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The self is multifaceted. We sometimes bias information about ourselves over others and sometimes we bias information about others such as a friend over strangers, leading to a self-prioritization or friend-prioritization effect. However, it remains unknown how the shifting facet of the self supports such context-dependent social judgement. The self, serving as a navigational reference point, not only reflects an evolutionary pressure to evade threats but also plays a vital role in contemporary social interactions. The bodily self-representation is a cognitive and perceptual process through which individuals develop a sense of body ownership, agency, and awareness of their own bodies at a specialised location (Serino et. al., 2013). Research has shown that there is a self-prioritisation effect in near-space processing (Huang et. al., 2021) and that people have varied preferences for information related to different people in interpersonal spaces with a distorted perception of distance for their belonging needs (Bogdanova et. al., 2021; Knowles, Green & Weidel, 2014; Lenglart et. al., 2022; Perry et. al., 2013). In this study, we will investigate whether manipulating bodily self-consciousness in different spatial contexts (i.e., personal space, social space) can activate distinct aspects of the self, and how accessing specific facets of the self would influence judgement when comparing processing information related to different self-relevance (Self, Friend, and Stranger) within and across spatial dimensions. Three experiments will be conducted in this study. Experiment 1 examines how different facets of the self are activated when information is projected into different spaces (Personal, Social), and how this affects judgement when comparing processing information related to self or others (i.e., Self, Friend, Stranger). Experiment 2 will be a replication of Experiment 1 except that the sizes of personal and social spaces will be defined by participants individually, and Experiment 3 will examine the cultural effect (contact vs. non-contact culture) on the observed patterns in Experiments 1 and 2, given that everyday behaviour is subject to our cultural background. Prior to the experiments, a pilot experiment was carried out to estimate the sample size for the interest interaction between Space (Near-personal vs. Far-social) and three-dimensional objects embedded with different self-relevance (Self, Friend, Stranger) in a distance estimation task utilising virtual reality technology. Participants first conducted a shape-label matching task where three 3-D objects were paired with three people (Self, Friend, Stranger). Following the learning of object-person associations, they performed a distance estimation task. In this task, participants were displayed with multiple objects moving inside an imaginary cube, which was located at different distances (Near-personal Space and Far-social Space) in relation to the participants. They were instructed to use the keyboard to move a red dot to indicate the centre of the imaginary cube in the VR environment. Distance between the estimated and actual centre was recorded as the dependent variable to quantify the performance of spatial perception as a function of Object (Self, Friend, Stranger) and Space (Near-personal vs. Far-social).

Children who are involved in legal cases are often interviewed about events they witnessed or that might have happened to them. Occasionally, after such interviews, children are confronted with misinformation regarding their experiences. The question that arises is whether their earlier interviews may protect them from reporting misinformation. The goal of the present experiment was to assess whether empirically based interviewing by means of the National Institute for Child Health and Development (NICHD) Protocol would affect the reporting of misinformation in children. Children were involved in an interactive event (i.e., science demonstration). Following this, three experimental groups were created: one group was interviewed using the NICHD Protocol, one group had to freely recall what they experienced, and one group was not asked to retrieve any memories about the event. Next, all children received misinformation concerning the event and were then subjected to a final memory test. We found that children’s recall during the NICHD interview protected children against the incorporation of misinformation in their accounts of the event. This effect was absent in the other two conditions. The current experiment suggests that evidence-based investigative interviewing can inoculate children’s memory against the corrupting impact of misinformation.

Рассматривается источник логических парадоксов, выявленных Б. Расселом в системе обоснования математики, предложенной Г. Фреге. Самореферентность выражений, предложенная Б. Расселом как объяснение возникновения парадоксов, рассматривается с точки зрения разработанной им простой и разветвленной теории типов. Обосновывается, что теория типов, предложенная Б. Расселом, основана на онтологических предпосылках. Онтологические предпосылки зависят от предпочтения семантическому перед синтаксическим подходом, который принимается Б. Расселом. Рассмотрены синтаксические подходы к логическому символизму, которые позволяют устранить парадоксы с точки зрения языка современной символической логики. Анализируется подход к решению парадоксов Л. Витгенштейна, который основан на синтаксическом подходе. Показано, что этот подход отличается от способов построения языка, принятых в современной логике.The article analyzes the source of logical paradoxes Bertrand Russell identified in the foundations of mathematics proposed by Gottlob Frege. Russell proposed self-reference of expressions as the source of paradoxes. To solve paradoxes, he developed the simple and ramified theory of types. Ontological presuppositions are well substantiated for his theory; they depend on semantic, but not syntactic, preference. Contemporary approaches in symbolical logic prefer syntactic methods. But Wittgenstein’s approach in his Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus is more interesting, especially from the perspective of his picture theory of statements.

Changes in context across instances of memory retrieval have been shown to impair memory for acts of prior remembering. The present study examined how self-referential encoding influences memory for prior remembering that occurred with or without context change. At encoding, participants processed each target in cue-target word pairs in relation to themselves or another person. During an initial cued-recall test, targets were tested with either the studied cues or semantically related, but previously unseen cues. During a second cued-recall test, all targets were tested with the studied cues, and participants judged whether they remembered retrieving each target during the first test. Regardless of self/other-reference, semantic context change across the two tests impaired memory for prior remembering. Furthermore, the magnitude of this impairment was larger for strongly self-associated vs. other-associated targets. Our findings suggest that self-referential encoding does not benefit memory for prior remembering in the face of contextual change.

Investigates if and how the self-prioritization effect (Sui et al., 2012) interacts with symbolic representations of numbers.

Music is widely used to regulate and accentuate one's emotions, both positive and negative. The music one engages with has a direct and indirect effect on the way one views themselves. Studies have shown that certain kinds of music affect one’s self-esteem and self-enhancement. This is a very intriguing connection, as there is a lot to understand about how this correlation plays out. This study aims to better understand the factor in between that causes this connection between music engagement and reference to the self. Prior research has shown that self compassion correlates with both music engagement and positive view of the self. Therefore, in this study we intend to examine the mediating role of self-compassion in the relationship between music engagement and self-reference.

Memory bias entails preferential recall of a certain kind of information over another. The present research explores the self-verification motive in memory bias to maintain self-esteem. It is hypot...

Recent evidence suggests that some simulations of future events are encoded in memory and later recalled as "memories of the future," but the factors that determine the memorability of future simulations remain poorly understood. The current research aimed to test the hypothesis that imagined future events are better memorized when they are integrated in autobiographical knowledge structures. Across two experiments, we found that future events that involved the self were better recalled than future events that involved an acquaintance (Experiment 1), and that future events that were related to personal goals were better recalled than future events that were unrelated to goals (Experiment 2). Although self-reference and personal goals influenced the phenomenological characteristics of future simulations (e.g., their vividness and the clarity of event components), the enhanced recall of self-relevant and goal-relevant simulations was not simply due to these differences in the characteristics of simulations. Taken together, these findings suggest that the integration of simulated events with preexisting autobiographical knowledge is an important determinant of memories of the future.

Culture plays a critical role in memory. Memory is also known to be constructive and prone to errors (e.g., false memories). However, little is known about how culture potentially shapes the formation of false memories. We examined the role of culture in shaping various aspects of false memory by comparing European (N = 33) and Chinese (N = 40) samples. In our study, we embedded the Deese-Roediger/McDermott (DRM) pictures in different contexts and paired them with participants’ own name or other people’s name (e.g., Adele) to create item-person-context memory episodes. We found that European participants had more phantom recollection for non-presented lure pictures while Chinese participants were more likely to form familiarity for lure pictures. Furthermore, we showed that European participants formed more self-related false memories of item-context bindings than Chinese participants. Our study is the first to show cultural differences in constructive false memories using the DRM paradigm.

Media theory usually foregrounds transmission, storage, and processing as elementary media operations, neglecting the role media play in protecting living beings. However, the biopolitical and discursive reactions to the spread of Covid-19 have evidenced how protection and establishing safe distances can be implicated in the media process of transmission, which viral infection is, basically. Takingthe window photos reacting to the pandemic-induced isolation in early 2020 as a starting point, I propose to examine the dynamics of distance and proximity by focusing on the protective functionalities of small networked screens. Today, networked screens such as laptops, tablets, smartphones, or television dominate our everyday and personal media use. Their omnipresence and our permanent attachment to them became even stronger during the Corona crisis, giving the screens new political significance. Placed between the self and the world, screens are able to cocreate protective topologies of distance and, thus, to fulfill immunitary functions in addition to their communicative and connective ones. In order to elaborate on this double operativity, I will draw on etymological, media archaeological, and media theoretical understandings of screens as protective ‘shields’, ‘barriers’, and ‘filters’ and combine them with the philosophical perspectives on immunization developed by Roberto Esposito and Peter Sloterdijk., img journal, No. 3 (2020): Remediating distances

This essay challenges some assumptions of prevalent theories of empathy. The empathizer, according to these theories, must have an emotion or a representation that matches the recipient’s emotion o...

This research investigated associations between the lyrics of every song to have reached the weekly U.K. Top 5 singles chart from 1960 to 2015 and the number of people responsible for recording each song. Following computerized content analysis of the lyrics of the 4,534 unique songs, the results showed that the number of musicians involved was negatively related to use of cognitive terms, consistent with previous research on social loafing, and was also negatively related to instances of self-reference and use of language concerning social interaction, arguably in reflection of the inherent constraints on such that arise from collaborating with others.

The aim of the present study was to determine whether the self-enhancement effect of voice attractiveness evaluation is due to general self-positivity bias and/or the familiarity effect. The participants were asked to rate the attractiveness of their own voice, a friend's voice and strangers' voices. In addition, a self-reference valence (SR-valence) task was adopted in the experiment. Significant self-enhancement effects in voice attractiveness ratings were demonstrated, regardless of whether the participants recognized their self-voice or not. However, the friend-enhancement effect was found in only those participants who successfully recognized their friend's voice. Moreover, a significant correlation was found between self-positivity bias in the SR-valence task and the self-enhancement effect (but not the friend-enhancement effect). Our findings suggest that both the familiarity effect and self-positivity bias account for the vocal self-enhancement effect, and the influence of self-positivity bias could be implicit. The present study thus provides empirical evidence to clarify the potential explanations for the self-enhancement of voice attractiveness assessment.

Adolescence is often defined as a period of social reorientation, characterized by increased engagement with, and reliance on, same-aged peers. Consistent with these shifting motivations, we hypothesized that communicating information about oneself to friends would be intrinsically valued during adolescence. We specifically examined behavioral and neural differences when sharing information of varying depth in intimacy. These questions were investigated in a sample of early adolescent girls (N = 125, ages 10.0-13.0 years) who completed a self-disclosure monetary choice task while undergoing fMRI. Behaviorally, adolescents gave up more money to share superficial self-referential information than intimate self-referential information with a (real-life) close friend. Neural analyses identified extensive engagement of regions that support social cognition and emotion regulation when engaging in intimate self-disclosure. Behavioral and neural valuation of sharing superficial information were related to individual differences in self-worth and friendship quality. Comparatively, across all levels of analyses, adolescents were less likely to share intimate information. Findings highlight both the value and costs associated with self-disclosure during this time of increased peer sensitivity. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Ordinary computing machines prohibit self-reference because it leads to logical inconsistencies and undecidability. In contrast, the human mind can understand self-referential statements without necessitating physically impossible brain states. Why can the brain make sense of self-reference? Here, we address this question by defining the Strange Loop Model, which features causal feedback between two brain modules, and circumvents the paradoxes of self-reference and negation by unfolding the inconsistency in time. We also argue that the metastable dynamics of the brain inhibit and terminate unhalting inferences. Finally, we show that the representation of logical inconsistencies in the Strange Loop Model leads to causal incongruence between brain subsystems in Integrated Information Theory. PF is supported in part by funding from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council. RS thanks the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, grant PID2019-111680GB-I00, an AGAUR FI 2018 grant, and the Santa Fe Institute. GD acknowledges funding from the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) (START Prize Y-1261-N).

The present experiment examined the effect of self, close other, and unknown other-references on false recognition and source monitoring in the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm. In the present study, participants were shown items with their own name, the name of a closely known other, an unknown other, or alone. Then, they were asked to recognise the items and the reference conditions. The results showed that the items paired with oneself and a closely known other lead to higher true recognition scores compared to other two conditions. Moreover, the source of the items in the self and the close other-reference conditions were more likely to be attributed to the correct sources than the latter two. However, the self and the close other-referenced items increased false recognition and source misattribution scores. The findings indicate that referencing the self and close others may lead to memory illusions via distorting source monitoring abilities.

Purpose The main goal of the study is to investigate how same-brand slogans simultaneously in use in two emerging markets, namely Turkey and Russia, differ semantically. The study further examines in what ways the industrial competition structure impacts the semantic slogan design within these two contexts. Design/methodology/approach The study uses the method of semantic explication that is based on a 19-device taxonomy. This method is applied to 56 slogan pairs in the Turkish and Russian languages launched for the same brands/products across 6 industries. Findings Results indicate that same-brand slogans differ semantically between Turkey and Russia. Moreover, firms tend to conform to a shared semantic pattern within a given industry, largely depending on the industrial competition structure. While strong local competition (as in the electronics and cleaning products industries in Turkey and in the personal care and beverages industries in Russia) leads firms to use self-reference, international competition (as in the automotive, personal care and beverages industries in Turkey and in the electronics and cleaning products industries in Russia) promotes them to use hyperbole in their slogan design. Practical implications Adopting a common semantic pattern within an industry may carry the risk of restricting brand differentiation and consumers' sense of novelty. Furthermore, the inclusion of brand names in slogans may make slogans sound assertive and lead consumers to overreact to the brand. Originality/value Unlike many studies exploring different-brand slogans through a syntactic or grammatical lens, this study investigates the semantic features of same-brand slogans launched in two emerging market contexts. It adopts a B2B perspective, unlike many extant studies that often focus on a B2C one.

Self-reflection and thinking about the thoughts and behaviors of others are important skills for humans to function in the social world. These two processes overlap in terms of the component processes involved, and share overlapping functional organizations within the human brain, in particular within the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC). Several functional models have been proposed to explain these two processes, but none has directly explored the extent to which they are distinctly represented within different parts of the brain. This study used multivoxel pattern classification to quantify the separability of self- and other-related thought in the MPFC and expanded this question to the entire brain. Using a large-scale mega-analytic dataset, spanning three separate studies (n = 142), we find that self- and other-related thought can be reliably distinguished above chance within the MPFC, posterior cingulate cortex and temporal lobes. We highlight subcomponents of the ventral MPFC that are particularly important in representing self-related thought, and subcomponents of the orbitofrontal cortex robustly involved in representing other-related thought. Our findings indicate that representations of self- and other-related thought in the human brain are described best by a distributed pattern rather than stark localization or a purely ventral to dorsal linear gradient in the MPFC.

We investigated whether the strategy of self-reference can benefit memory for multi-element events, a kind of relational memory that is relatively less studied but highly relevant to daily life. Young and older adults imagined different person-object-location events with reference to themselves and two famous others (i.e., George Clooney and Oprah Winfrey), rated the likelihood that each event would happen, and then completed incidental memory tests on different pairs of elements within the event. We found that self-reference enhanced memory for object-location and person-object pairs in both age groups. Such self-reference effects were observed consistently only for events rated as likely to happen. There was also an overall memory advantage for the higher-likelihood events, which did not differ between young and older adults. Further, the self-reference effects were not correlated with memory functioning in either age group. Retrieval of within-event associations showed a significant level of dependency, which did not differ as a function of reference condition or likelihood category. These findings highlight the ways in which self-reference and prior knowledge improve relational memory, and suggest that the advantage of self-reference is not attributable to increased dependence of elements within complex events.

Depressive symptomatology is manifested in greater first-person singular pronoun use (i.e., I-talk), but when and for whom this effect is most apparent, and the extent to which it is specific to depression or part of a broader association between negative emotionality and I-talk, remains unclear. Using pooled data from N = 4,754 participants from 6 labs across 2 countries, we examined, in a preregistered analysis, how the depression-I-talk effect varied by (a) first-person singular pronoun type (i.e., subjective, objective, and possessive), (b) the communication context in which language was generated (i.e., personal, momentary thought, identity-related, and impersonal), and (c) gender. Overall, there was a small but reliable positive correlation between depression and I-talk (r = .10, 95% CI [.07, .13]). The effect was present for all first-person singular pronouns except the possessive type, in all communication contexts except the impersonal one, and for both females and males with little evidence of gender differences. Importantly, a similar pattern of results emerged for negative emotionality. Further, the depression-I-talk effect was substantially reduced when controlled for negative emotionality but this was not the case when the negative emotionality-I-talk effect was controlled for depression. These results suggest that the robust empirical link between depression and I-talk largely reflects a broader association between negative emotionality and I-talk. Self-referential language using first-person singular pronouns may therefore be better construed as a linguistic marker of general distress proneness or negative emotionality rather than as a specific marker of depression. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

People preferentially attend to external stimuli that are related to themselves compared with others. Whether a similar self-reference bias applies to internal representations, such as those maintained in working memory (WM), is presently unknown. We tested this possibility in four experiments, in which participants were first trained to associate social labels (self, friend, stranger) with arbitrary colors and then performed a delayed match-to-sample spatial WM task on color locations. Participants consistently responded fastest to WM probes at locations of self-associated colors (Experiments 1–4). This self-bias was driven not by differential exogenous attention during encoding or retrieval (Experiments 1 and 2) but by internal attentional prioritization of self-related representations during WM maintenance (Experiment 3). Moreover, self-prioritization in WM was nonstrategic, as this bias persisted even under conditions in which it hurt WM performance. These findings document an automatic prioritization of self-referential items in WM, which may form the basis of some egocentric biases in decision making.

Recent insights show increased motivation can benefit executive control, but this effect has not been explored in relation to semantic cognition. Patients with deficits of controlled semantic retrieval in the context of semantic aphasia (SA) after stroke may benefit from this approach since ‘semantic control’ is considered an executive process. Deficits in this domain are partially distinct from domain-general deficits of cognitive control. We assessed the effect of both extrinsic and intrinsic motivation in healthy controls and semantic aphasia patients. Experiment 1 manipulated extrinsic reward using high or low levels of points for correct responses during a semantic association task. Experiment 2 manipulated the intrinsic value of items using self-reference; allocating pictures of items to the participant (‘self’) or researcher (‘other’) in a shopping game before people retrieved their semantic associations. These experiments revealed that patients, but not controls, showed better performance when given an extrinsic reward, consistent with the view that increased external motivation may help to ameliorate patients’ semantic control deficits. However, while self-reference was associated with better episodic memory, there was no effect on semantic retrieval. We conclude that semantic control deficits can be reduced when extrinsic rewards are anticipated; this enhanced motivational state is expected to support proactive control, for example, through the maintenance of task representations. It may be possible to harness this modulatory impact of reward to combat the control demands of semantic tasks in SA patients.

Membership categories such as ‘doctor’, ‘customer’, and ‘girl’ can form a set of alternative ways of referring to the same person. Moreover, speakers can select from this array of correct alternatives that term best fitted to what is getting done in their talk. In contrast, self-references alone ordinarily do not convey category membership, unless the speaker specifically employs some sort of category-conveying formulation. This report investigates how speakers manage the categorical relevance of these simplest self-references (e.g. ‘I’, ‘me’, ‘my’) as a practical means of self-presentation. We first describe how speakers forestall recipient attribution of membership categories. We then consider cases where simple self-references are subjected to subsequent elaboration—via self-categorization—in the face of possible recipient misreading of the speaker's category membership. Thereafter, we introduce the practice of contrastive entanglement, and describe how speakers employ it to fashion tacitly categorized self-references that serve the formation of action. (Person reference, conversation analysis, membership categorization devices, race, gender)*

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by a fundamental change in self-awareness including seemingly paradoxical features like increased ego-centeredness and weakened self-referentiality. What is the neural basis of this so-called “self-paradox”? Conducting a meta-analytic review of fMRI rest and task studies, we show that ASD exhibits consistent hypofunction in anterior and posterior midline regions of the default-mode network (DMN) in both rest and task with decreased self–non-self differentiation. Relying on a multilayered nested hierarchical model of self, as recently established (Qin et al. 2020), we propose that ASD subjects cannot access the most upper layer of their self, the DMN-based mental self—they are locked-out of their own DMN and its mental self. This, in turn, results in strong weakening of their self-referentiality with decreases in both self-awareness and self–other distinction. Moreover, this blocks the extension of non-DMN cortical and subcortical regions at the lower layers of the physical self to the DMN-based upper layer of the mental self, including self–other distinction. The ASD subjects remain stuck and restricted to their intero- and exteroceptive selves as manifested in a relative increase in ego-centeredness (as compared to self-referentiality). This amounts to what we describe as “Hierarchical Model of Autistic Self” (HAS), which, characterizing the autistic self in hierarchical and spatiotemporal terms, aligns well with and extends current theories of ASD including predictive coding and weak central coherence.

Bakhtin’s deep insights on dialogicality resonates with views of language acquisition as a multimodal, situated, interactive process grounded in everyday experience and reverberating the voices of the care-givers. Drawing on a longitudinal videoethnography of French parent-child interactions in family life over a period of seven years, this study documents how the child’s language development is co-constructed through interactive tellings and retellings of activities and events permeated with multiple perspectives. Our choice of extracts will exemplify how the others’ voices shape children’s unique identity as speaker and co-speaker grounded in the richness of their daily life. Through the experience of assimilating the others’ words, utterances, and every single form of multimodal expression, children appropriate our common treasure, language, but also learn the individual power of accenting their productions with their own voice.

Previous research has consistently found that the self-reference effect (SRE) is equal to, or stronger than, the group-reference effect (GRE) for memory performance. The military strongly emphasises group identity; this study investigated whether the GRE was stronger than the SRE for soldiers. Soldiers were recruited to participate in Experiments 1 and Experiment 2. Experiment 1 revealed that recognition was better under the group-reference condition than the self-reference condition. Experiment 2 was identical to Experiment 1, with the exception that the recognition test required participants to use "remember" / "know" / "guess" judgments. The results were consistent with those of Experiment 1, that is, the GRE contributed to better recognition than the SRE, but the difference was statistically significant only for "know" responses. Using a less cohesive group (university students) as participants, Experiment 3 found that the GRE was not superior to the SRE for memory recognition, which indicated that the results of Experiments 1 and 2 were exclusive to soldiers. The findings suggest that soldiers' sense of self might be unique, and that an ingroup sense of self might be dominant for soldiers.

International audience; The self is a crucial component of the psychic life and plays a central role for the adaptation to the environment. In daily life, this adaptative function is ensured, inter alia, by numerous biases filtering information and favoring those which are self-related. After succinctly reviewing the most documented among them which are affective and mnesic biases, the current paper provides a critical review of literature about a bias which is supposed to be perceptive, the self-prioritization effect (SPE). That has been revealed by Sui, He and Humphreys (2012) with an astute matching task and consists in the fact that arbitrarily tagging shapes to a word referring to the participant (e.g., you-square) leads to faster and more accurate responses as compared to shapes tagged to a word referring to another identity (e.g., strange-circle). The methodological variations of this task and the SPE's both extension and putative origins will be presented, as well as the restrictions which border it, related to the individuals, to the experimental situation and to some more general properties of the self. Finally, some avenues for future research will be proposed, drawing some promising paths: beyond being a robust and intriguing phenomenon, SPE can indeed be considered as a convenient tool to assess some mechanisms underlying social cognition, in various fields using an experimental approach such as developmental psychology and social psychology.; Le Soi est au cœur de la vie psychique et joue un rôle central dans l’adaptation à l’environnement. Au quotidien, cette fonction adaptative est assurée, entre autres, par de nombreux biais qui « filtrent » l’information et favorisent celle liée à soi. Après avoir passé succinctement en revue les plus documentés d’entre eux que sont les biais affectifs et mnésiques en faveur de soi, le présent article fournit une recension critique des travaux portant un biais supposé perceptif, l’effet de priorité au Soi (EPS). Mis en évidence par Sui, He et Humphreys (2012) à l’aide d’une astucieuse tâche d’appariement, il s’agit du fait qu’associer arbitrairement des formes géométriques à un mot désignant le participant (e.g., vous-carré) conduit à un traitement plus rapide et comportant moins d’erreurs comparativement aux formes associées à une autre identité (i.e., étranger-cercle). Les variantes méthodologiques de cette tâche, l’étendue et les origines possibles de l’EPS seront présentées, ainsi que les restrictions qui le bordent, relatives à la fois aux individus, à la situation expérimentale et aux propriétés plus générales du Soi. Enfin, des perspectives de recherche seront proposées, esquissant des pistes prometteuses ; au-delà d’être un phénomène robuste et intrigant, l’EPS peut en effet être considéré comme un outil opportun pour évaluer des mécanismes sous-tendant la cognition sociale, et ce dans des champs variés utilisant l’approche expérimentale comme la psychologie du développement et la psychologie sociale.

Adults tend to remember themselves in a positive way. For example, they are more likely to remember their past good deeds rather than their past bad deeds. We investigated whether children (N = 40)...

Viewing pronouns as central to self/other positioning and meaning making, this study explores pragmatic manipulations of self-reference pronouns in the context of the penalty phase of capital trials. Based on a corpus of ten closing arguments, the findings indicate that first-person pronouns play a crucial role in allowing lawyers to subtly shift between various speaking roles. In this dynamic process, lawyers construct a multiplicity of selves or footing (Goffman, 1981) as they attempt to align the jurors with their positions on the death sentence. In effect, first-person pronouns become a powerful means of mediating capital jurors’ perceptions and experiences in deciding whether the defendant should live or die.

The purpose of this study is twofold: (a) to present evidence for the use of the two time-honored features of politeness in Persian, namely self-abasement and other-elevating in electronic communication, and (b) to add a new dimension to Brown and Gilman’s (1960) seminal address formula to make it more inclusive so that it can accommodate for languages that do not follow the asymmetrical power semantics of this model. The data for this study comes from emails of the researcher’s former Iranian colleagues, the purpose of which was to maintain social relationship, while not pleading for a favor, hence a communication devoid of flattery. Qualitative analysis of the data suggests that the notion of power can be overruled by modesty through the practice of ‘self-abasement’ and ‘other-elevating’ address forms in Persian.

A long-lasting and unresolved debate in the field of aesthetics is whether beauty is inherent to the object of appreciation or to the subject contemplating it. Several studies suggest that physical features (e.g., symmetry, contrast) of an artwork influence aesthetic rating. Nevertheless, this objectivist approach fails to explain the idiosyncratic nature of aesthetic experiences (AE). Recent models propose a multi-process account of AE, integrating a subjective evaluation based on self-referential processing. This proposition seems coherent with neuroimaging studies showing activation of a common neural network during AE and self-reference. Nevertheless, behavioural data supporting this hypothesis is missing. We took advantage of the self-reference effect (SRE) in memory – the mnemonic advantage for material encoded in a self-related mode - to test the hypothesis that aesthetic judgement is based on self-related processes. We predicted that if aesthetic judgement recruits self-referential processing, incidentally encoding artworks in this condition should produce a similar mnemonic advantage as the SRE. To test this hypothesis, 30 participants incidentally encoded 60 painting in three conditions: self-reference, judgement of beauty and judgement of symmetry (control condition). We found that items encoded in the aesthetic judgment condition were as well recognized as those encoded in self-reference condition when participants gave extreme judgements on the beauty scale during encoding. These findings suggest that at least intense AEs activate an individual’s sense of self.

The location of this research is the university, through which we are progressively channeled into a seemingly insoluble Gordian knot. What is our participation in the university and what cultural and human commitments inform this participation? More trivially, what rights and duties does the individual acquire or lose within his or her academic identities? Our main target was finding an ideal organizational practice to examine, such as an emergency event. What strategy can the university adopt? Can it realign its distortions and retain its resources? How and in what ways? What information is needed for this purpose? Which actors are relevant in this process? A systemic survey model is, therefore, presented to analyze data obtained from a sample of 200 respondents from various academic groups, including students, professors, administrative staff, and other stakeholders. Quotas were used for the primary challenge posed by the pictures representing dimensions according to a systemic schema of organizational effectiveness (OE). Respondents were then asked to judge the dimensions and pictures against their personal capacity for intellectual identity, functionalism, and materialism. During the test, the participants were expected to develop their capacity to approach phenomenal consciousness and the search for its neural correlates, thereby becoming familiar with the high-order demands and challenges posed by the current information available to them. A nine-item interval behaviorally anchored rating scale (BARS) was used to develop a systemic matrix that could show the participants&rsquo, collective OE when an emergency event occurs at the university. This study aims to stimulate a broader investigation into the preparation of programs and plans that should be a priority today in the context of sustainability in educational institutions, thereby setting useful thresholds on decision-making paths. To develop the collective model, a matrix generated by each respondents&rsquo, dimensional modal values (DMVs) in the test and the overall samples&rsquo, modal values (OMMVs) were used. Borrowing from Luce&rsquo, s theory of probability, we analyzed the similarity of the OE university matrix from the results in descending order, restricting our attention to modal values which were chosen for the test and demonstrate how the learning model was formulated to assume that each group with evolved behavior could respond adaptively to a conditional function thanks to its permanence in a university environment.