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The transition towards hydrogen energy is paramount due to its potential to mitigate environmental pollution caused by fossil fuels. The greener and cleaner way of producing and utilizing hydrogen is through water electrolysis and hydrogen fuel cell where the sluggish reaction kinetics bottlenecks the widescale implementation. Hence, in this study, density functional theory (DFT) is utilized to study the HER, OER and ORR performance of pristine and doped silicene sheets where the dopants (B, C, N, Al and P) are introduced as single atom. The thermodynamical stability for pristine and doped sheets are confirmed with ADMP study and the cohesive energy for all the sheets are found to be around -4.2 eV per atom which validates their stability. The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performance of all the sheets is studied and the N doped silicene exhibits better catalytic property with a lowest overpotential of 70 mV and the C doped silicene shown good HER performance with an overpotential of 180 mV. In case of oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), the pristine silicene is found to behave better in the ORR performance while the C doped silicene has the lowest overpotential compared with the other sheets. The variation in the catalytic performance is studied with the reactivity parameters which implies that the nucleophilic nature of the material enhances the HER performance. Furthermore, the results suggest that C doped silicene can be utilized as a bifunctional catalyst for the HER and OER performance. This study suggests that the silicene in the pure form as well as with dopant can be a good electrocatalyst for the water splitting and fuel cell application.

ABSTRACTThis study aimed to synthesize silver nanoparticles (VJ@AgNPs) using Valeriana jatamansi root extract and assess their antibacterial, antioxidant, and antibiofilm properties against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus mutans. Various chemical and physical characterization methods were employed to analyze the synthesized VJ@AgNPs. UV-Visible spectroscopy confirmed the presence of VJ@AgNPs with a peak absorption at 426 nm, while FT-IR results indicated the involvement of phyto-compounds from V. jatamansi in the reduction and stabilization of these nanoparticles. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy revealed well-dispersed spherical nature with an average size of 29.1 ± 2.06 nm, and X-ray diffraction confirmed their crystalline structure. The biosynthesized VJ@AgNPs exhibited significant antibacterial activity against all tested pathogens, with substantial inhibition zones at 50 and 100 μg/mL concentrations. Additionally, VJ@AgNPs displayed potent antibiofilm activity and antioxidant capacity in scavenging assays. Furthermore, these VJ@AgNPs showed promise in photocatalytic degradation, effectively removing 95% of RhB dye within 75 minutes under solar light irradiation, following pseudo-first-order kinetics. This suggests their potential application in wastewater treatment for organic dye removal. The biocompatible and environmentally friendly nature of VJ@AgNPs underscores their potential as therapeutic agents against bacterial infections and oxidative stress-related diseases.

In this paper, the electrochemical non-enzymatic detection of Riboflavin (RF) was proposed based on its catalytic reduction in a Thionine-coated Cadmium Selenide Quantum dots (TH@CdSe QDs)-modified paraffin wax-impregnated graphite electrode (PIGE) that was prepared using a novel approach. The synthesized TH@CdSe QDs were confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy, Confocal Raman Microscopy and High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) studies. The electrochemical response of the TH@CdSe QDs-modified PIGE was studied by cyclic voltammetry. The voltammetric response of RF at the TH@CdSe QDs-modified PIGE showed higher current than the bare PIGE. Under optimum conditions, the electrocatalytic reduction currents of RF was found to be linearly related to its concentration over the range of 1.6 × 10−7 M to 1.4 × 10−4 M with a detection limit of 53 × 10−9 M (S/N = 3). The TH@CdSe QDs-modified PIGE was utilized as an amperometric sensor for the detection of RF in flow systems was performed by carrying out hydrodynamic and chronoamperometric experiments. The TH@CdSe QDs-modified PIGE showed very good stability and a longer shelf life. The applicability of the fabricated electrode was justified by the quantification of RF in commercial tablets.

Everything around us is made up of atoms and molecules. The properties of quantum atoms are sought to understand the behavior of a particular object. But with the advent of research, it was discovered that there is a quantity smaller than the molecular size. The nanoscale measures a fraction of a billionth of a meter. The atom of an object measures 0.1 nm. Since atoms are the building blocks of matter, at the nanoscale one can combine these atoms to create new materials. The proposed model displays the properties of these nano-scale elements in modern medical applications. The nano-scale research of matter is fascinating because it is the basic phase in which atoms are held together. Therefore, by manipulating material at this level, one can create many different types of objects. This proposed model calculates the operation requirements and expects the results. Based on the operational requirements, the proposed model provides the suggestions. This will be helpful for the medical researchers to identify the proper medical treatments based on the microbiological requirements.

Structurally diverse fused polycyclic pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolinone/pyrrolizino[2,3-c]quinolinone hybrids were synthesized to get excellent yields via a tandem multi-component reaction sequence employing an environmentally benign solid state melt reaction involving [3+2]-cycloaddition process followed by two consecutive annulation steps. Baylis–Hillman products, used as dipolarophiles, were synthesized from various substituted aryl/heteroaryl aldehydes in the presence of DABCO and methyl acrylate, while the 1,3-dipole component was derived in situ from indoline-2,3-dione and acyclic/cyclic amino acid viz N-methylgylcine/l-proline. The structure of the unusual tandem products was unambiguously assigned by spectroscopic and XRD analysis. The products arose through the formation of three new rings, five new bonds, and three adjoining stereocenters with complete diastereomeric control.

An efficient and environmentally benign synthesis of a new class of acridinedione embedded spirooxindolo/acenaphthenothiopyrrolizidines and spirooxindolo/acenathenoindolizidines has been synthesized in good to excellent yields employing ionic liquid accelerated one-pot [3 + 2]-cycloaddition strategy. The pre-requisite starting substrates, O-acryloyl acridinediones were prepared from dimedone in three good yielding steps, while the 1,3-dipole was derived in situ from isatin/acenaphthenequinone and thiazolidine-4-carboxylc acid/l-pipecolinic acid via decarboxylative condensation. The cycloadduct possesses three stereogenic carbons, one of which is a spiro carbon through the formation of two C–C and one C–N bonds in one-pot synthetic transformation. Geometrical parameters of the synthesized compounds were calculated using the B3LYP/6-311g(d,p) level of theory. The activity of these molecules was evaluated against main protease of COVID-19 to screen them for their inhibitor efficiency. In order to get a broad understanding of the interactions of these synthesized ligands, a detailed molecular docking analysis was performed. Molecular docking analysis shows that compound 8b has the highest binding affinity toward the protein. The compound can be a potential candidate for the treatment of COVID-19.

A feasible alternative to classic chemical synthesis, the phyto-mediated production of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) utilizing aqueous flower petal extract of Cassia alata as a reducing agent is reported for the first time. Characterization of synthesized AgNPs was carried out using various techniques viz., ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). The results of the FTIR research conducted in this study show different bond stretches with varying durations, which can be seen at various faraway points. AgNPs are mainly spherical and vary in size from 20 to 100 nm, according to TEM images. The highest X-ray energy surge, at 3 keV, is visible in the EDX spectrum. The XRD pattern showed that four diffraction peaks could be assigned to the 111, 200, 220, and 311 planes of the face-centered cubic crystalline silver, respectively, at 32.05, 46.27, 55.25, and 57.39°. Optimization of production parameters including pH, metal ion concentration, and substrate concentrations were studied. In addition, the bioactivity was evaluated against Trichophyton rubrum, Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, Epidermophyton floccosum, and Mucor sp. using the agar diffusion method. Furthermore, their antioxidant properties were assessed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate assay and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power tests. MTT assay was performed using human fibroblast cell line (L929) to determine the cell viability and cytotoxicity through increased metabolism of the tetrazolium salt.

Cancer is a serious health problem, with a rising trend in its occurrence documented globally. Female breast cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide with treatment consisting of different strategies like mastectomy, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Anticancer property has been studied in withaferin-A (WA), a bioactive compound of Withania somnifera. Another natural substance derived from bees, propolis, has been investigated for many beneficial effects on human diseases. The current study aims to investigate the ameliorative efficacy and antiproliferative potential of combinational drug therapy of withaferin-A and propolis on breast cancer cells. By evaluating the levels of glycoproteins, nucleic acids, and the marker enzymes in benzo[a]pyrene-induced breast cancer-bearing female Wistar rats, the pharmacodynamic effects of withaferin-A and propolis drug combination were examined. Biochemical analysis of DNA, RNA, and protein levels in the liver demonstrated typical results after propolis therapy. Withaferin-A and propolis drug combination treatment significantly decreased nucleic acid synthesis, indicating that combination chemotherapy has increased breast tumoricidal efficiency. The pharmacological combination therapy exhibited the capacity to control glycoproteins associated with tumor growth (hexose, hexosamine, and sialic acid), with a considerable decrease in their levels detected. Histopathological analysis of the mammary glands demonstrated a decrease in hyperplasia and cell proliferation, indicating that the treatment has the ability to reverse architectural and morphological abnormalities associated with breast cancer. This study found that natural drug compounds in combination have shown regenerative and regulating effects when given to rats carrying the breast cancer gene.

Europium activated potassium strontium iodide (KSr2I5:0.5Eu2+) compound was synthesized and refined by indigenous zone-refinement experimental set-up. The impurities that are insoluble in the KSr2I5:Eu2+ compound was filtered by using a specifically programmed dual chamber quartz ampoule with frit filter method. Temperature profile of this in-house built vertical transparent Bridgman-Stockbarger technique growth furnace is optimized to grow quality single crystals of KSr2I5:Eu2+. From the photoluminescence emission spectrum a typical 4f6 5d1 – 4f7 transition is observed for a broad emission peak at 432 nm whereas a broad emission peak at 448 nm was obtained from the X-ray excited radioluminescence spectrum. The gamma ray spectrometer was administered to detect the scintillation properties of the grown crystal. The scintillation decay time was calculated for the KSr2I5:Eu2+ crystal wherein the energy resolution under 137Cs sealed gamma source is found to be 3.5 % at 662 KeV.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were formed through a simple green synthesis route using Vitex negundo (V. negundo) leaf extract as reducing and capping source. Morphological, structural, chemical and optical features of the prepared ZnO NPs were examined by field emission SEM, XRD, EDAX, PL, FTIR and UV–vis DRS, respectively. FESEM images precisely visualized morphology of the ZnO NPs as spherical with particles size ranges between 5 and 35 nm having a mean diameter of ∼ 19 nm. XRD pattern revealed formation of hexagonal wurtzite structured ZnO NPs with high crystallinity. Further, the observed asymmetric stretching vibration of Zn-O bond confirmed the formation of hexagonal wurtzite structured ZnO NPs. Photocatalytic activity of the ZnO NPs was assessed against methylene blue (MB) dye degradation under natural sunlight illumination. Results of the photocatalytic experiment disclosed an impressive MB dye degradation efficiency of 98.50 % at 60 min. Moreover, green synthesized ZnO NPs exhibited a maximum mineralization (TOC removal) efficiency of 92.34 % at 5 h of sunlight illumination.

Electrocatalytic urea oxidation reaction (UOR) has emerged as a promising alternative to the anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in water electrolysis. However, UOR faces challenges like slow kinetics, high energy barriers, and a complex mechanism, necessitating the development of efficient electrocatalysts. Herein, a rapid method is proposed for synthesizing Mo‐doped Ni/NiO (Ni/MNO) nanocomposite as a highly effective UOR electrocatalyst. Mo doping oxidizes Ni2+ to Ni3+, creating abundant active sites for UOR. The Ni/MNO catalyst exhibits remarkable activity for both OER and UOR due to Mo doping, structural modulation, increased active sites, and the presence of Ni3+ ions. Optimized Ni/MNO‐10 shows a low OER overpotential of 280 mV and a UOR working potential of 1.37 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode at 10 mA cm−2, with exceptional stability over 12 h of continuous electrolysis. Notably, urea‐assisted water splitting requires only 1.45 V for 10 mA cm−2, significantly less than the overall water splitting voltage (1.65 V), indicating energy‐efficient hydrogen production. Moreover, the Ni/MNO catalyst exhibits outstanding long‐term stability. This work presents a rapid and effective approach to synthesizing cost‐effective and efficient electrocatalysts for clean energy production and wastewater treatment.

The Schiff base was synthesized using the m-bromosalicylaldehyde and ethylenediamine in 1:1 mole ratio. Using the infrared, UV, fluorescence and 1H-13CNMR spectral analysis the m-bromosalicylaldehyde derivative structure was confirmed. Using DFT study the compound structure was optimized. Local energy decomposition (LED) analysis calculated binding energy is -9.19 kcal/mol. The molecule 5BRSET is a optical material, its wavelength is 512 nm and 784 nm respectively. We used three different solvents to calculate the non-linear optical, HOMO-LUMO and molecular electrostatic potential studies, when compared to other solvent the water is showed good activity. Using topological analysis we confirms the localization and delocalization electrons from the synthesized compound. The non-covalent interaction study confirms the intermolecular and intermolecular hydrogen bondings. The natural bond orbital analysis calculation showed the interactions between and within the molecule. A docking study was done on the molecule, and the results show that 5BRSET interacts well with the crystal structure of hypothetical protein (PDB ID: 2EA9). The molecule is moderate activity, which is confirmed by antimicrobial activity.

The titled compound TA structure was optimized in B3LYP/cc-pVDZ basis set using Gaussian software. In natural bond orbital analysis the highest stabilization energy is 82.3 kcal/mol, which is confirmed by LP(1)-C19 to antibonding π*(C13-C14). Electron localization and delocalization areas are confirmed by wavefunction studies. The Gaussian-16w software establishes thermodynamic properties for a titled compound which is confirmed by various solvents. The HOMO and LUMO analysis ethanol have the highest energy gap value, which is 5.88 eV. In molecular electrostatic potential study nitrogen is the nucleophilic attack (blue color) and oxygen is the electrophilic attack (red color). In non-linear optical (NLO) study water solvent shows the highest dipole moment activity. The docking study showed the greatest binding affinity score of −4.08 kcal/mol.

The current research focuses on the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesis from the Cassia alata aqueous leaf extract. Various production parameters like pH (4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10), metal ion concentration (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 mM), and substrate (leaf extract) concentration (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5 mL) were optimized. UV-visible spectroscopy was used to identify the production by scanning the wavelength from 200 to 800 nm. Visual color change from light green to brown was designated as prior confirmation of the AgNP production. Physical characterization of AgNPs was carried out using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Furthermore, the obtained AgNPs show significant antibacterial activity for Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas sp. Klebsiella sp., Proteus sp., and Enterobacter sp. The antioxidant potential was determined by α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl assay and cytotoxicity by (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) tetrazolium reduction assay on human lung cancer cell lines (A549). AgNPs confirmed potent antibacterial activity against skin infections, demonstrating their medicinal significance and are therefore crucial for creating a medicinal formulation with antibacterial properties.

Introduction: Genetic and environmental factors play a significant role in the development of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD). With advancements in molecular techniques, it is now possible to study genes that may provide evidence of the role of genetic factors in Coronary Artery Disease (CAD). Genetic variants of the Apo A-1 gene might play an important role in regulating lipid profiles and their alteration, leading to the subsequent development of Myocardial Infarction (MI). Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between C+83T sequence variations in the first intron of the Apo A-1 gene and lipid variables in patients with MI. Materials and Methods: A case-control study was conducted at the Department of Biochemistry in association with the Department of Cardiology, Kilpauk Medical College Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, from October 2013 to March 2014. The study included 52 MI cases and 52 age-, gender-, and risk factor-matched controls. Fasting venous blood samples were collected from each patient, and routine investigations, lipid profile assessments, and polymorphic studies were carried out. Allele frequencies between cases and controls were compared using the Chi-square test. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was performed to determine the association between fasting serum lipid variables and allele distribution. Results: Both study groups were matched for age, gender, and risk factors such as alcohol consumption, smoking, Hypertension (HT), and Diabetes Mellitus (DM). The results were compared and found to be statistically insignificant. Genotype analysis between the groups disclosed that the TT homozygous genotype was more prevalent in cases, while the ‘CC’ genotype was more prevalent in controls, and the CT genotype was approximately equal in both cases and controls. The genotype difference between cases and controls was statistically significant (p-value=0.006). The ‘T’ allele frequency was higher among cases (0.36) compared to controls (0.13), while the frequency of the ‘C’ allele was higher among controls (0.86) compared to cases (0.63). In the CC genotype, there was a higher mean value of Apo A-1 and a lower ApoB/Apo A-1 ratio compared to the TT genotype. It was observed that carriers of the C allele and T allele showed no statistical difference in lipid variables except for High-density Lipoprotein (HDL). Conclusion: This study found a significantly increased T allele frequency in cases compared to controls, suggesting that the presence of the T allele in the C+83T (first intron) of the Apo A-1 gene may increase the risk of developing MI.

Introduction: Single Donor Platelets (SDP) are in high demand and are the preferred choice for patients requiring recurrent platelet transfusions. Citrate, being the anticoagulant of choice, may result in symptoms of citrate toxicity due to repeated frequent donations or increased procedure time. Aim: The present study aimed to evaluate the role of prophylactic calcium supplementation (oral vs intravenous) on plateletpheresis donors and correlate their effects with adverse donor reactions (citrate toxicity). Materials and Methods: This prospective observational study on plateletpheresis donors was conducted for a period of one year in the Department of Transfusion Medicine at Government Royapettah Hospital, The Tamil Nadu Dr. MGR Medical University, Chennai, India. It included 63 plateletpheresis donors divided into two groups based on random allocation-the Oral calcium supplementation group (n=32 donors) and the intravenous calcium supplementation group (n=31 donors). For both groups, their biochemical parameters (serum calcium, serum ionised calcium, serum magnesium) were measured before and within 30 minutes after the plateletpheresis procedure. The parameters were analysed for symptoms of citrate toxicity. Analysis was carried out using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Software version 20.0, and paired t-test was used for analysing biochemical parameters. Results: A statistically significant decline in serum ionised calcium levels (1.17±0.09 vs 1.10±0.11) (preprocedure level vs postprocedure level) was observed in the oral calcium supplementation group compared to the intravenous calcium supplementation group (1.07±0.25 vs 1.11±0.14). The authors observed a decline in the mean levels of serum calcium in both the oral calcium group (10.33±1.62 vs 9.88±1.00) and the intravenous calcium group (10.31±1.33 vs 10.21±0.88). Furthermore, the authors observed a decline in mean serum magnesium levels in the oral calcium group (2.13±0.30 vs 2.07±0.24) with no difference observed in the intravenous calcium group (2.14±0.22 vs 2.14±0.14). Mild citrate toxicity symptoms in the form of tingling sensation and perioral paraesthesia were observed in 26 out of 32 donors in the oral calcium group, whereas no symptoms were recorded in the intravenous calcium group. Conclusion: Prophylactic intravenous calcium supplementation resulted in better bioavailability of serum ionised calcium levels with no citrate toxicity symptoms compared to oral calcium supplementation. This results in better retention of plateletpheresis donors, enabling smooth and comfortable collection of a high concentration of platelets from a single donor. However, it is imperative to conduct more studies with a larger number of plateletpheresis donors to observe donor adverse reactions specific to the population.

Abstract Since the very first patent on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) that was filed in 1988, this polymer has been widely utilized and has achieved great success owing to its high electrical conductivity and excellent stability. The application of the conducting polymer, PEDOT, in renewable energy devices, especially rechargeable batteries, is attracting increasing attention due to its potential to solve the energy and climate crisis. In this review, we summarize the research over the past few decades directed toward the application of PEDOT in rechargeable batteries aimed at improving their electrochemical performance. We focus on PEDOT synthesized via oxidative chemical vapor deposition (oCVD), a relatively new process known for its ability to grow conducting polymer thin films with uniform, pinhole-free properties, and controllable thickness and conformality. For a comparison purpose, PEDOT synthesized via solution-based methods is also briefly summarized. Finally, future research directions for applying oCVD PEDOT in rechargeable batteries are discussed. Introduction PEDOT Synthesis Methods Application of oCVD PEDOT in Rechargeable Batteries Applications of Solution-Based PEDOT in Rechargeable Batteries Conclusions and Outlook

This study explores the potential of the natural and cost-effective method of wound healing using Alternanthera sessilis by an in vitro study (using fibroblast L929 cells). Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus shows a zone of inhibition of 20 mm at 60 µg concentration in the antibiogram profile against the zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) wetted in fabrics synthesized from the Amaranthaceae family. Through characterization studies of the AS-ZnONPs, it was found that UV–visible spectra show a peak in the range of 350–460 nm, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra show a correlation peak in the range of 340–4,500 cm−1, scanning electron microscope with electron diffraction analysis results in a peak in the range of 7.8–9.4, and high-resolution transmission electron microscope, which exposes the morphological character (diamond shape in a black and white background), shows a peak at 200 nm. This work shows that the leaf extract of A. sessilis might support the ancient method of wound healing.

Using natural dyes in dyeing industries becomes an alternative to synthetic dyes, which are known to contain harmful chemicals that can pose risks to the environment and human health. This study involves the extraction of yellow dye from Cassia alata flower petals, optimization of the extraction process using an ultrasonic bath (40 KHz and an input power of 500), ultrasonic probe (390 W, 455 W, 520 W, 585 W, and 650 W), and conventional heating (heating mantle with 30 °C, 40 °C, 50 °C, 60 °C, and 70 °C), characterization of the dye, as well as dyeing (cotton, silk, and leather) without using a mordant. The extracted yellow dye was further evaluated to determine its antibacterial activity against skin bacteria. Dye extraction optimization using UV–Visible spectrophotometric analysis revealed that the maximum yellow color in methanol extract (287 and 479 nm) was obtained at 50 °C for 45 min using ultrasonic water bath extraction, followed by the ultrasonic probe and direct heating. Based on the FTIR spectra, it is evident that OH is present at approximately 3300 cm−1, while CH stretches at around 2900 cm−1. A characteristic peak at 1608 cm−1 bears a striking similarity to anthraquinonoid-based compounds. Also, using the ultrasonic water bath dyeing technique at 50 °C for 45 min, the yellow color of cotton, silk, and leather was dyed optimally. Due to effective color removal after two washings with boiling soap liquid, the dyed cotton and silk fabric displayed good washing and rubbing fastness. Regarding antibacterial activity, the dye was highly active against all pathogens after extraction in methanol. The maximum inhibition was observed against Pseudomonas sp. with a MIC value of 1.56 mg/ml.

Wetlands are dynamic ecosystems that provide feeding and nesting grounds for diverse species of waterbirds. The quality of wetland habitat may have an impact on the density, diversity, and species richness of waterbirds. Toxic metal contamination is one of the most significant threats to wetland habitats. Feathers are a key indicator of heavy metal contamination in avian communities as a non-invasive method. We examined the levels of Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Cobalt (Co), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb), Nickel (Ni), and Zinc (Zn) using ICP-AAS and standards of digestion procedure from the primary feathers of 10 distinct species of waterbirds. The study was conducted at four wetlands, viz., Point Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary (Ramsar site); Pallikaranai Marshland (Ramsar site); Perunthottam freshwater lake (unprotected wetland), Tamil Nadu and the Pulicat Lake, Andhra Pradesh, (Ramsar site), India. The Large crested tern had higher concentrations of As, Co, Cr, and Ni. Cu was greater in the Indian pond heron, and Zn was higher in the Grey heron. The accumulation of metals differed among the waterbirds (p < 0.05), and the inter-correlation of metals found positive influences between the tested metals, i.e., Co was positively associated with As, Cr had a positive correlation with As and Co, and Ni was positively correlated with As, Co, Cr, and Cu. In contrast, Pb had a positive association with Cu and Ni. The Zn was associated with Co, Cr and Cu. The level of metals in waterbirds was Zn > Cu > Cr > Ni > Pb > Co > Cd > As. The results showed that metal levels in the primary feathers of waterbirds were greater than the other species of waterbirds examined across the world. Thus, the study emphasizes that managing wetlands and controlling pollution is crucial to saving waterbirds; otherwise, the population and diversity of waterbirds will decline and become a significant threat to waterbird communities.

Shock waves are applied to non-linear optical materials, particularly organic materials, due to their fast response in electro-optic switches and high nonlinear efficiency. At room temperature, an acetamide-doped oxalic acid single crystal has been grown using the slow evaporation method among other crystal growth techniques. Single crystal oxac applies to shock waves in steps of 50 and 100 shock waves to the tail or the material properties without altering the original crystal system. The grown and shock wave treated crystals of OXAC were structurally identified by X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,UV–Visible and Photoluminescence spectral analysis, nonlinear optical activity (NLO) studies. The antimicrobial studies such as antibacterial and antifungal activities of the grown crystals of oxalic acid, OXAC and OXAC with 50 and 100 shocks were performed and the obtained results were discussed. From we declared results, we state that the post shock wave induced OXAC crystal is enhancing properties of NLO, antimicroibial studies relatively pre shock wave induced OXAC crystal and reflected in structural and optical studies.

In the present study, phycoerythrin pigment protein was extracted and purified from Gracilaria corticata (marine macroalga). The concentration of phycoerythrin (PE) obtained from G. corticata was 0.15 ​mg/ml (fresh weight). In this study, phycoerythrin expressed less antimicrobial activity against pathogens but found effective in total antioxidant activity (264.90 ​± ​10.20 ​μg/ml), DPPH scavenging effect (22.91 ​± ​1.90%) and ferrous ion chelating ability (26.06 ​± ​1.60%). Further, the cytotoxicity assay of PE using colon cancer cells such as SW620 and HCT-116 was tested. Different concentrations (2, 4, 8, 16, 32 ​μl) of phycoerythrin was tested in MTT assay after 24 ​h and 48 ​h incubation. The MTT assay concludes that increasing concentration of phycoerythrin (4.8 ​μg) decreases the cell viability to 42% after 48 ​h in SW 620 ​cell line. Whereas in the HCT 116 ​cell line the increasing concentration of phycoerythrin induces the cell growth on 24 ​h but later drastically reduced growth of cell line (39%) was observed after 48 ​h time in 4.8 ​μg of PE. From this preliminary study, the phycoerythrin pigment extracted from Gracilaria corticata proved to be a potential molecule of interest for cancer studies and diagnosis.

Under ultrasonication, cuprous oxide (Cu2O) microparticles (

Herbicides are used constantly in agriculture to enhance productivity across the globe. This herbicide monitoring requires utmost importance since its high dose leads to ecological imbalance and a negative impact on the environment. Moreover, a quantification of toxic herbicide is one of the important problems in the food analysis. In this work, deals with the development of a simple, and facile one-pot sonochemical synthesis of strontium doped La2S3 (Sr@La2S3). Morphological and structural characterization confirms the doping of Sr@La2S3 to generate a hierarchical layered structure. The electrochemical performance of modified with rotating disk electrode (RDE) using Sr@La2S3 composite is high, compared to La2S3 and bare electrodes towards the quantitative detection of mesotrione (MTO) in phosphate buffer. Sr@La2S3/RDE showed good sensitivity for MTO detection and it exhibit a range of 0.01–307.01 μM and limit of detection of 2.4 nM. Besides, the selectivity of fabricated electrode is high as it can electrochemically reduce MTO particularly, even in the presence of other chemicals, biological molecules and inorganic ions. The repeatability of MTO detection is high even after 30 days with a lower RSD values. Hence, simple fabrication of Sr@La2S3/RDE could be a novel electrode for the sensitive, selective, and reproducible determination of herbicides in real-time applications.

Quinoline is an efficient scaffold for anticancer drug development as its derivatives have shown potent results through several mechanisms like growth regulators through “apoptosis, disruption of cell migration, inhibition of angiogenesis, modulation of nuclear receptor responsiveness and cell cycle arrest, etc.,” The potential of quinoline derivatives has been proved in several cancer cell lines like breast cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer, colorectal cancer, renal cancer, etc. This review article aims to provide information about the synthesis, potential of the anticancer property, cytotoxicity, and level of clinical treatments, which could lay out the research to develop more effective quinoline-derived anticancer drugs.

Rutin is a bioactive compound that possesses anti-tumor activities through triggering apoptosis. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is insensitive to targeted anti-tumoral drugs, and drug resistance in TNBC poses a challenge for a successful cure. The accumulation of misfolded proteins in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) results in cellular stress that initiates a specialized response designated as the unfolded protein response. This study aimed to find potential ER stress targets in triple-negative breast cancer. The viability of cells was evaluated using an MTT assay. Cell migration and proliferation were done by wound scratch and colony formation assay. Cell cycle detection, measurement of ER stress, mitochondrial membrane potential disruption, and cell death identification was performed using flow cytometry. The interaction of rutin with ER stress proteins is predicted using in silico docking. The pattern of gene expression was determined by qRT-PCR. The elevated rate of cell viability, cell cycle arrest, ER stress, MMP, and apoptotic induction was observed in combination treatment. Rutin exhibited the highest glide score with ASK1 and JNK. The results of qRT-PCR showed that rutin induced apoptosis through upregulation of ASK1 and JNK. The present study provides strong evidence supporting an important role of the ER stress response in mediating rutin-induced apoptosis in triple-negative breast cancer.

In the present work, a new kind of nanocomposite (NC)-based solid component was prepared for formulating nanofluids (NFs). The NC comprised metal oxide (titanium dioxide, TiO2) dispersed in a conducting polymer with polyaniline (PANI) and chemically linked silyl–alkyl units in it (PSA) that were designated as T-PSA NC. The NFs with ethylene glycol (EG) as a base fluid were prepared with T-PSA NCs with various compositions of TiO2 and PSA as well for various concentrations of T-PSA NCs. The scanning electron microscopic evaluation of the NC revealed that PSA deposition on TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) decreased particle agglomeration. The PSA coating on the TiO2 NPs did not influence the crystalline structure of the TiO2 NPs, according to the X-ray diffraction patterns. The thermophysical characterization and molecular interaction features of the NFs at 303 K including a novel inorganic–organic T-PSA NC, were detailed. Furthermore, the stability of the T-PSA NC-based NFs was investigated experimentally using the zeta potential, and the particle size distribution change was analyzed using the dynamic light scattering (DLS) method. The T-PSA NCs had particle sizes that were significantly bigger than pristine PSA and pure TiO2. Most of the preparation conditions used to produce the T-PSA NCs resulted in moderately stable suspensions in EG. The results revealed that the ultrasonic velocity increased with the increase in the concentration of T-PSA NC mass % in the NFs, the refractive index and thermal conductivity increased with the increase in the concentration, and the surface tension exhibited a linear change when the ratio of mass % concentration of the T-PSA NCs increased. The combined presence of components that synergistically contribute to the electro, thermal, optical, and rheological properties is expected to attract advanced applications for NFs.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) seed supplementation on the anthropometric measurements, biochemical parameters, and blood pressure (BP) of Indian women with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Initially, in vitro antioxidant activities of pumpkin seeds extract were assessed using standard methods. In vitro alpha-amylase, alpha-glucosidase, and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibition effects, along with glucose uptake assay using 3T3-L1 cell lines were performed to determine the antidiabetic effects of the seeds extract. Fatty acids and phytoconstituents were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Indian women aged 30–50 years, having MetS were assigned either to intervention (n = 21) or control (n = 21) group on a random basis. Participants in the intervention group received 5 g of pumpkin seeds for 60 days. Participants in both intervention and control were advised to follow certain dietary guidelines throughout the study. Pumpkin seeds extract exhibited not only strong reducing power but also scavenged DPPH and ABTS●+ free radicals with low IC50 values. Pumpkin seeds inhibited alpha-amylase, alpha-glucosidase, and DPP-IV enzymes at varying concentrations with IC50 values of 138, 22, and 246 µg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, glucose uptake was enhanced by 213% at 300 ng/mL on the 3T3-L1 cell line. GC–MS analysis showed the presence of propyl piperidine, flavone, oleic acid, and methyl esters of fatty acids in the seed extract. On comparing the changes in mean reduction/ increment in the anthropometric measurements as well as biochemical parameters and BP between the groups, significant difference (P = 0.012) was observed only for fasting plasma glucose. Findings of the present study highlight the role of pumpkin seeds as a cost-effective adjunct in treating MetS.

The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has evolved into a global pandemic, with an alarming infectivity and mortality rate. Studies have examined genetic effects on SARS-CoV-2 disease susceptibility and severity within Eurasian populations. These studies identified contrasting effects on the severity of disease between African populations. Genetic factors can explain some of the diversity observed within SARS-CoV-2 disease susceptibility and severity. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the SARS-CoV-2 receptor genes have demonstrated detrimental and protective effects across ethnic groups. For example, the TT genotype of rs2285666 (Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)) is associated with the severity of SARS-CoV-2 disease, which is found at higher frequency within Asian individuals compared to African and European individuals. In this study, we examined four SARS-CoV-2 receptors, ACE2, Transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), Neuropilin-1 (NRP1), and Basigin (CD147). A total of 42 SNPs located within the four receptors were reviewed: ACE2 (12), TMPRSS2 (10), BSG (CD147) (5), and NRP1 (15). These SNPs may be determining factors for the decreased disease severity observed within African individuals. Furthermore, we highlight the absence of genetic studies within the African population and emphasize the importance of further research. This review provides a comprehensive summary of specific variants within the SARS-CoV-2 receptor genes, which can offer a better understanding of the pathology of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and identify novel potential therapeutic targets.

Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is a rare autoimmune inflammatory disorder affecting the central nervous system (CNS), specifically the optic nerve and the spinal cord, with severe clinical manifestations, including optic neuritis (ON) and transverse myelitis. Initially, NMO was wrongly understood as a condition related to multiple sclerosis (MS), due to a few similar clinical and radiological features, until the discovery of the AQP4 antibody (NMO-IgG/AQP4-ab). Various etiological factors, such as genetic-environmental factors, medication, low levels of vitamins, and others, contribute to the initiation of NMO pathogenesis. The autoantibodies against AQP4 target the AQP4 channel at the blood–brain barrier (BBB) of the astrocyte end feet, which leads to high permeability or leakage of the BBB that causes more influx of AQP4-antibodies into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of NMO patients. The binding of AQP4-IgG onto the AQP4 extracellular epitopes initiates astrocyte damage through complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Thus, a membrane attack complex is formed due to complement cascade activation; the membrane attack complex targets the AQP4 channels in the astrocytes, leading to astrocyte cell damage, demyelination of neurons and oligodendrocytes, and neuroinflammation. The treatment of NMOSD could improve relapse symptoms, restore neurological functions, and alleviate immunosuppression. Corticosteroids, apheresis therapies, immunosuppressive drugs, and B cell inactivating and complement cascade blocking agents have been used to treat NMOSD. This review intends to provide all possible recent studies related to molecular mechanisms, clinical perspectives, and treatment methodologies of the disease, particularly focusing on recent developments in clinical criteria and therapeutic formulations.

Due to their exceptional structural integrity, steel pipelines are the main component for oil and gas transmission. However, these pipelines are often affected by corrosion, despite corrosion protection, because of harsh working conditions. In addition to corrosion defects, pipelines are often subjected to multiple external loads. The combination of corrosion defects and external loads can significantly reduce the failure pressure, resulting in various failure behaviors. This reduction in failure pressure is especially critical in pipe bends as they are the weakest link in a pipeline. This paper presents an overview of the failure behavior of corroded steel pipe components subjected to internal pressure and axial compressive stress.

Congenital ectopic thymic cysts are one among the rare neck masses seen in paediatric age group. It should be considered in the differential diagnosis of cervical neck swellings in children. This is a case report of ectopic cervical thymic cyst presenting in a nine-year-old male child as unilateral neck mass. Histopathological features were suggestive of ectopic cervical thymic cyst. The embryological basis, clinical presentation and diagnosis of ectopic cervical thymic cyst is discussed in the study

A Novel class of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles have been synthesized in good to excellent yields via Cu(I) accelerated azide-alkyne click chemistry reaction strategy. The newly synthesized compounds were assessed for their in vitro antimicrobial activity against five Gram-positive, seven Gram-negative bacteria and three fungi. Most of the synthesized compounds displayed significant activity against the tested Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Molecular docking study revealed that all docked compounds are bound efficiently with the active site of Topoisomerase IV (4EMV) receptor with the observed the free energy of binding from −7.79 to −9.44 kcal/mol. Interestingly, compound 13a forms four hydrogen bonds and displayed high binding energy (−9.44 kcal/mol) with the Topoisomerase IV (4EMV) receptor which correlated with their in vitro antimicrobial assays.

An expedient regioselectivesynthesis of novel mono, C2-symmetric bis-triazole and acridinedione bridged macromolecules has been achieved in good yields employing intermolecular Cu(I) catalyzed azide and alkyne click reaction. Synthesis of O-propargyl acridinedione was achieved in three good yielding steps starting from dimedone, while the symmetrical aliphatic and aryl bis-azides were derived from appropriate dibromides in the presence of sodium azide in dry DMF. The synthesized mono and C2-symmetric bis-macromolecules have been elucidated by 1H, 13C, elemental and mass spectroscopic analysis. The antioxidant activity of synthesized compounds has also been investigated.

The radical proliferation of pathogenic bacteria and their infections causes significant issues for human health and the environment. Today, biopolymers are used to produce different nanoparticles. In the present investigation, the fabricated chitosan/agar-silver nanoparticles (Cht/Ar-AgNPs)-coated papers were tested for antibacterial applications. Agar was used as a reducing agent for the synthesis of AgNPs. Synthesized Ar-AgNPs were examined through optical, phase crystallinity and topological analysis. Cht and Ar-AgNPs solution was mixed with various ratios of 9:1, 8:2, 7:3, 6:4, and 5:5 by weight. In addition to that, the conformity of Cht/Ar-AgNPs-coated papers was characterized by structural, spectral, and morphological analysis. However, Cht/Ar-AgNPs-coated papers were subjected to antibacterial properties. The ratio of (6:4) Cht/Ar-AgNPs-coated paper showed excellent antibacterial agent, and it can be used as extending the food product shelf life.

The systemic toxicity of anticancer drugs regularly restricts the use of conventional chemotherapy to treat cancer. In this study, the limitations overcome by profitably fabricating a multifunctional nanocarrier system to carry the anticancer drug into the specific location of the cancer cells. The polyethylene glycol (PEG) was functionalized in the carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT-COOH) through an esterification reaction (MWCNT-PEG). The targeting ligand of folic acid (FA) was covalently bonded with hyperbranched poly-L-lysine (HBPLL) using adipic acid (AA) as a cross-linking agent. Doxorubicin (DOX), an anticancer drug, was effectively loaded on MWCNT-PEG-AA-HBPLL-FA carrier loading, and in-vitro drug release was investigated by UV–Vis spectrophotometer. The chemical functionalization, morphological properties, crystalline nature, surface charge, and thermal stability of the synthesized materials were studied by FT-IR, FE-SEM, HR-TEM, DLS, and TGA techniques. In-vitro cytotoxicity and anticancer properties of DOX-loaded nanocarrier were studied in human liver cancer (HepG2) cells and human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells. The activities of caspases (caspase −3, −8 & −9) were analyzed using luminometry. The intrinsic apoptosis pathway proteins (Bcl-2 & BAX) were determined by western blot and RT-PCR analysis. The synthesized DOX-loaded nanocarriers exhibited increased cytotoxicity and apoptosis in liver HepG2 cells. The results suggest that the DOX-loaded nanocarrier possesses strong anticancer properties and could be an applicable and potential drug carrier for liver cancer chemotherapy.