban (National Capital Region of Delhi, India), completed the Social Interest Index Scale (Greever et al., Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 41, 454–458, 1973) and Social Well-being Scale (Keyes, Social Psychology Quarterly, 61, 121–137, 1998) and responded to demographic questions. The results indicate how individuals differ in visualizing social interest and social well-being across adolescence, young adulthood, and middle adulthood stages. The regression findings show that the factors of social interest emerged less frequently as the predictors of social well-being. The study has obvious limitations due to correlational nature. The results, however, suggest that there is a need to inculcate and promote social interest across multiple life span development stages for the enhanced social well-being/wellness of society. The future research work may consider a large sample from different cultural contexts in order to have clarity about the relationship between variables undertaken in the study.

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between love attitudes to problem solving and social interest. For this aim, the scales were administered to 330 university students in Turkey. Findings showed that physical abuse was negatively associated with game playing love. Physical abuse was negatively correlated with passionate love. Physical abuse was not found to be significant associated with possessive love, altruistic love, pragmatic love and friendship love. Emotional abuse was positively associated with game playing love. Expectedly, emotional abuse was negatively associated with altruistic love, friendship love and passionate love styles. Functional problem solving was positively correlated with altruistic love, friendship love and passionate love styles. Functional problem solving was negatively correlated with game playing love. But functional problem solving was not found to be significant associated with possessive love and pragmatic love. Social interest was found to be positively linked with altruistic love, friendship love and passionate love styles. Social interest was negatively associated with game playing love. Social interest was not found to be significant correlated with possessive love and pragmatic love styles.

Today’s teenagers spend more time with technology than interacting with people around them whereas adolescents should experience the process of learning and exploring and developing themselves through their surroundings and social environment to foster social interests. The purpose of this study is to describe the social interest of adolescents, especially regarding the family background using quantitative and qualitative approaches. The number of subjects in this study was 196 people with the criteria of the age is those in the age of 12-18 years. Data collection is conducted using the Social Interest Index (SII) instrument by Greever with a total of 32 items. The results of the study show that adolescents have moderate level social interest. There is no significant difference between social interest and the characteristics of the subjects or their family backgrounds.

정당한 세상에 대한 믿음(Belief in a Just World; BJW)은 청소년의 정신건강과 적응에 정적 영향을 미치는 변인으로 알려졌으나 국내에서의 학교현장과 관련된 연구는 부족한 실정이다. 본 연구는 정당한 세상에 대한 믿음과 학교생활적응의 관계에 영향을 미치는 사회적 관심과 대인관계 유능성의 매개효과를 검증하고자 하였다. 학교생활적응에 미치는 정당한 세상에 대한 믿음의 영향을 알아보기 위하여 고등학교에 재학 중인 고등학생 382명(남 210명, 여172명)의 자료를 기반으로 분석하였다. 자료 분석 결과, 정당한 세상에 대한 믿음과 학교생활적응의 관계에서 사회적 관심은 매개효과를 보였다. 그러나 대인관계 유능성은 정당한 세상에 대한 믿음과 학교생활적응의 관계에서 매개효과를 보이지 않았다. 또한 구조모형 검증결과 정당한 세상에 대한 믿음과 학교생활적응에 영향을 미치는 과정에서 사회적 관심과 대인관계 유능성이 순차적으로 부분 매개하는 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 연구결과에 대한 차이 및 특성을 해석하고 상담 장면에서 정당한 세상에 대한 믿음의 실제 활용방안을 논의하였다.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, üniversite öğrencilerinin farkandalık, öz-duyarlık, duyguları yönetme becerileri ve sosyal ilgi düzeylerinin öznel iyi oluş ve stres belirtileri düzeylerini anlamlı düzeyde yordayıp yordamadığını incelemektir. Araştırmanın çalışma grubu Akdeniz bölgesinde, büyükşehirde yer alan bir üniversitenin farklı fakültelerinde öğrenimine devam eden 519’u kadın ve 315’i erkek olmak üzere toplam 834 öğrenciden oluşmaktadır. Araştırmanın verilerinin toplanmasında, Beş Boyutlu Bilinçli Farkındalık Ölçeği, Öz-duyarlık Ölçeği, Duyguları Yönetme Becerileri Ölçeği, Yaşam Doyumu Ölçeği, Pozitif ve Negatif Duygu Durum Ölçeği, Stres Belirtileri Ölçeği, Toplumsal İlgi Ölçeği ve Kişisel Bilgi Formu kullanılmıştır. Hiyerarşik regresyon analizi sonucunda farkındalığın beş alt boyutu arasında yer alan tanımlama, farkındalıkla davranma ve içsel deneyimlere tepkisizliğin öznel iyi oluşu anlamlı olarak yordadığı bulunmuştur. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre stres belirtilerini farkındalığın alt boyutları arasından gözlemleme, farkındalıkla davranma, içsel deneyimleri yargılamama ve içsel deneyimlere tepkisizlik boyutlarının anlamlı bir şekilde yordadığı bulunmuştur. Öz-duyarlığın alt boyutları arasında öznel iyi oluşu öz-sevecenlik, öz-yargılama ve izolasyon bulunurken stres belirtilerini öz-duyarlığın izolasyon ve aşırı özdeşleşme boyutlarının yordadığı bulunmuştur. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre ayrıca, duyguları yönetme becerilerinin öznel iyi oluşun ve stres belirtilerinin anlamlı bir yordayıcısı olduğu görülmüştür. Son olarak, sosyal ilginin öznel iyi oluşu anlamlı bir şekilde yordadığı ancak stres belirtilerini yordamadığı görülmüştür. The aim of the current study was to investigate the role of mindfulness, self-compassion, emotion management skills and social interest levels in subjective well-being and stress symptoms. The universe of this study is the students who are attending different faculties at a university in a big city in the Mediterranean region in Turkey. Research sample consists of 834 students, of which were 519 female and 315 male. In the study, Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire, Self-Compassion Scale, Emotion Management Scale, Satisfaction with Life Scale, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, Stress Self-Assessment Checklist, Social Interest Index and Personal Information Form was used. Hierarchical regression results showed that describing, acting with awareness and nonreactivity dimensions of mindfulness significantly predicted subjective well-being. The results also showed that observing, acting with awareness, nonjudging of inner experiences and nonreactivity significantly predicted syptoms stress. It also appeared that selfkidness, self-judgement, and isolation dimensions of self-compassion were significant predictors of subjective well-being whereas only isolation and over-identification dimesions of self-compassion were significant predictors of stress symptoms. According to the results, emotion management skills significantly predicted both subjective well-being and stress symptoms. Finally, it appeared that social interest significantly predicted subjective wellbeing, but did not predict stress symptoms. No sponsor

This study examined the natural social interest of 193 (95 boys, 98 girls) typically developing preschoolers aged 41 to 77 months ( M = 61.71 months, SD = 8.48 months) toward their included peers with autism spectrum disorder (ASD; N = 16, M = 66.8, SD = 8.80). A hierarchical linear model examined the role of endogenous (within-child) and exogenous (environmental) variables in explaining typically developing children’s natural social behaviors. Results indicated the significant contribution of three variables: (a) typically developing children’s prosocial behaviors, (b) teachers’ attitudes about their training regarding inclusion, and (c) areas of inclusion support needed by the specific child with ASD. Discussion highlighted possible interactions among these variables within the social–ecological theoretical framework, for explaining peer relations of typically developing children with peers with ASD in regular preschools.

Background Empathy refers to the ability to recognise and share emotions with others. Several research groups have recognised observational fear in mice as a useful behavioural model for assessing their ability to empathise. However, in these observation systems, it remains unclear whether the observer mouse truly recognises the movements of, and empathises with, the demonstrator mouse. We examined changes in the behaviour of an observer mouse when a demonstrator mouse was anaesthetised, when the demonstrator’s activity was increased, and when the interval of electrical stimulation was altered. If mice exhibit an ability to empathise, then the observer should display empathic behaviour when the demonstrator experiences pain or discomfort under any circumstances. Results Relative to low-frequency stimulation, frequent electrical stimulation reduced immobility time among observer mice. Moreover, when demonstrators exhibited excessive activity, the activity of the observers significantly increased. In addition, the proportion of immobility time among observer mice significantly increased when demonstrator mice exhibited fear learning and excessive immobility. Conclusion Although our results indicate that observer mice change their behaviour based on the movements of demonstrator mice, increases in immobility time may reflect conformity-like behaviour rather than emotional empathy. Thus, not only visual but also auditory and odour information additionally influenced the conformity-like behaviour shown by observer mice. Thus, our findings suggest that methods other than the fear observation system should be used to investigate rodent empathy-like behaviour.

There are three branches of science of behavior analysis [i.e., experimental analysis of behavior, behavior analysis, and applied behavior analysis (ABA)]. ABA can be defined as a systematic approach to understanding behavior of social interest. For the past 40 plus years, researchers have evaluated ABA and ABA based procedures (e.g., behavioral intervention) as they relate to individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and have implemented behavioral intervention in clinical settings for individuals diagnosed with ASD. In this paper, we discuss some of the pivotal contributions in the field of ABA in research and clinical practice. Additionally, we provide recommendations for the science and clinical practice of behavioral intervention in the next 40 years.

As the percentage of older adults living alone increases, social interest has been drawn to this physically, financially, and socially vulnerable group. The purpose of the current study was to gain a deeper understanding of the life experiences of older men with depression who live alone. Eight community-dwelling men aged ≥65 years who lived alone in Korea and had depression were enrolled in this study. Data were collected via individual in-depth interviews and analyzed using thematic analysis. Four themes emerged from analysis: Life Trapped in the Traditional Masculine Ideology , Weakening Mind and Body , Lost and Helpless , and Beginning of Communication With the World . Results of this study will be helpful in developing more effective depression intervention programs for older men living alone by increasing community health care professionals' understanding and sensitivity. [ Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 60 (2), 33–40.]

As características climáticas do local onde são erguidas as edificações, influenciam diretamente no comportamento térmico das mesmas, e ao combinar estes elementos aos mecanismos fisiológicos do corpo, o ser humano sente uma satisfação ou insatisfação térmica em função de vários parâmetros, como por exemplo, idade, sexo, vestimenta, atividade, etc.. Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar o grau de satisfação térmica dos moradores idosos do Conjunto Habitacional de Interesse Social, Jardim do Éden, localizado no distrito de Morada Nova, no município de Marabá/PA (Brasil). A pesquisa foi baseada na aplicação de questionários, para a faixa etária de idosos, os quais abrangem diversos aspectos relacionados a percepção térmica do usuário, com respostas que variam entre 'satisfeito' a 'insatisfeito'. A pesquisa apontou a insatisfação dos moradores idosos, demonstrando a latente demanda por soluções que adequem o ambiente térmico a realidade do local, e consequentemente, melhore a qualidade de vida de seus ocupantes, principalmente daqueles mais vulneráveis ao desconforto térmico.

Materialistic orientation has long been related to various aspects of personality development and subjective wellbeing. Literature and research overview provides evidence that a higher level of materialistic orientation is related to increased external motivation (lack of internalisation of goals), extrinsic aspirations (such as possessions, power and image), overall lower levels of subjective wellbeing and physical health. Materialistic orientation also prevents the future exposure to different situations where a person could fulfil basic psychological needs as defined by Ryan and Deci – autonomy, capability and connectedness. People with higher materialistic orientation are easier influenced by advertisement and media, which in itself leads to strengthening of their materialistic orientation. Research in different countries conducted by T. Kasser and Sheldon and colleagues indicates that the materialistic orientation’s influence is not limited only to people in developed countries and it could be far worse in developing and underdeveloped countries as the capitalistic models spread throughout the world through the processes of globalization. The current article presents the data from an experiment conducted in Bulgaria applying the protocols from Tim Kasser and Ken Sheldon’s experiments in 2001 in the USA. The levels of insecurity of the participants in the experiment group are manipulated by asking them to think and write about their own death. Then all participants are asked to solve a social case by choosing between their own financial benefits and security (greed and fear) or do what is best for the group and others including the environmental sustainability (social interest). The results from the experiment concur with all previous data collected in the USA.

It is analysed the “social interest” phenomenon as a socio-psychological factor of youth civic competence development. According to F. Odizhe’s studies there are revealed such components in the structure of civic competence: cognitive competences, ethical competences and value choice (motivational-value aspect of civic competence), social competences (ability to act). There are also added the range of reflective competences, particularly, the ability to analyze, to think critically on the results of various forms of civic activity, to make personal contributions to the process and the outcomes of socio-political interaction, and to reflect on the essence of socio-political information. There are outlined the youth civic competence’s components which determine the positioning of the subject as an actor in the civic interaction and the attitude towards this process. These components are the following: the ability to establish an effective interaction and cooperation in order to resolve actual socio-political issues, the ability to constructively resolve the conflicts, the sense of solidarity, the focus on a common good, the sense of responsibility, the sense of commonality. There are considered the main principles of the “social interest” concept defined by A. Adler and a number of other important provisions of his theory, in particular, concerning personal lifestyle and factors that determine its formation. In the structure of social interest (following G. Tulitbayeva) there are outlined such components: cognitive, emotional-regulatory, communicational-behavioral, motivational-value; each of them are clarified in the context of social interest exploring as a factor of youth civic competence.

Interpersonal rejection is a well-documented risk factor for depression. The interpersonal consequences of depression, however, have been relatively unstudied. The present study aimed to examine the psychosocial functioning of depressed individuals when faced with interpersonal rejection. The differential consequences on two subtypes of depression – dependent and self-critical depression – were also explored. Based on a survey of 1710 individuals, 44 cases of dependent depression (“dependents”), 44 cases of self-critical depression (“self-critics”), and 46 people without depression took part in the experiment. All participants received a laboratory-manipulated rejection (Nezlek, Kowalski, Leary, Blevin, & Holgate, 1997). Measures of state dependency, state self-criticism, and Willingness to Engage in Teamwork (WET) were assessed for all participants before and after rejection. Additional measures of Willingness to Work Harder (WWH) and Social Interest (SI) were assessed post-rejection. Results indicated that dependents and self-critics responded significantly differently to rejection. After rejection, dependents' state dependency increased, while that of self-critics decreased. Moreover, dependents responded to rejection by pleasing others more (increases in WET, WWH, and SI), whereas self-critics responded by withdrawing (decreases in WET, WWH, and SI). The clinical and research implications of this study are also discussed.

Lesion studies in macaques suggest dissociable functions of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and medial frontal cortex (MFC), with OFC being essential for goal-directed decision making and MFC supporting social cognition. Bilateral amygdala damage results in impairments in both of these domains. There are extensive reciprocal connections between these prefrontal areas and the amygdala; however, it is not known whether the dissociable roles of OFC and MFC depend on functional interactions with the amygdala. To test this possibility, we compared the performance of male rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) with crossed surgical disconnection of the amygdala and either MFC (MFC x AMY, n=4) or OFC (OFC x AMY, n=4) to a group of unoperated controls (CON, n=5). All monkeys were assessed for their performance on two tasks to measure: (1) food-retrieval latencies while viewing videos of social and nonsocial stimuli in a test of social interest, and (2) object choices based on current food value using reinforcer devaluation in a test of goal-directed decision making. Compared to the CON group, the MFC x AMY group, but not the OFC x AMY group, showed significantly reduced food-retrieval latencies while viewing videos of conspecifics, indicating reduced social valuation and/or interest. By contrast, on the devaluation task, group OFC x AMY, but not group MFC x AMY, displayed deficits on object choices following changes in food value. These data indicate that the MFC and OFC must functionally interact with the amygdala to support normative social and nonsocial valuation, respectively.Significance StatementAscribing value to conspecifics (social) vs. objects (nonsocial) may be supported by distinct but overlapping brain networks. Here we test whether two nonoverlapping regions of the prefrontal cortex, the medial frontal cortex and the orbitofrontal cortex, must causally interact with the amygdala to sustain social valuation and goal-directed decision making, respectively. We found that these prefrontal-amygdala circuits are functionally dissociable, lending support for the idea that medial frontal and orbital frontal cortex make independent contributions to cognitive appraisals of the environment. These data provide a neural framework for distinct value assignment processes and may enhance our understanding of the cognitive deficits observed following brain injury or in the development of mental health disorders.

Life satisfaction is one of the most important indicators of the physical health and mental health. University period is an important time in terms of both students’ developmental tasks and its effects on later developmental stages. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate the factors affecting the life satisfaction of university students in terms of enhancing their quality of life. This study examined the predictive effects of feeling of inferiority and social interest, which are highly emphasized by Individual Psychology, on life satisfaction in undergraduate students. This study also examined the mediating role of social interest in the association between feeling of inferiority and life satisfaction. The study group consisted of 371 volunteer undergraduate students. Demographic Questionnaire Form, Social Interest Index, Inferiority Feeling Scale, and Satisfaction with Life Scale were used to collect the data. To test the hypothesis, Pearson moments correlation coefficients, hierarchical regression analyses, and bootstrapping methods were performed. The results of hierarchical regression analyses revealed that feeling of inferiority negatively and social interests positively predicted life satisfaction. Bootstrapping analysis showed that social interest played a partial mediation role. The findings of this study were discussed along with the implications for future studies and professionals to enhance undergraduate students’ life satisfaction., Yaşam doyumu, sağlığın ve ruh sağlığının önemli göstergelerinden biridir. Üniversite dönemi, hem öğrencilerin içinde bulundukları gelişim dönemi hem de sonraki dönemlere olan etkisi bakımından zor ve önemli bir süreçtir. Dolayısıyla üniversite öğrencilerinin yaşam doyumlarını etkileyen faktörlerin araştırılması, onların yaşam kalitesini arttırmak açısından önem arz etmektedir. Bu araştırmanın amacı üniversite öğrencilerinin yaşam doyumları üzerinde Bireysel Psikoloji kuramında özellikle vurgulanan yetersizlik duygusunun ve sosyal ilginin yordayıcı etkisi incelemektir. Ayrıca bu araştırmada sosyal ilginin yetersizlik duygusu ve yaşam doyumu arasındaki aracı rolü de incelenmiştir. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu toplam 371 gönüllü üniversite öğrencisi oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada veri toplamak amacıyla Demografik Bilgi Formu, Toplumsal İlgi Ölçeği, Yetersizlik Duygusu Ölçeği ve Yaşam Doyumu Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada öne sürülen hipotezleri test etmek için Pearson momentler çarpım korelasyon katsayısı, hiyerarşik regresyon analizi ve yeniden örnekleme yöntemi (bootstrapping) yapılmıştır. Hiyerarşik regresyon analizi sonuçlarına göre yetersizlik duygusu negatif ve sosyal ilgi pozitif yönde yaşam doyumunu anlamlı şekilde yordamıştır. Yeniden örnekleme yöntemi ile yapılan analizlerin sonucuna göre ise sosyal ilginin kısmi bir aracı rol oynadığı bulunmuştur. Araştırma soncunda elde edilen bulgular kuramsal ve alanyazındaki çalışmalar açısından tartışılmış ve gelecekte yapılacak araştırmalara yönelik öneriler sunulmuştur.

The objective of the current study was to examine the relations between narcissism and Adler's community feeling. Based on theoretical considerations, we claim that community feeling can be treated as an opposite pole of narcissism and we expected that: (1) both grandiose and vulnerable narcissism would be negatively related to community feeling and that (2) grandiose and vulnerable narcissism would be positively related to anti-community domination and isolation. A sample of 520 university students (Mage = 21.37, SDage = 4.31) completed the Community Feeling Questionnaire (CFQ), the Narcissistic Admiration and Rivalry Questionnaire (NARQ) and the Hypersensitive Narcissism Scale (HSNS). Structural equation modeling largely confirmed our expectations. These results suggest that narcissism can be understood in terms of a deficit in community feeling. It turned out that community feeling and narcissism are related constructs but they are not reducible to each other.

The ability to recognize and interact with members of the same species is essential for social communication. Investigating the neural substrates of social interest and recognition may offer insights into the behavioral differences present in disorders affecting social behavior. Assays used to study social interest in rodents include the 3-chamber test, a partition test, and a social interaction test. Here, we present a single protocol that can be used to quantify the level of social interest displayed by mice, the ability to distinguish between different individual mice (social recognition), and the level of repetitive self-grooming displayed. In the first part of the protocol, a social habituation/dishabituation test, the time spent by a test mouse sniffing a stimulus mouse is quantified over 9 trials. In the first 8 interactions, the same stimulus mouse is used repeatedly; on the ninth trial, a novel stimulus mouse is presented. Intact social recognition is indicated by a progressive decrease in the investigation time over trials 1-8, and an increase in trial 9. The interval between each social trial is used to quantify self-grooming, a stereotyped repetitive behavior in mice. We also present a method for randomized, blinded analysis of these behaviors to increase rigor and reproducibility of results. Therefore, this single behavioral test enables ready assessment of phenotypes of both social and repetitive behaviors in an integrated manner in the same animals. This feature can be advantageous in understanding interactions between these behaviors and phenotypes in mouse models with genetic variants associated with autism and other neurodevelopmental or neuropsychiatric disorders, which are often characterized by these behavioral differences.

This chapter provides in-depth information about the basic helping skills and competencies that should characterize an effective response to students in distress, including social interest, unconditional positive regard, relationship building, understanding, and facilitating. Furthermore, relevant cultural consideration and a brief guide for determining what to do in any given situation, including the discernment of concerning, alarming, and threatening behavior when dealing with students in distress and when to consult and refer are provided.