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With the rapid development of urbanization, it is an important goal for urban green space (UGS) to meet the needs of residents' production and life using a supply–demand evaluation method of ecosystem service (ES). However, most studies have considered all functional types of UGS as the supply side, or rely solely on a single supply or demand side to conduct ecosystem service function (ESF) evaluation, resulting in less accurate and targeted research findings. As a result, a novel methodological framework for matching each ESF with corresponding functional types of UGS, and considering both supply and demand sides have been required. Firstly, the object-oriented approach combining support vector machine (SVM) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was used to automatically identify UGS, and integrated Point of Interest (POI), urban built-up area, road land, parcel, and socio-economic data to classify six functional types of UGS using the near-convex-hull. Next, matching the functional types of UGS with five ESFs, both supply and demand status were evaluated using the carbon sequestration and release analysis, Gaussian two-step floating catchment area, and spatial equilibrium degree methods. This method was demonstrated in Beijing, China. The results show: (1) the ES supply–demand situation provided by each functional type of UGS is different in five ESFs; (2) considering both supply and demand is more intuitive to see whether the city's demand for UGS has been met. Our results provide a new perspective for evaluating the contribution of UGS and have practical implications for UGS planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessing the supply and demand of urban green space (UGS) ecosystem services (ESs) can provide relevant insights for urban planning. This study presents an analysis method for the spatial distribution of UGS ES supply and demand at administrative unit and 1-m grid scales and directly compares the matches of ES supply and demand in spatially explicit maps at two scales. Based on the analysis results at administrative unit scale, administrative units with an unbalanced UGS ES supply and demand were divided into three types: (Ⅰ) lack of green space; (Ⅱ) unreasonable green space structure; (Ⅲ) comprehensive, and different optimization schemes were put forward. According to the analysis results at 1-m scale, the regions with an unbalanced ES supply and demand of an administrative unit were divided into the following: (1) severe ES shortage area; (2) moderate ES shortage area; (3) mild ES shortage area, and the severe ES shortage area was taken as the UGS optimization area. We take the UGS within the 5th Ring Road of Beijing as an example and propose suggestions for optimizing the UGS pattern based on the evaluation of the supply and demand of UGS carbon sequestration services and purification services for particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter <2.5 µm (PM2.5). This study provides an easy-to-use evaluation method for the spatial distribution of UGS ES supply and demand and proposes different optimization suggestions for the unbalanced area, thus playing a role in UGS construction activities and green space structure optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]