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The Cooper–Norcross Inventory of Preferences (C-NIP) is one of the most widely used measures of psychotherapy preferences. However, its psychometric properties have not been examined in non-Western samples. Research on disparities between the preferences of mental health professionals and their clients is also limited. We evaluated the C-NIP's psychometric properties and measurement invariance in Chinese lay clients and mental health professionals and evaluated the latent mean differences between clients' and professionals' scores on the C-NIP's four scales (preference for therapist vs. client directiveness, emotional intensity vs. emotional reserve, past vs. present orientation, and warm support vs. focused challenge). This cross-sectional investigation involved 301 lay clients and 856 mental health professionals who completed the Chinese version of the C-NIP. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) were used to examine the factor structure of the C-NIP. ESEM provided stronger evidence than CFA for the four-factor model in both samples. The four scales had adequate internal consistency in both the lay clients (αs =.68–.89) and the mental health professionals (αs =.70–.80). Partial scalar invariance was established across these two populations. Chinese mental health professionals preferred less therapist directiveness, past orientation, and warm support—but more emotional intensity—than Chinese lay clients (ds = 0.25–0.90). Culture-specific cutoff values (norms) to identify strong therapy preferences were established. This study supports the application of the C-NIP to non-Western populations and suggests that discrepancies between the preferences of lay clients and mental health professionals are a cross-cultural phenomenon. Public Significance Statement: This study confirms the factor structure and measurement invariance of the Cooper–Norcross Inventory of Preferences (C-NIP) in Chinese psychotherapy populations. The study further reveals systematic differences between lay clients' and mental health professionals' treatment preferences in the Chinese clinical context. These disparities suggest that professionals should be cautious in projecting their therapy preferences onto their clients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cooper-Norcross Inventory of Preferences (C-NIP) is a commonly used and psychometrically validated measure of client preferences in therapy. However, the C-NIP version for therapists (C-NIP-T) has not yet been validated. This study aimed to develop a Chinese version of the C-NIP-T and test its factor structure, reliability, and concurrent validity. A national sample of 1,054 Chinese mental health professionals completed the C-NIP-T and provided relevant demographic information. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) were used to examine the factor structure of the C-NIP-T. ESEM provided stronger evidence than CFA for the hypothesized four-factor model. Internal consistency coefficients (Cronbach's α) of the four subscales ranged between.60 and.76. Full or partial scalar invariance was established across therapists' therapeutic orientations, gender, personal therapy, and clinical experience. There were significant differences in subscale scores among therapists who identified as cognitive/cognitive-behavioral, psychoanalytic/psychodynamic, and humanistic/client-centered, supporting the concurrent validity of the C-NIP-T. The C-NIP-T is a psychometrically sound measure that can be used to assess therapists' preferences about therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Session Rating Scale (SRS) is a widely used clinical tool to measure the client-therapist working alliance. This study investigated the psychometric properties, the cut-off value, and longitudinal invariance of the SRS in a Chinese clinical population. The analyses were conducted separately in a sample of college students in counseling (n = 403) and in a sample of clients in outpatient therapy (n = 246). Participants completed the Outcome Rating Scale (ORS) before each session and the SRS after each session. To test concurrent validity, a subset of participants also completed the Working Alliance Questionnaire at the end of each session. In both samples, the results indicated high internal consistency (α =.92 ~ 0.97) and adequate test-retest reliability over four sessions (university sample: r =.69 ~.78; outpatient sample: r =.52 ~.66). Construct validity was evident in a one-factor structure, and concurrent validity was established based on a strong correlation with the Working Alliance Questionnaire (r =.64 ~.70). In addition, regression analysis indicated that early alliance ratings (at the third session) on the SRS predicted post-ORS scores. The cut-off value for the SRS in the Chinese context was established as 34. The longitudinal measurement invariance was tested by a longitudinal confirmatory factor analysis. Full scalar invariance of the SRS was supported. This study supported the use of the SRS in China and that a single-factor solution stayed stable over time, providing preliminary evidence for subsequent mean comparisons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: More than 300 million people worldwide suffer from depression, which is a significant contributor to the global burden of disease. This study investigated the factors influencing psychological resilience and cognitive fusion in patients with depression and the relationships of psychological resilience and cognitive fusion with depression. Methods: This study enrolled 172 participants (65.8% of them were female). Psychological resilience, cognitive fusion, and depression were assessed with the psychological resilience scale, the cognitive fusion questionnaire, the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA), Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD), and Zung Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS), respectively. Furthermore, the relationships of psychological resilience and cognitive fusion with depression were investigated. Results: The psychological resilience and cognitive fusion scores of patients with depression varied significantly among different education levels, and HAMA, HAMD, and SDS scores were significantly negatively correlated with psychological resilience but positively correlated with cognitive fusion. Conclusions: Depression levels in patients with depression are closely related to psychological resilience and cognitive fusion. Therefore, anxiety and depression could be alleviated by improving the psychological resilience or reducing the cognitive fusion of patients with depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to test the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Revised Spontaneity Assessment Inventory (SAI-R-C) and the correlation between spontaneity and mental health. Data were collected from various samples of Chinese college students and employees. The SAI-R-C, the Subjective Well-being Scale, and the Chinese version of the Outcome Rating Scale were simultaneously administered at a four-week interval to test the reliability and validity of the SAI-R-C. The results indicated that the SAI-R-C was unidimensional and its internal consistency coefficient was.96. The test-retest reliability of the SAI-R-C was.74 within a two-week interval. Significantly positive correlations were found between spontaneity and life satisfaction, positive emotions, overall well-being, and the Outcome Rating Scale, whereas a negative correlation was found between spontaneity and negative emotions. Overall, the SAI-R-C is a reliable and valid measure for assessing spontaneity in China. • The Chinese version of the SAI-R is an acceptable tool for assessing spontaneity. • Spontaneity is positively correlated with happiness. • Spontaneity is negatively correlated with psychological suffering. • No significant gender difference in Spontaneity was found in this study. • The participants' age positively predicts their spontaneity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]