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The internal consistency of the Human Behavior Rating Scale (HBRS) was investigated. The 91-item Likert-type scale is designed to measure five dimensions: persistence, curiosity, externalizing affect, internalizing affect, and cognition. It is used as a research tool to investigate the tenets of Eaves' 1993 integrated theory of human behavior. Three separate sampling plans were employed. Teachers and nonteachers completed Human Behavior Rating Scale ratings of children ranging in age from 5 to 18 years old. Cronbach coefficients alpha were reported by sex, grade, or age for the three samples. Of the 185 reported alpha coefficients, 175 were at or above .90, while 10 had values between .80 and .89. DOI 10.2466/PR0.105.3.835-848

The present effort employs a new archival approach to study values and value-behavior relations, which is likely to be particularly useful in applied settings. A value lexicon was developed on the basis of the Schwartz (1992) value theory to extract lexical indicators of values from texts. The convergent, discriminant, and predictive validity of this measure was established using American newspaper content from 1900 to 2000 vis-a-vis existing self-report measures of values and objective indicators of value-expressive behaviors. Results provide empirical support for the use of the value lexicon to study values and value-behavior relations. First, the value lexicon demonstrated convergence with self-report responses of values. Second, values in American newspapers were associated with objective indicators of their corresponding value-expressive behaviors compared with noncorresponding value-expressive behaviors. Third, patterns of values over this 101-year period exhibited meaningful fluctuations with major historical and political events. The discussion describes new possibilities for future research on values in many applied settings with the value lexicon. The discussion also suggests that the principles of the value lexicon could be adopted to measure other psychological constructs of interest to applied psychology. Keywords: values, behavior, archival research

Human face perception is a finely tuned, specialized process. When comparing faces between species, therefore, it is essential to consider how people make these observational judgments. Comparing facial expressions may be particularly problematic, given that people tend to consider them categorically as emotional signals, which may affect how accurately specific details are processed. The bared-teeth display (BT), observed in most primates, has been proposed as a homologue of the human smile (J. A. R. A. M. van Hooff, 1972). In this study, judgments of similarity between BT displays of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and human smiles varied in relation to perceived emotional valence. When a chimpanzee BT was interpreted as fearful, observers tended to underestimate the magnitude of the relationship between certain features (the extent of lip corner raise) and human smiles. These judgments may reflect the combined effects of categorical emotional perception, configural face processing, and perceptual organization in mental imagery and may demonstrate the advantages of using standardized observational methods in comparative facial expression research. Keywords: facial expression, emotion, primates, perception, smiling

This research comparatively assessed grouping mechanisms of humans (n = 8) and baboons (n = 8) in an illusory task that employs configurations of target and surrounding circles arranged to induce the Ebbinghaus (Titchener) illusion. Analyses of response behaviors and points of subjective equality demonstrated that only humans misjudged the central target size under the influence of the Ebbinghaus illusion, whereas baboons expressed a more veridical perception of target sizes. It is argued that humans adopted a global mode of stimulus processing of the illusory figure in our task that has favored the illusion. By contrast, a strong local mode of stimulus processing with attention restricted to the target must have prevented illusory effects in baboons. These findings suggest that monkeys and humans have evolved modes of object recognition that do not similarly rely on the same gestalt principles. Keywords: baboon, Ebbinghaus illusion, Titchener illusion, global-local precedence, visual cognition

Although the fact that stereotype threat impacts performance is well established, the underlying process(es) is(are) not clear. Recently, T. Schmader and M. Johns (2003) argued for a working memory interference account, which proposes that performance suffers because cognitive resources are expended on processing information associated with negative stereotypes. The antisaccade task provides a vehicle to test this account because optimal performance requires working memory resources to inhibit the tendency to look at an irrelevant, peripheral cue (the prepotent response) and to generate volitional saccades to the target. If stereotype threat occupies working memory resources, then the ability to inhibit the prepotent response and to launch volitional saccades will be impaired, and performance will suffer. In contrast, S. Harkins's (2006) mere effort account argues that stereotype threat participants are motivated to perform well, which potentiates the prepotent response, but also leads to efforts to counter this tendency if participants recognize that the response is incorrect, know the correct response, and have the opportunity to make it. Results from 4 experiments support the mere effort but not the working memory interference account. Keywords: stereotype threat, mere effort, antisaccade, working memory

Drawing from past research on women's motives for intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration, correlates of women's perpetration, and correlates of nonviolent conflict, we created a scale containing 125 possible motives, representing 14 broad domains (e.g., self-defense, retaliation). Participants were an ethnically diverse sample of women who had perpetrated no physical 1PV against their current partner (n = 243), threats but not physical IPV (n = 70), nonsevere physical IPV (n = 193), and at least one act of severe (e.g., choke) physical IPV (n = 93). An exploratory factor analysis yielded a seven-factor solution, representing Partners' Negative Behaviors, Increase Intimacy, Personal Problems, Retaliation, Childhood Experiences, Situation/Mood, and Partners' Personal Problems. Differences by women's IPV perpetration and race and/or ethnicity were tested with means representing these seven factors and a computed variable representing self defense. Although motives differed by perpetration type, main effects for Partners' Negative Behavior, Personal Problems, Retaliation, and Childhood Experiences were modified by interactions, suggesting ethnicity should be considered when developing interventions. Keywords: female perpetration: low-income: partner violence: race/ethnicity: scale development

A community survey on people ranging in age from 20 to 64 years was conducted to detect the influence of health state and health habits on gender differences in performance. Conclusions arrived at indicate that contrary to earlier thinking which had focused on hormonal, neurological or sociocultural explanations, differences in health status and health habits do influence gender differences in cognitive function.

Elicitation of evaluative attributes are discussed with the help of different elicitation techniques. The results show that method bias is not a serious problem in elicitation of evaluative attributes.

A model is proposed to examine the manner in which social actors narrate their life-story and actions in terms of the factors determining them. A case study of the narration of a woman's life story is used to understand how the model can help investigate the subjective interrelationships between agency, structure, communion and serendipity.

Two studies that were conducted to find out the effects of subtle exposure to anthropomorphized objects like domestic animals that can activate associated concepts and automatically have an influence on behavior is presented. Results suggested that incidental exposure to animals associated with human characteristics influenced the behavior in an automatic way.

The tendency of people to explicitly assign psychological human qualities to unambiguous natural kinds and objects like trees, mountains and lakes is examined. Results of experiments revealed that a tree and a volcano were observed as reminders of death to reduce the tendency to anthropomorphize both the objects.

A review of the research that shows importance of the emotions in human intelligence is presented. Another research is carried out into the incorporation of emotions to intelligent systems, the way a computer can show affections and the way to create intelligent agents that show emotions to other agents, communicating with them in the same environment.

The reason why people behave more competitively while playing mixed-motive games against groups is determined. It is shown that people remember their social interactions with groups as more competitive than their social interactions with individuals.

Role model preferences among individuals contemplating additive and subtractive behavior changes were examined. It was found that individuals having additive behavior were likely to view positive models as effective motivators, whereas individuals having subtractive behavior viewed negative models as effective motivators

The goal of research made was to determine weather personal relevance moderates the impact of familiarity on persuasive message processing. Familiarity leads to nonanalytical processing under conditions of low personal relevance but analytic processing under conditions of high personal relevance.

The prevalence of anger and its relationship with demographic, cognitive, personality variables and hospital assaultive behavior is discussed. Studies reveal that patient-reported anger was a significant predictor of post admissions assaults.

The results from both clinical judgment and statistical prediction studies are described for the various types of assessment instruments, which includes brief self-related and clinical-rated measures. Further, the implications of the results for diagnosis, the assessment of psychopathology and the prediction of behavior are explained.

The studies derived from a model of helping accounts to how individuals are motivated to incur the initial cost of helping, and helping of strangers observed among individuals. As closeness for the same behavior increases, the judged cost to helper decreases, thus 'labor of love' effect is demonstrated.

The relationship between mother-child joint activity and pre-school behavior problems is examined. A strong association of behavior problem is found where there is a lesser parent-child joint activity.

The valence of computer attitudes and sociodemographic, experiential, and other factors that influence them using the data collected from a survey with 262 persons participating in mental health programs are studied. The results suggest that the attitudes and interests of people with severe mental illnesses justifies the provision of computer training to those who are interested in order to increase their success in the labor market.

A study is conducted to investigate the influence of subliminal primes and whether these automatic category activation effects would be affected by prejudice level. The results indicate that the behavioral level previous findings with social judgment and lexical decision tasks and support a model in which automatic category activation has divergent effects as a function of preexisting attitudes.

The preparatory methods to attain human skills are reviewed with the help of a Grouping Model, which involves precue information being initiated into a dynamic course of stimulus- and response-set reconfiguration. The Gestalt properties and interresponse dependencies of the Grouping Model aid in shaping and strengthening of stimulus and response subgroups are presented.

The fundamental features of masking function generated by a mechanism based on efficient masking are identified, and the manner in which these features can help analyze experimental data in terms of an efficient masking model are projected. This experimental data enhances the development of a new quantitative account of backward masking.

8 PerspectivesPerspectives on Neuroscience and BehaviorCocaine, orbitofrontal cortex, amygdala, and impaired decision-making SAGE Publications, Inc.2008DOI: 10.1177/10738584080140010401 Impaired decision-making is a central pathologic feature of addiction. Addicts continue to use substances [...]

Cultural group selection seems the only compelling explanation for the evolution of the uniquely human form of cooperation by large teams of unrelated individuals. Inspired by descriptions of sanctioning in mutualistic interactions between members of different species, I propose partner choice by powerful individuals or institutions as an alternative explanation for the evolution of behavior typical for 'team players.'

Evolutionary theory provides a firm foundation for the unification of the behavioral sciences, and the beliefs, preferences, and constraints (BPC) model is a useful analytical tool for understanding human behavior. However, evolutionary theory suggests that if other-regarding preferences expressed by humans have evolved under selection, they are ultimately, if not purely, in the constrained, relative self-interests of individuals who express them.