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Study protocol for three work packages

This study aims to scope the literature around PrEP/PEP in India. The Objectives of the study are; 1) To review the attitudes towards PrEP/PEP among people at risk of HIV in India 2) To summarize the evidence related to the attitudes towards PrEP/PEP among healthcare professionals in India.

Risk of bias is central to the appraisal of evidence and refers to the internal validity of a study, that is the extent to which a study is impacted by systematic errors. There are various tools for assessing risk of bias. These include the Cochrane Risk of Bias (RoB) 2.0 tool for randomised trials, Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale, Effective practice and Organisation of Care (EPOC) RoB Tool, Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) checklist, Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) methodology checklist and the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal checklist. However, most risks of bias occur due to limitations of the methods in the study design. There are no known models that play a role to predict an RCTs risk of bias during the design stage, and it is unclear whether an existing risk of bias assessment tool can be modified for this purpose. RCTs are prospective studies which aim to measure the effectiveness of interventions (e.g., pharmaceutical agents, surgical interventions or even therapeutic or preventative therapies). The design involves assigning individuals at random to one or more clinical interventions, which are then followed prospectively, with outcomes of interest and comparisons between the control and intervention groups documented. The Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 tool is an updated version of the original Cochrane Risk of Bias tool which was one of the most widely utilised tools for assessing risk of bias in randomised controlled trials (RCTs). The RoB 2.0 tool has five domains, which consider both aspects of empirical evidence and theoretical considerations. These domains are: (i) Bias arising from the randomisation process, applying to the whole study; (ii) Bias due to the deviations from intended interventions, applying to the outcome being measured; (iii) Bias due to missing outcome data; (iv) Bias in measurement of the outcome; and, (v) Bias in selection of the reported result, applying to the specific result. RCTs are regarded as the ‘gold standard’ for proving evidence in healthcare interventions. The aim of a RCT is to reduce sources of bias during the study process. The primary goal of random assignment of individuals to interventions is to minimise selection bias by randomly distributing patient variables that may impact outcome between groups. The process of randomisation increases the chances that any variation in observed outcomes across groups is most likely related to the intervention rather than any other cause. Randomisation is critical to reducing bias as it provides an effective measure of the cause-effect relationship between interventions and outcomes by ensuring that only one factor is tested at a time and that no other variables are present that could introduce bias and influence results. Examples of other ways bias can increase could be due to poor blinding or concealment. High risk of bias is considered when the study’s design or methodology could play a significant role in influencing results further leading to inaccurate conclusions. Assessing risk of bias typically occurs during or after study completion. The assessment is usually informally conducted by peer reviewers, who provide their critical evaluation of the study, or formally by systematic reviewers and/or guideline developers, who assess the strength of evidence across multiple studies. During the design stage of an RCT, it is important that researchers are mindful of potential sources of bias that can arise so that adequate strategies can be implemented.

Clinical trials need to ensure that data collected for interventions reflects the population most likely to benefit from these interventions. A recent study of clinical trial participants between 1997 and 2014 across 29 countries found that nearly 86% were identified as White. Another study found that, despite having a higher risk of developing dementia, the Black population are underrepresented in Alzheimer’s disease trials, as only 2% of participants were Black. Lack of diversity is a mirror for broader social and economic inequities, often limiting individual’s access to health care system. While there is growing recognition of equity, diversity and inclusion (EDI) in clinical trials, its current use appears undermotivated due to a lack of understanding of EDI and barriers to prompting EDI. Conceptualizing EDI is vital for addressing disparities in health and understanding how EDI influences clinical practice. Recent guidelines and recommendations from the US National Academics of Science, Engineering and Medicine (NASEM) call for both individual and system-level efforts to drive inclusion and diversity in clinical trials. The past few years have seen a massive growth in global awareness for EDI; fostering conversations that have revealed asymmetries in power and privilege across the fabric of health and research. These global conversations have increased demand for better conceptualization of EDI, understanding the nuances of EDI constructs, measurements, and interpretation of EDI and related findings within the context of clinical trials. Previous studies on this topic fall short of defining the social constructs underpinning EDI, conceptualization and metrics for assessing them.

The gap between research evidence and policy-making is a persistent issue, resulting in an inefficient use of resources and an inadequate response to public issues. Knowledge translation aims to bridge this gap by developing evidence-based formats that disseminate, understand and use information in real-world settings. Policy briefs are one such format that can assist policymakers to make evidence-informed decisions, yet there is no standardisation on how and when to conduct policy briefs. With this scoping review we aim to give an overview of recommendations and guidelines regarding the structure, format, lengths, layout and key characteristics of policy briefs to inform policy decision-making from health science academia. Further, we will explore the point in time at which those policy briefs should be developed and how they can be disseminated and evaluated. Relevant literature will be searched in PubMed, Embase as well as through additional manual searches. Eligibility screening will be conducted by two independent reviewers. Data will be extracted and synthesised alongside pre-defined items.

The main objective of this scoping review was to identify evidence regarding the adjunct of virtual reality (VR) in dentistry in healthy patients (ASA I and II) with dental anxiety. The methodology of this review was based on the PRISMA checklist for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR checklist) and JBI guidance. The Population, Concept and Context structure were applied in order to determine eligibility criteria and search terms. A literature search strategy was carried out in PubMed and EMBASE databases on September 2nd 2021. Only studies with an available full text in English were included. Two reviewers performed the article search, selection and screening in a blinded manner. The same reviewers performed the data extraction by means of tables and graphs. In total, 43 studies were included in this scoping review, of which 34 interventional studies (mainly RCTs, CCTs and case series studies) and nine systematic reviews with/without meta-analysis. Nineteen included interventional studies were also involved in the included systematic reviews. VR was applied in pediatric dentistry, oral surgery (tooth extraction), dental caries treatment, periodontology, wound care after burn injury, upper extremity surgery, immunization and medical imaging. While using VR during dental treatment, 21 articles showed a significant reduction in anxiety and pain perception, nine articles reported a reduction in blood pressure and pulse rate, one article reported the decrease of the salivary cortisol levels. The application of VR in dentistry is reported to be user-friendly, mentioned by two articles. Adverse events due to the application of VR in dentistry go from mild nausea (12 studies) to severe dizziness, seizures, eye or muscle twitching, or blackouts triggered by light flashes (one study). No data regarding cost and maintenance were found in the included articles. VR is applied as an adjunct to dental treatment of healthy patients (ASA I and II) in diverse fields in dentistry, but reports in endodontology are lacking. It seems to decrease the patients’ anxiety, pain perception, blood pressure, pulse rate and salivary cortisol level during dental treatment. Taking into account the potential adverse effects and potential cost, it seems to be easy-to-use in dentistry.

This scoping review systematically reviews the literature on the topic of driving following surgery to the upper limb.

To describe exercise interventions, identify specific components (e.g., dosage) and assess whether the current body of research reaches the suggested quality level of reporting for exercise interventions (in people living with rheumatoid arthritis).

RESUMO Objetivo: mapear as recomendações para o uso do smartphone pelos profissionais de saúde nos serviços hospitalares. Método: protocolo de revisão de escopo conduzido de acordo com a metodologia JBI para revisões de escopo. Os achados serão relatados de acordo com os Itens de Relatório Preferenciais para Revisões Sistemáticas e Extensão de Meta-análises para Revisões de Escopo (PRISMA-ScR). O protocolo está na Open Science Framework. A questão norteadora foi elaborada com base no mnemônico PCC: População (profissionais de saúde), Conceito (smartphone AND guidelines) e Contexto (hospital). Serão utilizadas três bases via Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde e cinco bases via Portal de Periódicos da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior. Dois revisores independentes selecionarão os artigos usando os programas EndNote® e Rayyan®, obedecendo critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Serão consideradas como estratégias adicionais a análise da lista de referências dos estudos incluídos. Os resultados serão apresentados em quadros, fluxograma e discussão narrativa.

Objective: Map what has been written so far in scientific articles, theses and dissertations on the metabolic/metabolome changes observed in the vaginal environment in the presence of dysbiosis, persistence of Human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical dysplasia. Methods: In this research, the PubMed search engine and the Scopus and Web of Science databases were used to research the scientific articles, and Google Scholar was used to research theses and dissertations (grey literature). Primary in vivo and in vitro studies about HPV-positive women and/or those with cytology/histology alteration of any age were included in order to evaluate the metabolome and/or metabolites in vaginal dysbiosis, normal microbiota, and cervical cancer development. The scientific articles will be selected using Endnote X9 software, which will help to delete duplicate articles, and the Rayyan software will be used for sorting titles and abstract reading (sorting) and reading full texts (eligibility). The theses and dissertations will be selected using Excel software. The studies will be selected by two evaluators independently, so the discrepancies will be resolved in the consensus meeting and, when necessary, there will be a third evaluator. The data extraction will be structured in Excel software, and it will be presented in table or figures and in the narrative forms. This scoping review will be conducted based on this protocol and will help to identify a scientific literature gap and will guide the conduct of future primary studies.

This is a protocol for a scoping review to explore the approaches that have been used to influence leisure participation following stroke.

The NORHELP-study (Norwegiean Bereavement help study) is a mixed-method study exploring bereaved parents' and adult sibilings' needs for bereavement related help and support after child loss / loss of a sibling on a primary care level, and their experience with the received support. It furthermore explores the care-giver side, in investigating health professionals experiences with providing crisis support and long-term follow up for bereaved after sudden child loss. Thereby, the study seeks to explore to what extend the bereaveds' need for care is consistent with the care they actually received. Ultimately, the study seeks to nvestigate whether there is a connenction between the support received and long-term grief reactions such as complicated grief.

Scoping review to investigate what are the educational technologies on tuberculosis for health professionals, specifically the professional categories of physicians, nurses, licensed practical nurses and community health worker.

Frailty is one of the most important geriatric syndromes featured by a cumulative decline in biological reserves and functional capacities, reducing the individual’s resistance and making him more vulnerable to fractures, falls, hospitalizations and death. This is a scoping review focused on recent evidence on the impact of frailty in older adults, considering the global burden of disease in aging, frailty epidemiology, instrumentation and practical assessment of the frailty phenotype, and a brief approach on the therapeutic management.

Food insecurity (FI), “the state of being without reliable access to sufficient quantity of affordable, nutritious food” (USDA ERS - Measurement, n.d.), is associated with poor dietary quality and poor health outcomes including an increased risk of obesity (Aggarwal et al., 2011). A worldwide public health issue, obesity is interwoven with another global concern, climate change (An et al., 2018; Trentinaglia et al., 2021). Adherence to government recommendations around healthy eating not only incur benefits to health but could reduce an individual’s environmental footprint through associated reductions in greenhouse gas emission (Scheelbeek et al., 2020). The retail space offers an opportunity to promote the purchase and consumption of healthy, environmentally sustainable foods for people living with obesity (PLWO) and FI. The review will explore existing interventions developed to improve dietary quality of PLWO and FI, delivered in food retail settings and examine the extent to which the environmental impact of such interventions has been considered. The review will be conducted in line with the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Manual for Scoping Reviews. A search strategy, developed by experienced librarians at Robert Gordon University and the research team will be run in Medline, Embase, CINAHL, Scopus and Web of Science databases. Titles and abstracts will be screened independently by two reviewers. Studies will be selected for inclusion in line with predetermined criteria. The data will be analysed descriptively and summarised in tabular format. The scoping review aims to establish the content, delivery and the effectiveness of food retail-based interventions aimed at improving the dietary quality and manage weight of PLWO and FI. The review will explore what, if any, role the environmental sustainability of foods plays in the purchasing behaviours of this population. Review findings will be used to help guide intervention development, presented at academic conferences and published in an academic journal.

Determine whether treatment effect changes as well as true inter-individual response differences (IIRD) occur in cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) as a result of exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation in heart transplant patients.

This global health research project focuses on a neglected condition (albinism) and the health inequities and human rights violations faced by mothers who give birth to a baby with albinism. For many women, the delivery marks the beginning of a sequelae of life-altering societal responses that ultimately prevent her and her baby from the full enjoyment of their human rights. Giving birth to a baby with albinism can precipitate abandonment by family and community, intimate partner violence, and precarity. A synthesis of the evidence regarding the experiences surrounding the birth of a baby with albinism for family members and their carers in Africa is needed to inform research and practice. Specifically, this synthesis will support a broader ongoing study exploring how the perinatal experiences of mothers who give birth to a baby with albinism can be improved through health services, health professions education, and the development of equity-oriented and contextually relevant educational strategies, with the overarching aim of promoting, protecting, and fulfilling their human rights. This evidence synthesis is the first phase of four of our study (to read more: www.motheringandalbinism.com). As we are taking a participatory approach, it will facilitate an interdisciplinary dialogue with our intersectoral network to come to a shared understanding of key concepts and findings to inform our collective work. No other evidence synthesis was found on this topic and this knowledge is crucial to support the development of our equity-oriented and contextually relevant educational strategies. Although we had conducted previous synthesis work on albinism and human rights (Reimer-Kirkham et al., 2019; Reimer-Kirkham et al., in review), the focus of this current synthesis is distinct as it targets the perinatal period and broadens the scope to health professions education. This synthesis will inform the next phases of our study and gather insights from relevant sources to present a comprehensive synthesis of birthing experiences of mothers, families, and carers to the birth of a baby with albinism in sub-Saharan Africa.

An overview of reviews (i.e. umbrella review) with the aim to cover a broad range of health topics and to gain an overview of the effectiveness of (combinations of) de-implementation strategies with regard to certain LVC practices. It may further provide insights into the application of different de-implementation strategies in diverse settings, for different target groups and LVC practices.

Leprosy is a chronic granulomatous infectious disease caused by a slow-growing, acid-resistant bacillus, Mycobacterium leprae, which has a specific tropism for the skin, peripheral nerves and mucous membranes, mainly the transmitted tract, and may also affect other organs, such as the liver., testicles, eyes and oral mucosa. The objective of this work was to map the scientific evidence related to the characteristics of oral manifestations in leprosy. This is a scope review. The protocol used for this review was that of the “Joanna Briggs Institute” (JBI). From the search for studies in the databases PUBMED, LILACS, EMBASE, WEB OF SCIENCE, SCOPUS and INFOLEP 2037, articles were found, among which, after selection, 29 were included in this review. Among the articles included, or year of publication varied between 1969 and 2021, most articles (N=12) were found in the PUBMED database and the predominant type of study was case report (N=12) followed by cross-sectional study (N=9). This review found that the age range ranged from 8 to 88 years, most cases were male. Leprosy can involve lesions in the oral mucosa, the most common sites being: tongue, hard palate, soft palate, gingiva, oral mucosa, uvula and lips. The types of lesions vary between: nodules, ulcers, fissures, erythema, hyperpigmentation and whitish plaques. The most common clinical form was Virchowian, followed by Tuberculoid and Indeterminate. The oral manifestations of leprosy have a direct impact on their quality of life, coexistence in society and difficulty in acceptance related to self-image. Dental examinations are low-cost and preventive prevention tools that can be tailored to clinical guidelines for new cases, under treatment or follow-up. The impact of the otorhinolaryngological and oral manifestations of leprosy on the patient's quality of life must be considered.

The aim of this scoping review is to identify, synthesise and evaluate existing national and international indicators, tools and data requirements for the evaluation of quality of care for older (65 years old or older) at the population level in the palliative care setting.

Scoping review to investigate what are the educational technologies on tuberculosis for health professionals, specifically the professional categories of physicians, nurses, licensed practical nurses and community health worker.

Transient Lingual Papillitis (TLP), commonly known as "lie bumps," is a condition that affects the fungiform papillae on the tongue, responsible for taste sensation. It is characterized by the sudden onset of inflamed and painful bumps on the tongue, which typically resolve within a few days or weeks. Although the exact cause of TLP is still unknown, it can be triggered by factors such as local irritation, viral infections, allergies, hormonal changes, and stress. While TLP is generally a benign and self-limiting condition, it can cause discomfort, alter taste perception, and make eating and speaking difficult. However, because the symptoms are transient and often not severe, many individuals may dismiss or overlook the condition. This underreporting and lack of awareness lead to an underestimation of the true prevalence and impact of TLP. The appearance of painful bumps on the tongue can also cause anxiety and cancer phobia in some individuals. Mistaking the symptoms of TLP for oral cancer can lead to excessive worry, stress, and negative impacts on quality of life. It is important for healthcare professionals to provide accurate information about TLP to alleviate patient anxiety and prevent unnecessary medical interventions. This study aimed to analyze existing literature on TLP, focusing on its definition, causes, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management. By identifying the current knowledge and research gaps, the study provides a comprehensive overview of TLP to inform clinical practice, research efforts, and patient education.

This is a scoping review of methods for determining the conclusiveness of systematic review results.

The impact of introducing sit-stand desks in the workplace for a healthier aging: a randomized controlled trial in sedentary adults

Background & Rationale Scientific journals publish scholarly articles and provide an important platform for transparent presentation, exchange, and discussion of new scientific developments. Peer review, though often criticized, plays an integral role in ensuring integrity and quality in this scientific process. Given its importance, it is surprising that the scientific peer review and editorial processes generally remain fully absent in the curricula of advanced academic programs. Indeed, in Publon’s 2018 report on the global state of peer review, 88% of survey respondents indicated that peer review training is important or extremely important for ensuring high quality peer review (Publons and Publons, 2018). Furthermore, a 2016 study of 170,000 researchers conducted by Wiley found that 77% of reviewers expressed interest in receiving further training (Warne, 2016). Nevertheless, many scientists report lacking guidance on how to review a scientific paper (Mulligan, Hall and Raphael, 2013). As a result, the first peer reviews performed by early-career researchers (ECRs) are often conducted in a self-guided, “learning-by-doing” setting, which can jeopardize quality and timeliness. Due to the steadily growing number of articles submitted every day and lack of incentives to peer review, journals report increasing difficulties in finding high-quality reviewers willing to accept review invitations (Heinemann, 2015; Publons and Publons, 2018). This was exacerbated during the COVID-19 pandemic (Kurth et al., 2020). Illustrating a further challenge, a 2020 study found that 12% of reviews included unprofessional comments, while 41% of reviews were incomplete, inaccurate or contained unsubstantiated critiques (Gerwing et al., 2020). Although several peer review training resources are available (EQUATOR network, 2021) it remains unclear to what extent new reviewers use these (largely online) tools and if they are effective. Of the few published studies on the topic, it appears that short duration training (Schroter et al., 2004), receiving written feedback from editors (Callaham, Knopp and Gallagher, 2002), or simply matching new reviewers with experienced ones (Houry, Green and Callaham, 2012; Wong et al., 2017) are of limited value in the attempt to improve quality. To date, we only identified two rather informal efforts to explicitly engage students in peer review. The studies were descriptive in nature, lacked formal assessment, and were small in scope (Xu et al., 2016; Podder et al., 2018). In fact, most published studies describing peer review training interventions lack rigorous evaluation, transparency in reporting, sufficient sample size and hands-on, “real world” application. Project Conceptualization At the Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, doctoral students increasingly pursue cumulative, publication-based dissertation projects instead of monographs, while generally having little or no prior publication experience. Unsurprisingly, these students seek coursework that goes beyond basic scientific writing and introductions to statistics. They seek exposure to best practices in modern study design and data analysis strategies employed in cutting-edge biomedical research. To address all the aforementioned gaps and engage students in a meaningful, hands-on way, we created an elective course for students in the Health Data Sciences (HDS) PhD Program in 2019: https://iph.charite.de/en/academic_programs/phd_in_health_data_sciences/peerspectives/ The basic structure was a series of four interactive lectures with take-home assignments followed by four hands-on workshops. In the workshops, groups of four students were paired with a mentor with journal editing experience (workshop leaders) to produce four peer review reports for manuscripts that were currently under consideration at a journal partner (see the “Intervention” section for details). Our pilot study of Peerspectives with four participants indicated it provided relevant training and was well-received by the students, editor-mentors, and partner journal’s staff. As a next step, after increasing the program’s capacity to accommodate larger groups over several semesters, we seek to gain insights into the effectiveness of the program. Setting and participants Following a pilot in summer of 2019, we began offering Peerspectives as a recurring semester-long elective course at the Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Germany). The course was led by instructors affiliated with the Health Data Sciences PhD program and students could earn 4 credits towards their studies upon successful completion. In the first semester run of the course (October 2020 - March 2021), due to limited capacity and high demand spots in the course were initially offered to doctoral students enrolled in the Health Data Sciences PhD program and remaining spots were then made available to other doctoral students in the biomedical sciences both at the Charité and other national and international institutions through an application process. Interested students were asked to provide details about prior training in epidemiology and (bio)statistics as well as to detail their motivation to participate, which were used for participant selection. Students not selected were encouraged to re-apply for future runs of the course. In the second, third, and fourth runs of the course (April 2021 - August 2021, October 2021 - March 2022, and April 2022 to August 2022), recent post-docs as well as Master’s students in higher semesters, nearing completion of their graduate programs, were also invited to apply for the course. During these recruitment periods, we also advertised the course more intensively outside of our institution in a targeted effort to reach interested students from international universities and those with more diverse academic backgrounds (e.g. fields adjacent to the health data sciences). Course instructors, coordinators, former students, and workshop leaders were encouraged to help spread the word in their networks and on social media. The maximum course capacity was contingent on the number of available workshop leaders each semester. In the four runs of the course, we enrolled approximately 20 students per semester. Once the students were offered a spot in the Peerspectives course, they were asked whether they were interested in participating in the scientific evaluation study (see next section). Recruitment/Enrollment All students who were selected to take part in the Peerspectives course were asked whether they would like to participate in our scientific evaluation study. If so, they were asked to provide written informed consent after reviewing the detailed, written participant information materials. Students were informed that their choice to participate in the scientific study would in no way influence their ability to successfully pass the course and receive the 4 credit points. During the course, neither instructors nor workshop leaders were aware whether a student in the course was participating in the evaluation study. We continued enrollment until the minimum sample size target was exceeded (see below). Ethical Considerations The evaluation study of Peerspectives received approval from the ethics committee of the Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin on 17.11.2020 (EA4/190/20). Intervention The semester-long Peerspectives course provides peer review training in a hybrid structure. Due to the circumstances of the COVID-19 pandemic and to accommodate interested students outside of Berlin, all runs of the course (after the pilot) were held fully online via Zoom. The first half of the course consists of four interactive lectures of 180 minutes led by faculty of the Health Data Sciences PhD Program at the Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin focused on (1) the role of scientific journals, editors, peer reviewers, and authors in scientific publishing; (2) sex and gender related aspects in peer review, ethical guidelines for peer review, and open science; (3) the conduct of peer review, including step-by-step guidance on how to write a constructive peer review report; and (4) a live demonstration of drafting a peer review report for a “real” scientific manuscript currently under review at the partner journal. Following each lecture, students are given a reflection assignment to be completed and submitted before discussing as a large group at the start of the next session. In the second half of the course, students work together in assigned, small groups to produce a peer-review report for each of the four “live” manuscripts provided by the partnering scientific journal. For every workshop group, four course participants are paired with one workshop leader who has prior peer-review and editing experience for a scientific journal (“editor-mentor”). These editor-mentors are recruited from a growing personal network of the course creators; they participate on a voluntary basis without remuneration; and, they are in no way involved in handling of or decision-making regarding the manuscripts under review at the partner journal level. Prior to each workshop meeting, the students draft the peer review report together, with a different student taking the lead organizational role each week. The draft report is then discussed and revised together with the workshop leader in a 180-minute workshop meeting. Once all workshop group members and the workshop leader approve the final review report, it is submitted to the journal by the workshop leader also on behalf of the trainee group (crediting all group members by name). Upon receipt of the journal’s decision on the paper, the workshop leader disseminates comments from the editors and other peer reviewers to all workshop group members and the group has a chance to discuss these together. Attendance at all lectures and workshops, as well as submission of homework assignments, and active participation in the workshops is required to receive course credit. In extenuating circumstances, make-up assignments are provided to compensate for missed sessions. When not possible, only a certificate of attendance (without credit points) is issued. Assessments and procedures All course participants, regardless of whether they were also participants in the evaluation study, were required to sign a confidentiality agreement with the partnering journal developed for the purposes of Peerspectives, since the manuscripts used in the course are “live” and contemporaneously under review at the partnering journal. In addition to providing written informed consent, all evaluation study participants were further asked to provide information about their age, gender, educational background and prior methods training, and any prior reviewing experience on a short questionnaire. Before starting the course, all study participants are asked to complete an online pre-course survey to self-assess their own levels of knowledge and relevant skills. The same 8-question survey is administered again after the conclusion of the course, with additional room for students to provide feedback about the course to the instructors. To assess the effectiveness of the Peerspectives course as part of a semester of doctoral studies, we will evaluate the program using a pre-/post-assessment comparison. For this purpose, all study participants are requested to draft a peer review report of a manuscript on their own once before (“pre-course assessment”) and once after completing the course (“post-course assessment”) under simulated real-world conditions. Accordingly, participants are told that they may use any resources available to them (“open-book”); however, they are explicitly instructed to work on these review reports alone and not in consultation with others. To mimic real-world peer review conditions, participants are given two weeks to complete the assessment task. Reminders are sent to any participants who had not yet submitted their reports one week before the deadline, one day before the deadline, and on the day of the deadline (to simulate a real-world reviewing experience). Participants may request a one-week extension of the deadline, in which case, they are again sent reminders at the same intervals leading up to the new, extended deadline. In cases of non-responding participants, to mimic the chasing mechanisms for unfinished peer reviews used by many journal’s manuscript submission management systems, up to three additional reminders are sent until the peer review report is received. Following the conclusion of a sufficient number of runs of the course to reach the sample size needed for the scientific evaluation, all submitted pre- and post- course assessments will be sent to trained assessors (experienced editors at a partnering scientific journal) under a pseudonym and scored using the validated Review Quality Instrument (RQI), version 3.2 (van Rooyen, Black and Godlee, 1999). References: Callaham, M.L., Knopp, R.K. and Gallagher, E.J. (2002) ‘Effect of written feedback by editors on quality of reviews: two randomized trials’, JAMA: the journal of the American Medical Association, 287(21), pp. 2781–2783. EQUATOR network (2021) Peer review training and resources. Available at: https://www.equator-network.org/toolkits/peer-reviewing-research/peer-review-training-and-resources/#PRTraining (Accessed: 4 March 2021). Gerwing, T.G. et al. (2020) ‘Quantifying professionalism in peer review’, Research integrity and peer review, 5, p. 9. Heinemann, L. (2015) ‘Reviewer: an endangered species?!’, Journal of diabetes science and technology, 9(2), pp. 167–168. Houry, D., Green, S. and Callaham, M. (2012) ‘Does mentoring new peer reviewers improve review quality? A randomized trial’, BMC medical education, 12, p. 83. Kurth, T. et al. (2020) ‘Parallel pandemic: The crush of covid-19 publications tests the capacity of scientific publishing’, BMJ [Preprint]. Mulligan, A., Hall, L. and Raphael, E. (2013) ‘Peer review in a changing world: An international study measuring the attitudes of researchers’, Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology , 64(1), pp. 132–161. Podder, V. et al. (2018) ‘Collective Conversational Peer Review of Journal Submission: A Tool to Integrate Medical Education and Practice’, Annals of neurosciences, 25(2), pp. 112–119. Publons and Publons (2018) ‘Publons’ Global State Of Peer Review 2018’. doi:10.14322/publons.gspr2018. van Rooyen, S. et al. (1999) ‘Effect of open peer review on quality of reviews and on reviewers’ recommendations: a randomised trial’, BMJ , 318(7175), pp. 23–27. van Rooyen, S., Black, N. and Godlee, F. (1999) ‘Development of the review quality instrument (RQI) for assessing peer reviews of manuscripts’, Journal of clinical epidemiology, 52(7), pp. 625–629. Schroter, S. et al. (2004) ‘Effects of training on quality of peer review: randomised controlled trial’, BMJ, p. 673. doi:10.1136/bmj.38023.700775.ae. Warne, V. (2016) ‘Rewarding reviewers - sense or sensibility? A Wiley study explained’, Learned Publishing, pp. 41–50. doi:10.1002/leap.1002. Wong, V.S.S. et al. (2017) ‘Mentored peer review of standardized manuscripts as a teaching tool for residents: a pilot randomized controlled multi-center study’, Research Integrity and Peer Review. doi:10.1186/s41073-017-0032-0. Xu, J. et al. (2016) ‘Mentored peer reviewing for PhD faculty and students’, Nurse education today, 37, pp. 1–2.

Polarization is a process that occurs deliberately in a group of people in which, after internal discussions, they tend to support more extreme opinions. Although this phenomenon can hamper the progress of science, little is known about its effects on scientific digital messages. In this context, this scoping review aims to detect characteristics of polarized scientific digital messages regarding scientific publications, science communication or specialized discourses. The results of this scoping review will support the further development of a conceptual framework for the identification of polarized scientific messages.

Objective: To map out the current evidence base in relation to the application of asset-based approaches to improve outcomes with adults in health or social care. Introduction: Application of asset-based approaches (ABAs) with adults in the areas of health or social care have increased. To better understand the implementation of ABAs to improve outcomes with adults, there is a need to synthesise current evidence. Inclusion criteria: Studies that applied an asset-based approach, Asset Based Community Development or based their approach or intervention on the theory of salutogenesis; ABAs used in health promotion and preventative approaches; Empirical studies; Adults aged 18 and above receiving health or social care services; Peer-reviewed literature; Must be applied or implemented in health or social care context; Any publication time period; Any study design; Only studies published in English. Methods: A systematic search will be carried out in five databases PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science and SCOPUS, using search terms guided by an academic librarian. Studies will be screened for inclusion based on the predefined eligibility criteria. Data selection will be facilitated through Covidence systemic software. Studies will be screened for inclusion based on the eligibility criteria at title, abstract and full-text level. All studies will be screened by the first author and 10% will be screened independently by a second reviewer. Outstanding conflicts will be resolved with a third reviewer. Data extraction will be carried out using a predefined data extraction form and written guide developed by the first author. A narrative synthesis will be conducted (Popay et al., 2006).

This is a scoping review to synthesize all observational and interventional studies on methods to predict or interventions to reduce risk of bias in interventional studies at the stage of study design.

This rapid review will be analysing whether a sex-specific discrepancy exists in the administration of analgesia for pain, in patients presenting prehospitally to an ambulance service.

With the growing amount of clinical evidence derived from large-scale Asian real world data (RWD) and interest in its use in regulatory decision-making, there is a strong need to evaluate the agreement between randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and real world evidence (RWE) findings based on Asian RWD that mimicked corresponding RCT designs. Moreover, the availability and accuracy of key data within RWD decide the possibility of applying complex frameworks of RCTs and further, addressing clinical questions. In short, RWE will likely fail to emulate trials when using RWD with missing essential information, despite implementing robust methodological and analytical approaches. Therefore, verifying the reliability of Asian RWD through trial emulations with previously validated methods. If the results of trial emulations using Asian RWD were in line with corresponding RCTs, and also with prior emulation studies, we would then have greater confidence in evidence generated from Asian RWD and its use in decision-making. Therefore, we aimed to emulate the eight cardiovascular outcomes trials of antidiabetic medications to investigate their reproducibility when implemented in three unique large-scale Asian RWD sources from South Korea, Hong Kong, and Taiwan.

To promote the use of evidence-based treatments it is important to generate evidence on whether implementation or de-implementation interventions represent value for money without the context of limited resources. A rigorous assessment of the use of economic evaluation in the realm of (de)-implementation interventions can increase understanding about how they are used and make recommendations to improve their application.

The objective of this scoping review is to explore the characteristics and effectiveness of current oral healthcare educational and training interventions targeted at clinicians caring for stroke patients in acute and rehabilitation settings.

Scoping Review

This project aims to monitor people's physical functioning during the COVID19 restrictions being in place. It entails different phases, starting with exploring feasibility. Following that, reliability of self-assessment of physical functioning would be determined. Following that, the monitoring of physical activity and physical functioning would be evaluated.

The intention of this scoping literature review is to collate and compare the spatial and behavioural observation methods that are commonly used in healthcare environments research so that researchers can easily access and appreciate the benefits and limitations of the various methods for particular research contexts.

Due to the population's sedentary lifestyle, the number of people with localized abdominal fat has been increasing and triggering metabolic, cardiovascular and self-esteem problems. Several therapeutic modalities have been proposed for the treatment of localized fat. Among these treatments, physical agents stand out, which are different types of energy that interact with biological tissues for therapeutic purposes. These include heat, cold, pressure, sound, electromagnetic radiation and electrical currents. In this way, the combined therapy technique associated with the Russian current is used to reduce localized fat. The expected physiological effects of using combined therapy are: improving the permeability of the adipocyte membrane, the vasodilation of blood and lymph capillaries, increased blood flow and energy expenditure. As a result, the adipocyte allows the fat stored in the form of fatty acid and glycerol to escape. The aim of this study is to analyze the effectiveness of the technique in reducing abdominal fat, to analyze the effects of therapy on heart rate variability, autonomic nervous system, blood pressure. Data collection will be carried out in the clinical practices laboratory of the Universidade do Oeste Paulista (UNOESTE) - Campus 1. Participants will be duly informed about the procedures and objectives of this study and, after agreeing, will sign a free and informed consent form, constituting the possible sample. The procedures used to carry out this work were evaluated by the Research Ethics Committee of the Universidade do Oeste Paulista - UNOESTE / Presidente Prudente. 68209817.8.0000.5515 This research presents itself as a longitudinal and prospective uncontrolled intervention study, consisting of 30 female participants, aged between 18 and 35 years, using oral contraceptives and classified as sedentary, active A and B, according to the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). The volunteers will be randomly divided into two groups, the group that will receive the application of combined pulsed therapy in isolation (TCP) and the group that will receive the combined pulsed therapy associated with neuromuscular electrical stimulation through the Russian current (TCP + CR) . Smokers, alcoholics, and users of medication that interfere with the cardiovascular and respiratory system, patients with known cardiovascular, pulmonary or metabolic pathologies, as well as any contraindications to the use of combined therapy and neuromuscular electrostimulation in the abdominal muscles, will not be included in the study.

Pre-registration for Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) study about crafting across life domains during working days

Sensor technology that is tailored to the medical needs of patients might overcome the current barriers and gaps in healthcare by providing remote assistance in monitoring, controlling, and treating OA-related chronic pain and nociception (Papi, Cheatle, Kirsh, and McCarberg, 2015). However, at present it is currently unclear what physiological parameters correlate to pain/nociception, and of which can be included into a smart device to monitor pain/nociception in an OA population. Harnessing smart technology is the next step in the optimisation of personalised and precision medicine in patients with chronic OA-related pain. The objective of this study is to perform a scoping review on wearable sensor technology that can be used to assess physiological measures of pain or nociception. The findings from this scoping review will then inform device design relevant to monitoring nociception in an OA population. Review question: Have wearable sensor technology been used to assess physiological measures of pain and nociception? If so, what biomarkers can be used to assess pain/nociception in individuals with OA?

A scoping review was conducted to identify relevant literature on the food environment and immigrants in high-income countries; in order to understand the current knowledge, literature published in English on a scientific database between 01 January 2007 to 09 April 2020 was eligible for inclusion. Three electronic databases (EMBASE, PubMed and Web of Science) were used as primary search sources. A scoping review was conducted in order to systematically map the research in the area and to identify gaps in the knowledge. The aim was to understand and characterize the interactions between the food environment and immigrant populations from low- and middle-income countries living in high-income countries.

This is the final protocol for a systematic review aiming to identify factors that increase the risk of femoroacetabular impingement in occupational settings. The original protocol (registration DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/542AC) was submitted under the same title: Factors that increase the risk of developing femoroacetabular impingement in occupational settings. Amendments to the original are outlined in the document attached.

Musculoskeletal disorders are responsible for a substantial disability burden over the life course and consumes considerable healthcare services. Epidemiological research has identified back and neck pain as major causes of disability in adolescents, and in up to a quarter of cases there are impacts on school or physical activities. Moreover, musculoskeletal disorders during the early years of life may have health implications in adulthood. Long-term health and well-being is shown to be closely linked with the level of education and literacy. Health literacy is described as the individuals’ motivation and ability to access, understand, appraise and apply health information in ways which promote and maintain good health. Health promoting attitudes, beliefs and behaviors emerge in early life phases. Thus, addressing health literacy related to musculoskeletal health disorders from an early age may be a promising investment in the health and well-being in adolescence as well as later in life. As most youths attend school, school is an important arena for developing and delivering health literacy interventions focusing on musculoskeletal health with school physiotherapists as relevant contributors. However, health literacy among adolescents is a relatively new field of research with limited previous evidence, and health literacy related to musculoskeletal disorders even more so. In order to target adolescents’ musculoskeletal health literacy efficiently through school-based initiatives, it is important first to identify their health literacy strengths and limitations. The planned project will answer to this knowledge gap by providing information that is imperative for development of standardized research-based interventions, but also have immediate value to practicing school physiotherapists through increasing their understanding of adolescents’ musculoskeletal health literacy. This project will respond to the need of increased knowledge of musculoskeletal health literacy in adolescents. More specifically, the study aims to: - review the extent, range and nature of research on musculoskeletal disorders and health literacy among adolescents

The goal of the present study is to investigate how information on an analgesic therapy affects the evaluation of recollected pain episodes. Moreover, we want to investigate whether recognition memory performance for therapeutic information affects the evaluation of recollected pain episodes. Therefore, the subjects are instructed to recall a moderate and severe pain episode from memory and evaluate pain intensity, suffering from pain and pain interference in relation to the recollected pain episodes. Subsequently, the subjects receive one of four different types of information on analgesic therapy. This therapeutic information varies in terms of (1) the likelihood of receiving an analgesic (high/low confidence) and (2) the potency of the analgesic (high/low potency). Afterwards, the subjects shall re-evaluate the recollected pain episodes, however, this time accounting for the therapeutic information they just have received. In order to measure the effect of recognition memory performance for therapeutic information on the pre-post changes in pain ratings, a Remember-Know-task with items from the therapeutic information on analgesic therapy is assessed at the end of the experiment.

This meta-research study aims to quantify the prevalence of reporting of criteria of good clinical practice and transparent research practices among full-length clinical trials published in orthopedics and sports medicine journals. Therefore, articles representing clinical studies published in the top 25% journals in the "orthopedics and sports medicine" category will be screened and assessed with regard to pre-specified criteria.

A scoping review assessing the prevalence of adverse event terminologies may facilitate the choice of the terminology programs by trialists, researchers, and clinicians in the absence of legal mandates for reporting about harms from research studies. No scoping review to date has assessed the types and prevalence of medical terminologies in use for RCTs, observational studies, and other sources describing drug interventions. Our results will add to the literature a description of utilized adverse event terminologies to provide researchers and trialists a summary of adverse event terminology sources and diseases described by them to inform journal editors and funding bodies to the multiple choices of adverse event terminologies, which can present a bias.

The purpose of the current study is to examine the clinical relevance of Tai Chi on pain and physical function in adults with knee osteoarthritis.

This is a scope review. Objective: Mapping and characterizing scientific productions and identifying the gaps of knowledge about ageism directed to the old people in health services. The scoping review will be conducted according to the methodology of the Joana Briggs Institute for target reviews.The search strategy will be applied in the PubMed Portal (NLM/NCBI), scientific electronic library online digital library (SCIELO) and in the Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (LILACS), CINAHL (EBSCO) and PsycINFO, Ageline, Embase, Scopus and Web of Science Collection databases. The search for grey literature will be carried out through: Theses Capes; Cybertesis Repositorio de Tesis Digitalis; DART-Europe E-theses portal; Scientific Repositories of Open Access of Portugal (RCAAP); The Online Knowledge Library.

This is a cross-sectional study of the risk of bias and reporting quality of RCTs, systematic reviews and meta-analyses in paediatric pain research.

This project will investigate the methodological approaches taken in the development of lists of potentially inappropriate medications (PIM).

This is a protocol of a scoping review that will describe the breadth of the literature on access to and utilization of nonpharmacologic therapies to manage chronic pain among people with disabilities and older adults.

The usage of pulse oximeters has been increased in the COVID-19 pandemic. If a pulse oximeter is used by multiple users in a family, there is chances of cross infection. Hence, we aimed to find if using commonly available disposable polyethylene covers either on the finger or on the pulse oximeter provides same reading of SpO2 or not.