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We present how harmful different wood extractives carried over to paper mill with unbleached softwood Kraft pulp are for the strength of packaging papers and boards. The investigations were done by simulating industrial papermaking conditions in laboratory-scale trials for handsheet production. It was found that fatty acids are the most relevant compounds in the carryover pitch extractives (CPEs), as they readily interfere in fiber–fiber bonding strength, control the properties of CPE micelles, and are furthermore the most abundant compounds. Addition of cationic starch improved strength and evened out the strength differences of handsheets with different CPE compounds. Oleic acid (unsaturated fatty acid) was an exception, as it was above average harmful for paper strength without cationic starch and also heavily impaired the functioning of cationic starch. As a whole, these findings demonstrate that fatty acids, especially unsaturated ones, are the most relevant CPE compounds contributing to the reduced efficiency of cationic starch and decreased strength of unbleached softwood Kraft paper. This makes the cleaning of process waters by precipitating CPEs on the pulp fibers harmful for paper strength.

Introduction. The Shchuchiy Bay is located in the western part of the skerry area of Lake Ladoga near the town of Priozersk. For almost 20 years, the bay has experienced an anthropogenic impact from the ingress of untreated wastewater from the Priozersk Pulp and Paper Mill (PPM). Systematic microbiological studies of the Shchuchiy Bay ecosystem were started in the middle of the 1970s by the Institute of Limnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences and continued after the PPM closure in 1986. Materials and methods. The ecosystem of the bay was studied in detail during the growing season of 2013–2014; periodic studies were carried out in 2015–2018. Retrospective data were also used for the analysis. Water samples were taken at four stations from the surface horizon. The following microbiological indicators were determined: the abundance of bacterioplankton and the percentages of various morphological types of bacterial cells. Results and discussion. A comparison of the quantitative level of development of the bacterial community in the bay in different periods showed a gradual decrease in the abundance of bacterioplankton as the anthropogenic impact weakened after the closure of the Priozersky PPM from 12.40 million cells ml–1 in 1987 to an average value of 2.62±1.03 million cells ml–1 in 2013–2018. A positive correlation was found between the concentration of bacteria and water temperature. The percentage of rod-shaped microorganisms in the water of the bay also decreased as the anthropogenic impact weakened from 73.4 % in 1987 to 53.1±7.6 % in 2013–2018, which indicated an improvement in water quality. Conclusion. A stable decrease in the abundance of bacteria from the level characteristic of highly polluted and eutrophic water bodies to the level characteristic of mesotrophic and mesotrophic-eutrophic water bodies is a reliable criterion for the restoration of the ecosystem of the Shchuchiy Bay to the state characteristic of similar bays of Lake Ladoga.

Laccase is a versatile enzyme that plays a major role in the remediation of various environmental pollutants. In this work, a thermo-tolerant halophilic Bacillus aquimaris AKRC02 was isolated from pulp and paper mill waste sludge for efficient laccase production. Various agro-industrial waste residues, including potato peel, banana peel, sawdust, pea peel, wheat bran, orange peel, and rice bran, were screened to produce laccase using a submerged fermentation process. Among these, rice bran supported the maximum laccase production (4.58 U/mL). The optimized environmental conditions (incubation time 120 h; 4.58 U/mL), 35 0C; 6.624 U/mL) and pH 7.0; 10.142 U/mL) and nutritional sources (glucose 1.0%; 14.164 U/mL and peptone 0.5%; 18.124 U/mL) significantly enhanced the laccase production. Purified laccase showed a specific activity and purification fold of 228.34 U/mg and 38.08, respectively. The purified enzyme showed a molecular weight of 65 kDa and high thermal stability at 45 0C for 8 h. In conclusion, the remarkable properties of the newly isolated bacterium may provide a significant opportunity for degrading environmental contaminants, making it an attractive biocatalyst for industrial applications.

The paper presents a research on the disposal of the toxic waste of pulp and paper mill (sludge-lignin with the empirical formula CH1.51N0.05S0.03Cl0.01O0.54through its oxidation in supercritical water-oxygen fluid, including the case of using methane as a co-fuel. The experiments were carried out with a flow reactor of original design at a pressure of 25 MPa, temperature gradient along the vertical axis (from top to bottom: 390–600°C), and variation in the flow rate of the sludge-lignin (with the addition of NaOH, 1.6 wt %), oxygen, and methane. The experiments yielded data on the content of phenols in the water and the composition of the gaseous products collected at the outlet of the reactor versus the oxygen excess ratio. From these data, as well as the time dependences of the reactor wall temperature and the power of the ohmic heaters, it follows that using distributed supply of methane to compensate for the energy for heating of the reagents is preferable as compared with local inlet of methane to the upper part of the reactor. It has been shown that the addition of methane makes it possible to reduce the oxygen excess required for complete oxidation of the organic components of sludge-lignin.

The influence of technological factors (wood species, degree of delignification, the technological regime of pulping) of cellulose semi-products production on composition and qualitative properties of wastewaters of pulp and paper mills following priority of harmonizing of technological and ecological rationing of industrial enterprises. The features of the biopolymer’s composition of the lignin-carbohydrate matrix of coniferous and deciduous species, its functional nature, and self-organization were provided. The main paths of chemical bond destruction in the lignin-carbohydrate complex during delignification and formation of the composition of organic fractions in local wastewaters were shown. The implementation of complementary indicators (COD, BOD5, general and organic carbon, the content of lignin, and volatile phenols) for in-house ecological and analytical control and rationing was substantiated. The dependence of integral indicator COD from the content of fractions of organic components from wastewaters was established. These components are products of destruction and chemical transformation of the lignin-carbohydrate matrix of deciduous and coniferous wood produced during delignification. The composition and the main phenolic components of wastewaters were determined by gas chromatography with mass detection. The correctness of worldwide practice of using "phenolic index" in the system of in-house control of pulp and paper mill was justified.

This study optimizes a novel surfactant-assisted green liquor dregs (GLD) pretreatment of paper mill sludge (PMS), both of which are wastes from the kraft pulping industry, using a combined Response Surface Methodology (RSM) design. Optimized conditions give a maximal reducing sugar release of 16.38 g/L. A substantial reduction in heavy metals aluminum, chromium, cobalt, arsenic, lead, and copper after pretreatment illustrates the enhancement of substrate digestibility by reducing toxic elements. Separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) for hydrogen production are assessed. SSF produced a hydrogen yield of 3.72 mL/g, displaying a 36.26% increase from pretreated PMS compared to SHF. These findings provide insights into possible methods of reducing process duration, energy input, and costs incurred with waste disposal within the paper industry. Furthermore, improved hydrogen yield using an SSF process demonstrates the potential beneficiation of pulp and paper GLD and PMS wastes.

The present research aims to shed light on the effect of activated sludge (from a paper mill) and nanochitosan on the physical and strength properties of recycled pulp. Firstly, activated sludge was treated with 3% acetic acid for 30 min and then placed in a beaker for 90 min at 100 °C. Then, the ingredients were mixed and refined with recycled newsprint pulp in different proportions (0, 5, 10, and 15%). Finally, 2% nanochitosan was optionally added. Test specimens were prepared according to TAPPI standards with a basis weight of 120 g/m2, and their physical (water absorption) and strength (tear strength, tensile strength, burst strength, and ring crush test) properties were measured and compared. The results showed that with the increase of untreated activated sludge in recycled paper pulp, the indicators of tear resistance, ring crush test, and burst strength decreased and water absorption increased. Strength properties increased and water adsorption decreased when adding activated sludge treated with 3% acetic acid. Through the addition of nanochitosan to activated sludge treated with acetic acid, a significant increase in strength properties and a decrease in water absorption were observed.

The study aimed at the use of char produced during pyrolysis of mix plastic waste. It further focused on producing activated carbon from char and also found its efficacy as efficient adsorbent for treatment of pulp and paper mill wastewater. The activated carbon was characterized in comparison with raw char for their physical, surface and adsorptive properties. Batch type adsorption experiments were carried out using 100 ml wastewater to observe the individual effectiveness using five different variables such as adsorbent dose (0.25–2.0 g), pH (6–10), time (5–24 h), agitation speed (100–200 rpm) and temperature (30–50 °C) by keeping other variables constant which helped to find out the effective range of all the variables. The competency was evaluated on the basis of colour and lignin content of pulp and paper industry wastewater. Once the effective range of different variables was identified, the statistical analysis was conducted to monitor the mutual impact on the reduction in colour and lignin contents in wastewater. From the statistical design applied, the best result was obtained at activated carbon dose (1.25 g), pH (8.0), contact time (7 h), agitation speed (184 rpm) and temperature (40 °C). The study resulted in reduction of 96.48% in colour and 94.25% in lignin at optimized condition in comparison with 87.37 and 80.44%, respectively, at unoptimized conditions. A potential increase in reduction of 9.0% in colour and 14.0% in lignin content was achieved after optimization through statistical design that confirmed its usefulness.

A wide variety of biomass is available all around the world. Most of the biomass exists as a by-product from manufacturing industries. Pulp and paper mills contribute to a higher amount of these biomasses mostly discarded in the landfills creating an environmental burden. Biomasses from other sources have been used to produce different kinds and grades of biomaterials such as those used in industrial and medical applications. The present review aims to investigate the availability of biomass from pulp and paper mills and show sustainable routes for the production of high value-added biomaterials. The study reveals that using conventional and integrated biorefinery technology the ample variety and quantity of waste generated from pulp and paper mills can be converted into wealth. As per the findings of the current review, it is shown that high-performance carbon fiber and bioplastic can be manufactured from black liquor of pulping waste; the cellulosic waste from sawdust and sludge can be utilized for the synthesis of CNC and regenerated fibers such as viscose rayon and acetate; the mineral-based pulping wastes and fly ash can be used for manufacturing of different kinds of biocomposites. The different biomaterials obtained from the pulp and paper mill biomass can be used for versatile applications including conventional, high performance, and smart materials. Through customization and optimization of the conversion techniques and product manufacturing schemes, a variety of engineering materials can be obtained from pulp and paper mill wastes realizing the current global waste to wealth developmental approach.

The main environmental risks in the area of landfills are considered, all aspects of their technological reclamation using waste from the Baikal PPM are discussed. The data on the creation of soil and grounds using lignin-destroying microbiological preparations are presented. The final stage of the remediation of the Solzan landfill is the creation of cadastral maps 8, 9, 10 modern forest nurseries on the site, protected by flood and mudflow protection structures.

Cellulose triacetate (CTA) forward osmosis (FO) membrane from Hydration Technology Innovation (HTI), USA was tested in a locally fabricated FO system to concentrate synthetic and pulp and paper mill wastewater. The industry is among the 17 most polluted industries with intensive water consumption and wastewater generation (MoEFCC, Government of India). The CTA membrane was studied with deionized water as feed solution and 1 M NaCl as draw solution, which resulted into water flux of 5.8 L/m2h and reverse salt flux of 0.2 g/L. A concentration stepping method was used to determine the critical draw concentration with lignin solution as the model feed. There was no deviation in flux between the baseline (deionized water feed) and the lignin solution up to 1.5 M NaCl, but a marginal deviation (8% and 21% respectively at 2 M and 3 M) was seen thereafter. The average water flux after 24 h FO study with synthetic wastewater as feed solution (draw solution 2 M NaCl) was 8 L/m2h, and 80% water recovery. Similar study with pulp and paper wastewater as feed solution (draw solution of 1.5 M NaCl) was 5.4 L/m2h was with 62% water recovery. Lignin and COD rejection in pulp and paper mill wastewater was 90% and 64% respectively. The preliminary results indicate that FO is promising for water and lignin recovery from waste streams.

Paper and pulp mills generate substantial quantities of cellulose-rich sludge materials that are disposed in landfills at a large scale. For sustainability purposes, sludge materials can be bioprocessed to produce renewable fuels and useful chemicals. The enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose is the process bottleneck that affects the conversion economics directly by using zero-cost raw materials. In order to study and optimize the process, the characteristics of the sludge raw materials should be first evaluated. In this work, sludge samples were obtained from paper mills located at different locations in Wisconsin and Minnesota. Part of the sludge samples was washed (de-ashed) with hydrochloric acid while the other part remained unwashed. The samples were subjected to multiple spectroscopic analyses techniques to evaluate the morphological properties of cellulose fibers and to estimate the total structural carbohydrate content. The results showed that the de-ashing process changed some fiber characteristics and cellulose crystallinity structure in all sludge samples. Sludge sample A (obtained from Kraft pulp and recycled paper mill region) showed a high percentage of fiber, with crystalline cellulose, compared to the other two sludge samples suggesting that sludge A is a valuable source to make value-added products. Aspen Plus mass and energy calculations performed in view of the ‘zero’ cost and the reliable supply of sludge raw materials producing 2 mol H2/mol glucose. Moreover, the results showed that extracting crystalline cellulose from these sludge samples is more profitable than crystalline cellulose made from the other lignocellulosic feedstocks. The results reported here showed that the utilization of these sludge materials would be an economically attractive and promising alternative for the production of hydrogen.

The South African pulp and paper industry generates an estimated 0.5 million tons of pulp and paper mill sludge (PPMS) annually. As PPMS is generated, it requires safe, efficient, and economical co...

Oxidation of sulfate lignin and sludge-lignin (waste from Baikal Pulp and Paper Mill) in a stream of water–oxygen mixture and in air in the programmed heating regime is studied. Based on the temporal dependences of the power of resistive heaters and the temperature of the reactor wall, it is revealed that the maximum rates of lignin and sludge-lignin oxidation in an H2O/O2 mixture are reached at 613–643 K. The oxidation of both materials in the H2O/O2 mixture is completed at lower temperatures than in air. The temperature dependences of compositions of volatile and liquid products, including the content of phenols, are obtained. Using the mass-spectrometric analysis, it is shown that during oxidation in the H2O/O2 stream 90.3 and 79.5% of the carbon is removed from lignin and sludge-lignin, respectively, in the form of carbon oxides. The mechanisms of the transformation of heteroatomic components are discussed. The formation of hydrochloric and sulfuric acids in the course of sludge-lignin’s oxidation in the H2O/O2 stream causes the corrosion of stainless steel.

The main purpose of this study is to optimize the applicability of TiO2 nanoparticles for paper mill and pulp wastewater treatment under solar irradiation using response surface methodology, provided by the software package DOE. The principle independent parameters were TiO2 loading, pH, time and H2O2 concentration, and COD removal efficiency was chosen as desire response. To evaluate the influence of the parameters on the outputs, the quadratic formulation was applied and for determining the validation of developed models analysis of variance was utilized. The results represented the greatest COD removal was achieved 82%, approximately at pH of 8.1, TiO2 fraction of 0.83 g/L, H2O2 concentration of 2.4 ml/L and the contact time of 196 min.

The present study was undertaken to know the effect of common mixed pulp and paper mill effluent discharge released from century pulp and paper mill Lalkuan, Nainital Uttarakhand on the blood morphology of Heteropneustes fossilis (Singhi). The various morphological changes were observed in the specimen, randomly collected with the help of cast net from (3 sites) different locations. The maximum changes were observed in the specimen collected from site 3 in compare to site 1 and 2 respectively. The formation of inclusion bodies, sickle cells, Cabot rings and ovalocytes were recorded along with nuclear fusion, membrane disruption and cell clumping of blood cells in the specimen collected from the site 3 (i.e. nearer to source of discharge) while in the specimen collected from site 2, the formation of tear drop cell, target cells, spherocytes and bi-nucleated cells were recorded along with the activity of cell clumping. The changes were found less in the specimen collected from site 1 in compare to the specimen of site 2 and 3 i.e. formation of ovalocytes, spherocytes and microcytes with the activity of membrane degeneration and agglutination in blood cells.

Paper can be manufactured without bleaching, but high quality white paper grades, which require bleaching, are in demand as well. In paper mills, oxidizing or reducing chemicals are utilized to bleach the pulp. In this study, the utilization of sodium perborate, instead of the generally used sodium dithionite, to brighten mechanically produced wood pulp was investigated. Sodium perborate was chosen, as it is an environmentally friendly chemical and is produced in Turkey - from tincal, one of the boron ores in Turkey. The experiments were performed at Milda Aksu Paper Mill, using fresh pulp. The amount of bleaching chemicals was adjusted so that the dry mechanical pulp contained 0.5-2% more active oxygen. These chemicals were used either alone or in combination to see their bleaching effects. It was seen that the use of 2% sodium perborate together with 1.5% hydrogen peroxide gave better ISO brightness values (68%) than that of the dithionite bleached (64%) pulps. Under these conditions, fringing and fiber to fiber bonding was more pronounced than in the case of the paper from dithionite bleached pulp, which shows the advantage of using perborate in the bleaching process. Besides, the physico-mechanical properties of the produced paper sheets increased noticeably.

A two-step process involving coagulation-flocculation followed by solar photocatalysis – based Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP) using TiO2-Reduced Graphene Oxide (TRGO) nanocomposite as catalyst ha...

The present study was undertaken to know the effect of common mixed pulp and paper mill effluent discharge released from century pulp and paper mill Lalkuan, Nainital Uttarakhand on the blood morphology of Heteropneustes fossilis (Singhi). The various morphological changes were observed in the specimen, randomly collected with the help of cast net from (3 sites) different locations. The maximum changes were observed in the specimen collected from site 3 in compare to site 1 and 2 respectively. The formation of inclusion bodies, sickle cells, Cabot rings and ovalocytes were recorded along with nuclear fusion, membrane disruption and cell clumping of blood cells in the specimen collected from the site 3 (i.e. nearer to source of discharge) while in the specimen collected from site 2, the formation of tear drop cell, target cells, spherocytes and bi-nucleated cells were recorded along with the activity of cell clumping. The changes were found less in the specimen collected from site 1 in compare to the specimen of site 2 and 3 i.e. formation of ovalocytes, spherocytes and microcytes with the activity of membrane degeneration and agglutination in blood cells.

In this study, the viability of acetylation in cellulose fibers waste (CFW) from pulp and paper mill sludge was investigated in comparison to bleached cellulose fibers (BCF). Four acetylation metho...

The paper presents the results of the analysis on measured parameters of harmonics at the node of the high-voltage network. The measurements were made at the node connecting the pulp-and-paper mill to the 220 kV supply network. This load is nonlinear and has a large capacity. Particular attention is paid to the distributions of the current and voltage harmonics. The paper clearly shows probabilistic properties of the measured parameters of harmonics

The thriving development of the paper industry leaves behind a great amount of pulp and paper mill sludge (PPMS), which constitutes a considerable source of pollution. Experts estimate that...

A series of industrial experimental tests on the freeze treatment of colloidal sludge lignin precipitates was carried out under natural conditions. Changes in the physical and chemical properties of the precipitates were studied. It is established that three fractions are formed following the freeze treatment of colloidal sludge lignin precipitates, including demineralized water (up to 25 %), mineralized water (up to 15 %) and a restructured colloidal precipitate (up to 60 %). The total volume of the precipitate is shown to decrease to 40 %. Freezing precipitation of colloidal lignin slurry of "the Baikal Pulp and Paper Mill" leads to a decrease in toxicity from the third to the fifth class of danger. On the basis of frozen sediments, the lignin sludge of OJSC Baikal Pulp and Paper Mill with the addition of other waste from the Baikal region, a fertile soil was obtained that corresponds to GOST R 54651-2011 "Organic fertilizers on the basis of sewage sludge. Specifications".

Research is devoted to the problem of recycling waste of the Baikal Pulp and Paper Mill, whose activity has caused serious damage to the ecological environment of Lake Baikal and its environs. Grouting waste production is currently the most effective possible decision to the problem of pollutants, such as sludge-lignin and ash, in water objects and groundwater. The results on the grouting of liquid and solid waste from the Baikal Pulp and Paper Mill, represented by sludge lignin and ash, are presented. Cement, liquid glass, colloidal silica, ammonium persulfate, hydrogen peroxide were used as the main hardeners. Samples were formed by mixing the original waste with astringent. The strength in time, shrinkage, resistance to water were studied. Samples formed on the basis of colloidal silica solution have a maximum uniaxial compressive strength of 0.4 - 0.5 MPa, on the basis of liquid glass—0.2 - 0.3 MPa. Adding fine sand increases the strength by 1.5 - 1.7 times. Samples based on ammonium persulfate and hydrogen peroxide do not have sufficient strength. Adding fine quartz sand increases the strength up to 1.0 - 1.2 MPa.

Introduction. Pulp and paper enterprises accumulate large volumes of industrial waste buried in special accumulation cells. In order to choose a technology for treating above-sludge waters, we need to monitor their composition, which depends on the history of cells’ filling and their subsequent use. Methods. In the course of the study, we applied inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Results. We determined the content of 72 chemical elements in above-sludge water of 11 cells at Baykalsk Pulp and Paper Mill and 4 open water flows near industrial waste landfills, and performed a cluster analysis of the sample composition. As a result, we revealed the peculiarities of water composition, related to the history of cell filling and subsequent pilot experiments. It has been found that the cells with non-disturbed sediments have cleaner water. Out of 16 chemical elements subject to limitation (Na, Al, P, S, Cl, K, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sr, Mo, Cd, Pb), 11 elements exceed the limits established for wastewater discharged into water bodies within the ecological zones of the Baikal Natural Territory. Each cell is characterized by its own set of elements exceeding maximum allowable concentrations (MAC) and by the extent of such excess. Conclusion. Pilot experiments with cell sediments (joint grouting, drying, dewatering in press-filters) result in the disturbance of the “water/sediment” balance and increase the concentrations of most elements in above-sludge waters. The maximum amounts of elements (6–7) exceeding the MAC values are observed in water in the cells with disturbed sediments, water in the zone of ash slurry discharge, ash and sludge-lignin cells with industrial and household waste. When choosing a technology and procedures for treating above-sludge waters, it is necessary to take into account the specifics of their composition. Using the polluted water flow running into Lake Baikal during catastrophic floods in the summer of 2019 as an example, we show that it is possible to use multi-element ICP-MS analysis to search for sources of pollution from industrial facilities.

Enormous quantities of bagasse are being used as raw material in agro based large integrated pulp and paper mills. Anaerobic technology is an effective means of biodegradation of organic substance in wastewater and energy production of biogas that can be used as an alternative fuel. This study illustrates the effect of HRT on performance of lab scale hybrid upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (HUASB) reactor on treatment of pulp and paper mill bagasse wash water. The lab scale HUASB reactor was designed for an effective volume of 0.013 m3 with bio balls as packing media at the top of reactor and operated under mesophilic condition. After startup period, the reactor was operated with HRTs of 23.55, 15.98, 12.00, 10.03 and 7.97 h for the average influent COD concentrations of 2503.6 mg/L, 3918 mg/L, 5432 mg/L, 6608 mg/L and 7996 mg/L respectively. The results showed that the maximum COD removal efficiencies and TSS removal efficiencies were in the range of 68.60–92.19% and 89.56–94.66% respectively. The minimum and maximum biogas yield of 0.32 and 0.53 m3/kg CODa were obtained at influent concentration of 2503.6 mg/L and 7996 mg/L respectively.

Refereed/Peer-reviewed At a paper manufacturing mill (PML) that had been previously part of an integrated pulp (bisulphite) and paper mills industry, cyanobacterial blooms were observed in the mill’s aerated stabilization basin (ASB) ponds at about 3 years after pulping had been discontinued. This study aimed to determine the factors that led to bloom occurrences and potential control strategies applicable to the paper manufacturing mill’s, aerated stabilization basin system that discharges wastewaters into a coastal lake. Following discontinuation of pulping, the colour of the wastewaters reduced to low levels (~ 10 Hazen units or less), while the levels of nutrient remained potentially supportive of cyanobacteria growth with total phosphorus at ~ 0.1 mg/L and total nitrogen at > 2.5 mg/L. Incidences of blooms in the ABS were associated with preceding average monthly rainfalls and wind speeds being less (~ 44% and ~ 7%, respectively) and average direct sunlight hours being greater (~ 9%) than the long-term average values. Zinc was investigated for control of cyanobacteria as this metal is less toxic to aquatic organisms and microflora than copper algaecides. In laboratory culture trials, zinc was found to inhibit growth of M. aeruginosa (strain MIC338) and Pseudanabaena sp. when dosed at ~ 2.5 mg/L. The inhibition of cyanobacteria by zinc was found to vary between ASB pond samples which had different in situ chlorophyll a levels. This study found that the PML wastewaters investigated can be supportive of cyanobacterial growth to bloom levels after discontinuation of pulping processes and that zinc has potential as a cyanobacteria control agent.

Declining oil production in Indonesia lately has been much discussed by industrial practitioners, especially from the petroleum industry. The decrease is due to the age of old drilling wells with high water cut (> 90%), so it is necessary to pursue a production method that can increase the production of these old wells. The EOR (Enhanced Oil Recovery) method is one way of extracting oil from oil wells that cannot be further retrieved by injecting materials that are not in the reservoir. One ingredient that can be injected is Sodium Ligno Sulfonate (SLS) surfactant derived from lignin. Lignin was obtained from the lignin isolation process from Black Liquor, which in this study came from the pulp and paper mill waste of PT. Indah Kiat, Pekanbaru, Sumatra, Indonesia. This study aims to determine the effect of variations in H2SO4 concentrations (concentrations of 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% w/w) on the yield of lignin isolation results, and to compare the functional groups between dirty lignin, clean lignin, and pure lignin using FT-IR. Based on the research results, it was found that the best lignin is lignin with an H2SO4 concentration of 20%, with the highest yield and the color of lignin produced tends to be similar to pure lignin. In addition, it was found that the peak of the net lignin group had more similarity with commercial lignin compared to crude lignin. Keywords: Lignin, Black Liquor, Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR), FTIR

The present research deals with multivariate regression modeling of heavy metals uptake by cultivated Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth: WH) in the wastewater of paper and pulp processing industry. The WH plants were grown in different treatments of wastewater of paper and pulp processing industry (25, 50, 75, and 100%), while the control experiment was performed using borewell water. The influence of pH and metal quantity in the wastewater of paper and pulp processing industry over effective metal accumulation (∆Y: mg kg− 1) by WH was statistically modeled. Results showed that the established models had high R2 (

This study examined the responses of a population of brook stickleback (Culaea inconstans) exposed to pulp mill effluent at Jackfish Bay, Lake Superior, Canada, in May 2007 and May 2011. Brook stickleback were extirpated from the effluent-receiving site, presumably due to anoxia after this period. Females at the effluent-receiving site had significantly larger gonad sizes in 2007 and 2011. In 2011, effluent-exposed female gonadal development was significantly advanced when compared with reference sites; they were the second most mature when compared among three different reference sites. Analysis of 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity revealed that effluent-receiving site females had greater CYP1A induction in 2007 and significantly greater CYP1A induction in 2011. Effluent-receiving site males showed significantly reduced CYP1A induction in 2007 and significantly greater induction in 2011. Chemical evaluation of sediment from the receiving environment showed elevated levels of resin acids and the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, retene. Higher condition factors and more mature gonads were consistent with higher winter and spring temperatures modified by effluent or by lake vs. stream environments. Overall, effects on effluent-exposed brook stickleback were not consistent with reported effects in white sucker exposed to the same effluent in previous studies. This article has been made Open Access thanks to the kind support of CAWQ/ACQE (https://www.cawq.ca).

Pulp and paper mill biosludge becomes sticky after being dried to a certain solids content. As biosludge becomes sticky, it agglomerates and adheres to the heat transfer surfaces of the dryer. This undesirable property can lower the dryer efficiency and cause the drying equipment to fail. A systematic study was conducted to examine the sticky behavior of biosludge. The stickiness was evaluated by measuring the adhesive force between a sludge cake and a stainless steel substrate, and the cohesive force between a sludge cake and a sludge substrate. The results show that: i) both adhesive and cohesive forces increase markedly as the solids content increases, reaching a maximum value at about 13% solids, and then decrease steadily at a higher solids content; ii) cohesive force is stronger than adhesive force, implying that biosludge tends to agglomerate rather than adhere to smooth equipment surfaces; and iii) mixing wood fines or fly ash from a biomass boiler reduces the stickiness of the mixture. These findings may help mills improve the thermal efficiency of biosludge dryers and to turn biosludge into a more attractive fuel for burning in biomass boilers.

A delignification pretreatment of raw materials for paper and pulp industry is important as traditional chemical degradation is hazardous to health and the environment. The aim of the present study was to identify potential laccase producing fungi with special attention on their feasibility for the degradation of lignin of Bambusa nutans. Among 155 fungal isolates from bamboo stacking area of a paper mill, Inonotus pachyphloeus JP-1, characterized by morphological and internal transcribed spacer sequence analysis was found to have best potential for it. Laccase enzyme activity of the isolate JP-1 was studied for 72–288 h, and the highest activity of 666.8 nkat/ml was recorded at 144 h using 1 mM of CuSO4 as an inducer. B. nutans samples pretreated with the isolate recorded higher lignin degradation (45.80%) with minimum loss of cellulose content (2.24%) after 30 days of treatment. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometery and fourier transform infrared spectra of untreated and treated samples confirmed the effect of pretreatment on the cellular structure of B. nutans. This is the first report on I. pachyphloeus as a potent lignin degrader which can be further exploited for the development of clean technologies for paper and pulp industries.

The paper drying process has the highest level of energy consumption in the pulp and paper production process. Analysis and optimization of the energy system during the paper drying process is critical for improving the energy efficiency of the entire paper mill. In the existing model for the paper drying process, the solution requires accurate boundary conditions such as the air temperature and humidity of the pocket area and the cylinder surface temperature, which are very difficult to obtain in the papermaking process. This can result in significant deviations between the model solution and the actual production process. This paper focuses on the single-tier dryer cylinder-based paper drying process that has been widely used with high-speed papermaking machines in recent years. A mathematical model is proposed based on real-time data. The verification via industrial production demonstrates that the proposed model is reliable for the paper drying process. Based on the simulation results, two optimization operations have been proposed. The energy consumption decreases from 1.51 t steam/t paper to 1.44 t steam/t paper, 4.6% of the steam and 1.26 × 106 RMB can be saved for a medium-scale paper mill with the annual production capacity of 105 t paper.

Sweden is one of the largest exporters of pulp and paper products in the world. It follows that huge quantities of sludge rich in carbonaceous organic material and containing heavy metals are generated. This paper carried out a comparative environmental analysis of three different technologies, which can be adopted to produce biochar and recover energy from the biosludge, using landfilling as the reference case. These three thermochemical biosludge management systems—using incineration, pyrolysis, and hydrothermal carbonization (HTC)—were modeled using life cycle assessment (LCA). Heat generated in the incineration process (System A) was considered to be for captive consumption within the kraft pulp mills. It was assumed that the biochars—pyrochar and hydrochar—produced from pyrolysis (System B) and HTC (System C), respectively, were added to the forest soils. The LCA results show that all the alternative systems considerably improve the environmental performance of biosludge management, relative to landfilling. For all systems, there are net reductions in greenhouse gas emissions (–0.89, –1.43, and –1.13 tonnes CO 2 -equivalent per tonne dry matter biosludge in Systems A, B, and C, respectively). System B resulted in the lowest potential eutrophication and terrestrial ecotoxicity impacts, whereas System C had the least acidification potential. The results of this analysis show that, from an environmental point of view, biochar soil amendment as an alternative method for handling pulp and paper mill biosludge is preferable to energy recovery. However, an optimal biochar system needs to factor in the social and economic contexts as well.

Waste generation is increasing in many industries. Therefore, effective measures are required to secure an environmentally sustainable and economically viable waste destination. Co-processing in clinker kilns at high temperatures and incorporation into cement matrices may stabilize many types of industrial waste. This paper presents the results of a study that characterized pulp and paper mill waste and their recycling in clinker production. Chemical characterization and estimation of the hazardous potential of lime mud, biomass ash, and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) sludge were performed in accordance with brazilian standard (NBR) 10004:2004. Biomass ash and WWTP sludge were classified as non-hazardous (class II), while lime mud was classified as hazardous (pH > 12.5, class I). These wastes were mixed (69 wt % lime mud, 29 wt % biomass ash, and 2 wt % WWTP sludge), and the resulting mixture was processed at 1455 oC to generate ‘ Ecoclinker ’. The clinker was characterized, milled, and mixed with calcium sulphate for use as an ‘Ecocement’ . Mortars were obtained and cured for periods of seven and twenty-eight days. The hardened product exhibited a mechanical strength of ~20 MPa. The leaching and pH tests indicated that these parameters were within the permitted limits, confirming that this waste-based cement was non-hazardous.

In the present study, the photodegradation of lignin was studied using TiO2/Polystyrene composite under UV-LED irradiation in a batch-recirculated photoreactor as a supplementary treatment for pulp and paper industries. TiO2/PS composite was synthesized by the solvent-casting method and was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and EDX analysis. The 3-level, 3-factor Box-Behnken design was applied to study the effects of main operating parameters and optimization of process circumstances. Besides, COD reduction efficiency, toxicity assays, and reusability were also investigated. The predicted model had R2 and R2adj correlation coefficients of 0.97 and 0.99 respectively, which showed experimental results were very close to the predicted values. Furthermore, under the optimal conditions (reaction time = 72.5, volumetric flow rate = 230 mL/min and lignin = 51.8 mg/L) the lignin degradation efficiency was 93.98%. The maximum COD removal (89%) obtained by 250 mL/min volumetric flow rate and lignin concentration of 50 mg/L after 120 min reaction time. Bioassay using D. Magna exhibited that at the beginning of the process, the toxicity of solution increased but continuously decreasing after then to very low values achieved within 120 min of photodegradation. In addition, the reusability tests demonstrated that the TiO2/PS composite after 5 cycles has a good stability and photocatalytic activity.

The article analyses waste generation of pulp and paper industry in North-Western Russia. The environmental impact of waste storage facilities of the pulp and paper mill was assessed, the need for utilization of lignin sludge was justified. In North-Western Russia, 1.21 million hectares of disturbed areas are in need for reclamation; they are abandoned quarries and lands alienated for pipeline and road construction. The suitability of lignin sludge for preparation of artificial fertile soils for reclamation purposes is estimated. For this purpose, experiments were carried out to create an artificial mixture with different ratios of lignin sludge and soil, to detect the maldevelopment of several plant species grown on various compositions of lignin sludge and soils. It was revealed that lignin sludge as an organic additive to soils is not toxic to vegetation and living organisms, allowing improving fertility of artificial soils.

Waste-to-energy or value-added products have been increasingly considered in many pulp and paper mills (PPMs) worldwide. However, developing appropriate conversion technologies is a major challenge in transforming PPMs wastes into biofuels or value-added biomaterials. In the present study, a long-term (320 d) anaerobic digestion of primary sludge of a thermomechanical pulp mill (TMP) was carried out for the first time in a thermophilic anaerobic membrane bioreactor (ThAnMBR). Effect of organic loading rate (OLR) in the range of 2.5–6.8 kg-COD/m3 d and hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 3–8 d on the process performance was investigated. Under various OLRs, stable biogas productions were obtained, and the best results were achieved with lower OLR (2.5 kg-COD/m3 d) and higher HRT (8 d), at biogas yields of 189 L biogas/kg MLSS fed. However, it was found that biogas production and sludge biomass degradation decrease when the organic loading rate increases. The proportion of sludge reduction ranged from 28.9 to 46.7% depending on the applied OLRs. Despite varying OLRs, stable membrane performance was obtained, where the required membrane flux was easily maintained during the reactor operation. In this study, also the properties of digestate and membrane permeates were studied under different operating conditions, and they fluctuated to some extent with OLR. ThAnMBR is a promising new technology for pulp and paper mill primary sludge treatment.

Microbial dehydrogenase activity can help to determine the oxidizing capacity of activated sludge. Here we propose an innovative and automated express-method based on rapid determination of dehydrogenase activity. The measurement is based on the rate of methylene blue reduction by living microbial cells in suspension. A single analysis takes 10 min. The method was adapted for biofilms immobilized on the floating carriers of industrial bioreactors and the kinetics of biological oxidation by activated sludge and biofilms was compared. New parameters were proposed to characterize the biological oxidation under low oxygen levels. The obtained make it possible to quickly determine the dehydrogenase activity of activated sludge and biofilms and promptly monitor the effectiveness of industrial biological wastewater treatment.

Funding Information: kindly performed all chemical analysis. This study was part of the joint research programme NSPPulp funded by TEKES, the Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation (nowadays, Business Finland). Publisher Copyright: © 2021. All Rights Reserved. In this study, the physical and chemical properties of untreated, lime-stabilised and composted wastewater sludges from a Finnish pulp, board and paper mill integrate were compared in order to assess their fertiliser properties based on the requirement of the Finnish Fertilizer Product Decree. Furthermore, the extraction properties of heavy metals in the sludges were assessed by the three-stage sequential extraction procedure of the Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) and the solubility indices for heavy metals were calculated in order to evaluate the release potential of elements from the sample (sludge) matrix. The results of this study indicated that the total heavy metal (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn) concentrations in all sludges were lower than the statutory Finnish limit values for fertiliser products. However, the untreated sludge required either lime-stabilisation or composting in order to fulfil the Finnish maximum concentrations of pathogens (coliforms and Escherichia coli) for fertiliser products.

The main technological processes of Segezha pulp and paper mill JSC are described, the hydrological regimes unfavorable for production are justified, and the standards for permissible discharges of pollutants through the dispersing water outlet to lake Vygozero are calculated.

The pulp and paper industry consumes a huge amount of water and releases more polluted and colored wastewater every year. Many conventional techniques are used in the treatment of paper industry wastewater. However, for color removal from paper mill effluent, there is no proven method so far, on an industrial scale. Due to high energy input and high cost, there is an urgent need to find out a new technique that must be sustainable, economical, and environment friendly. Various methods have been investigated on bench scale and pilot scale also but no proven method for color removal on an industrial scale. The paper provides an overview of the color removal techniques from different sources of pulp and paper mill wastewater discharged by various industries. The review described various components involved in various processes for color removal from paper mill waste water. The present works focus on processes like chemical, chemical/physical, biological, physicochemical, and electrochemical applied in color removal from paper mill wastewater. The present review gives key information on the effectiveness, use, betterment, and limitations of numerous methods of treatment targeted at color removal from paper mill wastewater using various techniques still under evolution.

In recent years, the use of microalgae as feedstock for many marketable products, such as animal/aqua feeds, bioplastics and fertilizers, has gained renewed interest due to their fast growth potential coupled with relatively high lipid, carbohydrate and nutrient content. An algal biorefinery at an industrial site has the potential to sustainably and profitably convert carbon dioxide emissions into microalgal biomass and concomitantly reduce nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewaters. Industrial wastewaters are a potential alternative to traditional media used for large-scale microalgal cultivation. Pulp and paper mills are major consumers of water resources and discharge a huge amount of water to nearby lakes or rivers. This study investigated whether pulp and paper mill waste water is suitable for microalgal cultivation with the aim of achieving significant biomass production. Six different process waters from one Canadian pulp and paper mill were tested with two freshwater green microalgae. All of these waters were unable to support growth of microalgae due to inadequate nutrient concentrations, colour, turbidity and possible toxicity issues. HIGHLIGHTS Two freshwater microalgae strains were screened for potential growth on pulp and paper effluents.; Pulp and paper wastewater effluents were unable to support growth of the microalgae.; Chemical residues from the pulping process, such as peroxide and tannin, may inhibit algal growth.

The article presents the research results of the oxidation of watered toxic waste from the pulp and paper industry (sludge-lignin, the empirical formula of organic matter CH1.51N0.05S0.03Cl0.01O0.54) in supercritical water-oxygen (SCW/O2) fluid. The experiments were carried out using a flow tube reactor at a pressure of 25 MPa, temperature gradient along its vertical axis (from top to bottom: 390–600 °C), sludge-lignin flow rate of 9.5–14.5 g/min, oxygen ratio OR = 0.73–2.52, using NaOH (1.6 wt%) as a catalyst. Employing gas chromatography – mass spectrometry, polychlorophenols were identified in the composition of sludge-lignin, in which 2,4,6-trichlorophenol was the main component. The total yield of extracted phenols and chlorophenols per sludge-lignin organic matter was 20.82 and 2.88 μg/g, respectively. It is revealed that the conversion rate of sludge-lignin in SCW/O2 fluid is limited by heterogeneous oxidation of the carbonized residue, and is determined by the O2 content in the reaction mixture. At OR ≥ 1.16, only CO2, CO, N2, and N2O were detected in the volatile oxidation products. An increase in OR from 0.73 to 2.52 leads to a decrease in the total content of phenols (from 45540.1 to 129.3 μg/dm3) and chlorophenols (from 51.4 to 2.2 μg/dm3) in the water collected at the reactor outlet. It is shown that 2,6-dichlorophenol and 2-chlorophenol are the most resistant to oxidation. From the analysis of the initial sludge-lignin and mineral residues, it follows that the bulk of the chlorine contained in its organic matter is converted into NaCl in the course of oxidation.