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In the realm of public health, the rising threat caused by bacteria resistant to many drugs is a critical concern. In this work, we used the aqueous extract of mangosteen leaves to create zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) in an environmentally friendly manner. Through various analytical methods, we thoroughly characterized these biogenic ZnO NPs, including UV−visible, Fourier transform infrared, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, field emission-scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray and high resolution-transmission electron microscopy. ZnO NPs showed distinctive properties among different characterization techniques, including a small energy bandgap of 2.80 eV, a porous, a minimum crystalline size of 16.99 nm, an average particle size of 14.21 nm, and a spherical nanostructure. Additionally, we performed preliminary antibacterial experiments to assess ZnO NPs, copper oxide (CuO) NPs, and ZnO–CuO nanocomposites for antibacterial activity. Interestingly, ZnO NPs showed significant potential in suppressing the growth of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC BAA-1026, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, and Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883, with decreasing order of minimum inhibitory concentrations: S. aureus = B. subtilis (15.63 μg·mL−1) > E. coli (62.50 μg·mL−1) > K. pneumoniae (125.00 μg·mL−1). These results highlight the potential of biogenic NPs, particularly ZnO NPs, as effective agents against multi-drug-resistant bacteria.

A novel non-centrosymmetric Cadmium Metal-Organic Framework (Cd-MOF) crystal with chemical formula CdC8N8H14O2S4 was synthesized and characterized. The band structure and optical limiting properties of the Cd-MOF were investigated using Band structure calculations and Optical limiting studies. The band structure analysis showed that the crystal displayed a larger, highly dispersive band, highlighting significant anisotropic n-channel charge carrier mobility. The optical limiting study demonstrated that the Cd-MOF exhibited Reverse Saturable Absorption (RSA) behaviour with an optical limiting threshold value of 1094 kW/cm2. The NLO behaviour of the Cd-MOF provides a promising potential for its application in NLO devices.

The alkaline oxygen evolution reaction (OER) remains a bottleneck in green hydrogen production owing to its slow reaction kinetics and low catalytic efficiencies of earth abundant electrocatalysts in the alkaline OER reaction. This study investigates the OER performance of hierarchically porous cobalt electrocatalysts synthesized using the dynamic hydrogen bubble templating (DHBT) method. Characterization studies revealed that electrocatalysts synthesized under optimized conditions using the DHBT method consisted of cobalt nanosheets, and hierarchical porosity with macropores distributed in a honeycomb network and mesopores distributed between cobalt nanosheets. Moreover, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies revealed the presence of Co(OH)2 as the predominant surface cobalt species while Raman studies revealed the presence of the cubic Co3O4 phase in the synthesized electrocatalysts. The best performing electrocatalyst required only 360 mV of overpotential to initiate a current density of 10 mA cm−2, exhibited a Tafel slope of 37 mV dec−1, and stable OER activity over 24 h. The DHBT method offers a facile, low cost and rapid synthesis approach for preparation for highly efficient cobalt electrocatalysts.

This research created hot-pressed composites of the AA6063 matrix with varying concentrations of ZrO2 (0.25, 0.5, and 1 wt %). At sliding speeds of 80, 120, and 150 mm/s, the wear performance of the specimen was studied at loads of 10 N, 15 N, 20 N, and 25 N. The authors analyzed the counter-face material, the wear debris, and the worn surfaces to learn about the wear mechanisms. Developing these three machine learning (ML) algorithms was to evaluate the ability to predict wear behavior using the same small dataset collected using varying test processes. A thorough examination of each model hyperparameter tuning phase was performed. The predictive performance was analyzed using several statistical tools. The most effective decision-making algorithms for this data collection were those based on trees. Predictions made by the decision tree algorithm for the test and validation measurements have an accuracy of 86% and 99.7%, respectively. The best model was picked out based on the results of the predictions.

Introduction: Bioactive molecules from natural sources having contraceptive properties were excellent alternatives for modern hormonal contraceptives. Researchers around the world were working on identifying contraceptive leads targeting the male reproductive system rather than the usual female contraceptives. The lack of proper understanding on male contraceptive protein drug targets leads to insufficient evidence on activities of identified contraceptive compounds. The proteins specific to the male reproductive system and involved in sperm-egg fusion will be an excellent drug target to identify the male non-hormonal, reversible contraceptive leads. Inhibiting sperm hyaluronidase activity by natural non-hormonal compounds will lead to reversible and non-hormonal male contraception. The Aegle marmelos Linn. is one such important medicinal plant with valuable phytocompounds, used traditionally as a potential contraceptive measure. The in vivo experiments on leaf extracts of Aegle marmelos. Linn containing terpenes, sterols, and alkaloids shows prominent contraceptive activities. Moreover, this study explores the potential ability of the leaf extract on inhibiting the sperm hyaluronidase action with additional molecular details on the interaction between sperm hyaluronidases and three phytocompounds such as aegeline, marmin, and marminol.Material and methods: The in vitro hyaluronidase inhibition assay and Computer Assisted Sperm Analysis (CASA) were used to evaluate the male contraceptive properties of the Aegle marmelos Linn. leaf extract. To identify the interaction profile of aegeline, marmin, and marmenol on sperm cell hyaluronidases the in-silico methods such as molecular docking, Non-Covalent Interaction analysis, Molecular dynamics, and Molecular Mechanics Poisson Boltzmann Surface Area were used.Results and discussion: The results of in vitro hyaluronidase inhibition assay and Computer Assisted Sperm Analysis shows the inhibition of hyaluronidase enzymatic activity and reduced sperm activities in the presence of leaf extracts. After incubation with leaf extracts for about 30 minutes time intervals show, the motility drops from progressive to non-progressive and ended up with complete immotile in 100 μg/ml concentration of leaf extract. The results of molecular docking, Non-Covalent Interaction analysis, Molecular dynamics, and Molecular mechanics Poisson Boltzmann Surface Area show that the phytocompounds marmin, and aegeline have the potential ability to inhibit sperm hyaluronidase.

Titanium dental implants are one of the modalities to replace missing teeth. The release of titanium particles from the implant’s surface may modulate the immune cells, resulting in implant failure. However, little is known about the immune microenvironment that plays a role in peri-implant inflammation as a consequence of titanium particles. In this study, the peri-implant gingival tissues were collected from patients with failed implants, successful implants and no implants, and then a whole transcriptome analysis was performed. The gene set enrichment analysis confirmed that macrophage M1/M2 polarization and lymphocyte proliferation were differentially expressed between the study groups. The functional clustering and pathway analysis of the differentially expressed genes between the failed implants and successful implants versus no implants revealed that the immune response pathways were the most common in both comparisons, implying the critical role of infiltrating immune cells in the peri-implant tissues. The H&E and IHC staining confirmed the presence of titanium particles and immune cells in the tissue samples, with an increase in the infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages in the failed implant samples. The in vitro validation showed a significant increase in the level of IL-1β, IL-8 and IL-18 expression by macrophages. Our findings showed evidence that titanium particles modulate lymphocyte and macrophage polarization in peri-implant gingival tissues, which can help in the understanding of the imbalance in osteoblast–osteoclast activity and failure of dental implant osseointegration.

In this work, a synthesis of cubic-like CoMn2O4 uniform nanostructures with KOH-NaOH involved in the hydrothermal method has been reported. The crystal structure phase purity, functional groups, and morphology of the CoMn2O4 have been investigated by X‑ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), high-reso­lution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) analyses. The electrochemical behaviour of CoMn2O4 electroactive material has been examined for supercapacitors. The electrode displays excellent capacitive behaviour with superior electrochemical properties. The cubic-like morphology structure with enough free space is beneficial for improving electrochemical performance. The CoMn2O4 electrode exhibits a faradaic capacitance with the highest specific capacitance value of 762.4 F g-1 at a scan rate of 5 mV s-1. The coulombic efficiency of the CoMn2O4 electrode was found to be 91.2 % after 2000 charging-discharging cycles. The nanostructures of CoMn2O4 make a prominent contribution to the excellent electrochemical performance of the prepared electrode.

All over the world, almost one billion people live in regions where water is scarce. It is also estimated that by 2035, almost 3.5 billion people will be experiencing water scarcity. Hence, there is a need for water based technologies. In separation processes, membrane based technologies have been a popular choice due to its advantages over other techniques. In recent decades, sustained research in the field of membrane technology has seen a remarkable surge in the development of membrane technology, particularly because of reduction of energy footprints and cost. One such development is the inclusion of nanoparticles in thin film composite membranes, commonly referred to as Thin Film Nanocomposite Membranes (TFN). This review covers the development, characteristics, advantages, and applications of TFN technology since its introduction in 2007 by Hoek. After a brief overview on the existing membrane technology, this review discusses TFN membranes. This discussion includes TFN membrane synthesis, characterization, and enhanced properties due to the incorporation of nanoparticles. An attempt is made to summarize the various nanoparticles used for preparing TFNs and the effects they have on membrane performance towards desalination. The improvement in membrane performance is generally observed in properties such as permeability, selectivity, chlorine stability, and antifouling. Subsequently, the application of TFNs in Reverse Osmosis (RO) alongside other desalination alternatives like Multiple Effect Flash evaporator and Multi-Stage Flash distillation is covered.

Dysregulation in brain neurotransmitters underlies several neuropsychiatric disorders, e.g., autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Also, abnormalities in the extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway pave the way for neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and altered learning phenotype in ASD. Therefore, the effects of chronic systemic administration of the multiple-targeting antagonist ST-713 at the histamine H3 receptor (H3R) and dopamine D2/D3 receptors (D2/D3R) on repetitive self-grooming, aggressive behaviors, and abnormalities in the MAPK pathway in BTBR T + Itpr3tf/J (BTBR) mice were assessed. The results showed that ST-713 (2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg, i.p.) mitigated repetitive self-grooming and aggression in BTBR mice (all p < 0.05), and the ameliorative effects of the most promising dose of ST-713 (5 mg/kg, i.p.) on behaviors were completely abrogated by co-administration of the H3R agonist (R)-α-methylhistamine or the anticholinergic drug scopolamine. Moreover, the elevated levels of several MAPK pathway proteins and induced proinflammatory markers such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and IL-6 were significantly suppressed following chronic administration of ST-713 (5 mg/kg, i.p.) (all p < 0.01). Furthermore, ST-713 significantly increased the levels of histamine and dopamine in hippocampal tissue of treated BTBR mice (all p < 0.01). The current observations signify the potential role of such multiple-targeting compounds, e.g., ST-713, in multifactorial neurodevelopmental disorders such as ASD.

Seabass fish (Lates Calcarifer) is an excellent source for nutrients and health beneficial properties. However, it is susceptible to spoil easily and developing a processed product using seabass fish could retain the nutrients and as well as extend the shelf life. The present study aimed to develop a novel fish essence soup combined with selected fruits and vegetables, processed by prolonged boiling (5, 7, or 9 h) and studied various biochemical qualities. Lightness, redness, and yellowness of soup samples gradually increased with the duration of boiling. The pH and water activity in the samples did not significantly affected by the duration of boiling and alternatively, the density and viscosity of the soup was significantly influenced by the duration of boiling. The boiling process was significantly affected the protein, lipid, fiber, carbohydrate, and total mineral contents in the fish soup. Total phenolic content increased, and total flavonoid content decreased with boiling duration. Antioxidant potentials, such as 2,2-dipheny-l-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activities, Fe2+ chelating activity, and reducing power of the soup samples were the highest when stewed for 9 h. 83 different volatile compounds (VOCs) were identified in the soup, and the boiling significantly affected the VOC levels in soups. Seabass fish soup that processed at different boiling duration had 9 essential amino acids and 8 non-essential amino acids. This study also checked for the fatty acid compositions in the soups, and it was found that the fish soup contains a total of 25 fatty acids (12 saturated fatty acids, and 13 unsaturated fatty acids). Overall, the consumer acceptance scores were high for the fish soup boiled for 9 h. This study found that prolonged boiling significantly affected the fish soup quality, and overall boiling for 7 h or 9 h increased the health-beneficial biochemicals including polyphenolics, amino acids, fatty acids, and improved consumer acceptability.

The effect of ultrasonication (25 kHz for 10 min) on physical, thermal, and structural properties and storage stability of palm oil-based oleogels prepared using different concentrations of carnauba wax (CW) (5% or 10%) were investigated and compared with oleogels prepared with a homogenizer (2000 rpm for 10 min). Overall, this study found that applying an ultrasonication process with higher CW concentration (10%) effectively improved the properties and stability of palm oil-based oleogel (p < 0.05). Oleogels processed with ultrasonication had higher lightness (L*), higher yellowness (b*), and lower redness (a*) than those processed with homogenizer (p < 0.05), irrespective of CW concentrations. However, a higher CW concentration (10%) increased the textural properties of oleogels such as hardness, stickiness, and tackiness as compared to oleogels with a lower CW concentration (5%) (p < 0.05). Thermal properties including melting onset temperature, melting peak temperature, and melting enthalpy were found to be significantly higher in ultrasonication-processed oleogels with high CW concentration (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the microscopic examination of the oleogels exhibited a strong gel network when prepared using a high concentration of CW and processed with ultrasonication. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra of oleogels revealed that strong intra- and intermolecular interactions were formed by hydrogen bonding between CW and palm oil. X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed a smooth and fine structural network of oleogels and proved that ultrasonication increased the structural properties of oleogel. Moreover, oil loss and peroxide value of oleogels were increased during 90 days of storage (p < 0.05). However, oleogels processed with the ultrasonication had reduced oil loss and increased peroxidation stability during storage (p < 0.05). Overall, this study showed that application of ultrasonication with a higher CW concentration could improve properties and storage stability of palm oil-based oleogel.

Composite materials have a wide range of applications in emerging eco-friendly environments. Composites that created from naturally available materials are easily decomposed over time and very cost-effective. Fly ash and sugarcane fiber are widely available waste materials produced on a massive scale. This research was aimed to find an optimal mixture of reinforced composites (fly ash, sugarcane fiber and CNTs) in order to maximize yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and Young’s modulus using a Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm with Decomposition (MOEA/D). Optimizing one objective may have a negative impact on another objective, so the authors used the sophisticated MOEA/D algorithm to simultaneously find optimal values on all three objectives. The Design of Experiments (DOE) method was performed using ANOVA, and then regression equations were generated. The regression equations were optimized using the MOEA/D algorithm to obtain optimal values. Using the optimal compositional values produced by the algorithm, materials were fabricated. The fabricated materials were tested using a Shimadzu UTM machine to cross-validate the findings. A combination of 0.2 wt.% of fly ash, 2 wt.% of SCF, and 0.39 wt.% of CNTs showed a maximum yield strength of 7.52 MPa and Young’s modulus of 1281.18 MPa, with a quite considerable ultimate tensile strength of 10.54 MPa compared with the optimized results obtained through the response surface methodology.

The HfO2 nanoparticles and the nanocomposites of HfO2-graphene (10, 30, and 50 wt%) were prepared via precipitation and simple mixing method. The XRD pattern confirmed the presence of monoclinic HfO2 and hexagonal graphene in the nanocomposite. Raman spectroscopy studies revealed the formation of HfO2-graphene nanocomposite. According to SEM and TEM images the HfO2, NPs are spherical, and their size is less than 10 nm, anchored on the surface of the graphene sheets. The EDX spectrum shows carbon, oxygen, and HfO2 and reveals the formation of the HfO2-graphene nanocomposite. The UV-vis absorption spectra show the optical properties of synthesized HfO2-graphene nanocomposite. The study examines the influence of different ratios of the addition of graphene on the photocatalytic activity of HfO2-graphene. It was found that the HfO2-graphene (50 wt%) 40 mg nanocomposite exhibits enhanced photocatalytic activity than the bare HfO2 towards the methylene blue photodegradation, an aromatic pollutant in water under UV light irradiation, which can be applied optimally for individually wastewater management system. The HfO2-graphene (50 wt%) photocatalyst degrades 81 ± 2% of tetracycline in 180 min, implying that tetracycline can be degraded more efficiently under UV light. The enhancement in photocatalytic activity under UV light illumination can be attributed to the effective separation of photogenerated electrons, inhibiting recombination in the HfO2-graphene composite.

The present study permutes edible palm oil (PO) into oleogel by incorporating carnauba wax (CW) at two different concentrations (5 g/100 g and 10 g/100 g, w/w) and processing using ultrasonication. The prepared oleogels (OG1: PO-CW (5 g/100 g); OG2: PO-CW (10 g/100 g); and OGU1: PO-CW (5 g/100 g) with ultrasonication, and OGU2: PO-CW (10 g/100 g) with ultrasonication) were compared with PO (control) to deep fry salted duck egg white (SDEW) fortified instant noodles. The impact of different frying mediums on the physicochemical properties of SDEW noodles was investigated. SDEW instant noodles that were fried using OGU and OG samples had a higher L* and b* but lower a* values than those that were fried in PO (p < 0.05). Among the oleogel-fried samples, noodles that were fried in OGU2 and OG2 effectively lowered the oil uptake and showed better cooking properties than OGU1- and OG1-fried noodles, respectively (p < 0.05). Textural attributes such as higher hardness, firmness, chewiness, tensile strength and elasticity, and lower stickiness were noticed in the samples that were fried in OGU, followed by OG and PO (p < 0.05). Scanning electron microstructure revealed a uniform and smoother surface of noodles fried in OGU and OG, whereas the PO-fried sample showed an uneven and rough surface with more bulges. Noodles were tested for fatty acid compositions, and the results found that oleogel-fried noodles retained more unsaturated fatty acids than the control (p < 0.05). During storage of the frying medium after frying the noodles, OGU and OG had higher oxidative stability with lower TBARS, PV, p-AnV, and Totox values than PO at room temperature for 12 days. Overall, using oleogel as frying media improved the physicochemical and nutritional properties of SDEW noodles. This finding could be beneficial for food industries to produce healthy fried food products for consumers.

The magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) were prepared from Moringa oleifera leaf extract. Phytochemicals are derived from plant extract which are served as stabilizing and capping agents. This green route has been attracted owing to speed, reliable, and eco-friendly and cost-effective one. The synthesized magnesium oxide nanoparticles were taken into three different calcination temperatures (500, 600, and 700°C). The powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) study shows a pure phase of face-centered cubic structure. Periclase MgO nanoparticles were prepared. The optical band gap of MgO nanoparticles is 4.5 eV, and its absorption in the UV region was observed by UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis). Photoluminescence spectra have exhibited multicolor emissions were being at UV and visible region due to defect centers (F centers) of MgO nanoparticles. EDX (energy dispersive X-ray spectrum) has given the stoichiometric ratio of Mg and O. The functional groups have been studied by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), surface morphology transformation has been identified by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies, and VSM measurements have given the information of diamagnetic nature of MgO nanoparticles. H-R TEM micrographs have confirmed that particles were in nanorange matched with XRD report. Polycrystalline nature has been observed pattern information. TG-DSC characterization revealed phase transition and weight loss information. D-band and G-band of MgO nanoparticles are studied by micro-Raman analysis. Dielectric analysis has proven that MgO nanoparticles will be a promising candidate for linear dielectric ceramics, thermistor. The present resent studies have revealed that MgO powder will be an economical and promising candidate in superconductor, optoelectronic device, and energy storage applications.

Brucine diol (BD) catalyzed asymmetric Morita–Baylis–Hillman (MBH) reaction is observed for the first time. Brucine N-oxide (BNO) was found to not have an effective chiral catalyst. Faster reaction rate was obtained using unsaturated ester or aromatic aldehydes in the presence of BNO. 4-Nitrobenzaldehyde and α,β-unsaturated ketone/ester were converted to the MBH adduct in moderate yields (up to 74%) with 70% ee value by this catalytic system. The mechanism of BD catalysis is probably initiated by conjugating the vicinal diol of BD to the carbonyl group of the aromatic aldehyde through hydrogen bonding. The tertiary amine of BD acts as a nucleophile to activate vinyl ketone for coupling with the carbonyl of aldehyde through an intramolecular carbonylated reaction. Finally, the breakdown of the complex caused the formation of the MBH adduct (a benzyl-allyl alcohol). The chirality of the benzyl-allyl alcohol is likely affected by the interaction of the bulky asymmetric plane of BD.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by social and communicative impairments, as well as repetitive and restricted behaviors (RRBs). With the limited effectiveness of current pharmacotherapies in treating repetitive behaviors, the present study determined the effects of acute systemic treatment of the novel multi-targeting ligand ST-2223, with incorporated histamine H3 receptor (H3R) and dopamine D2/D3 receptor affinity properties, on ASD-related RRBs in a male Black and Tan BRachyury (BTBR) mouse model of ASD. ST-2223 (2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly mitigated the increase in marble burying and self-grooming, and improved reduced spontaneous alternation in BTBR mice (all p < 0.05). Similarly, reference drugs memantine (MEM, 5 mg/kg, i.p.) and aripiprazole (ARP, 1 mg/kg, i.p.), reversed abnormally high levels of several RRBs in BTBR (p < 0.05). Moreover, ST-2223 palliated the disturbed anxiety levels observed in an open field test (all p < 0.05), but did not restore the hyperactivity parameters, whereas MEM failed to restore mouse anxiety and hyperactivity. In addition, ST-2223 (5 mg/kg, i.p.) mitigated oxidative stress status by decreasing the elevated levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), and increasing the levels of decreased glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) in different brain parts of treated BTBR mice (all p < 0.05). These preliminary in vivo findings demonstrate the ameliorative effects of ST-2223 on RRBs in a mouse model of ASD, suggesting its pharmacological prospective to rescue core ASD-related behaviors. Further confirmatory investigations on its effects on various brain neurotransmitters, e.g., dopamine and histamine, in different brain regions are still warranted to corroborate and expand these initial data.

Introduction: Intestinal helminth infections are a problem worldwide in children responsible for a majority of the morbidity associated with it. School going age children are also at special risk of being infected by these parasites. Aim: To analyse the burden and types of intestinal helminths in school going children in comparison to the whole paediatric population. Materials and Methods: Five hundred children were included within a period of three years and in all 720 stool and duodenal aspirates samples were collected and sent for routine testing including repeats were included. The study tried to compare the intestinal helminth infections between school going children and preschool children, its distributions, risk factors or any associated morbidities and co-infections. Results: In all, 127 children were positive for a type of intestinal infection by routine stool/aspirate microscopy which was confirmed by concentration method of which 93 children were positive for an intestinal helminth infection. 24.9% (81/325) of the children were test positive school going children and the remaining 34/127 (26.7%) children were positive for other non-helminth parasitic infections. Maximum positivity was of hookworm (51, 40.1%), followed by Strongyloides stercoralis (46, 36.2%), Ascaris lumbricoides (21, 16.5%) and Enterobius vermicularis (9, 7%). Single species of helminth infection was seen in 70.8% (90/127) of the infected children in contrast to 2.3% (3/127) children having multiple types of parasitic helminth infections. Maximum prevalence was seen among the 6-10 years age group (54.8%). Conclusion: Silent infection or hyper infection was seen especially in the immunocompromised children. Intestinal parasitic infections are very much prevalent. Strong suspicion, proper diagnosis and preventive measures are the need of the hour.

Novel eco-freindly benign morphology-controlled biosynthesis of acicular iron oxide (γ-Fe2O3) nanostructures with various shapes and sizes have been synthesized through greener surfactant, Aloe vera (AV) extract assisted sol-gel method. By simply varying the experimental parameters, pure phase of cubic spinel superparamagnetic γ-Fe2O3 nanospherical aggregates, nanobelts and nanodots have been developed. The synthesized γ-Fe2O3 nanostructures are characterized through X-Ray Diffractommetry (XRD), X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectrsocopy (FT-IR), Field Emission-Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM). Moreover, the electrochemical determination of uric acid (UA) and dopamine (DA) of the as obtained γ-Fe2O3 nanostructures are systematically demonstrated. The electrochemical properties of the γ-Fe2O3 nanostructures modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) displayed an excellent sensing capability for the determination of DA and UA, simultaneously than the bare GCE. When compared with the other iron oxide nanostructures, γ-Fe2O3 nanobelts/GCE exhibited remarkable oxidation current response towards the biomolecules. This occurred due to the high surface area and the unique one-dimensional nanostructure of γ-Fe2O3 nanobelts. Ultimately, the greener synthesis protocol explored in this research work may also be expanded for the preparation of other morphology controlled magnetic and non-magnetic nanomaterials, which could easily open up innovative potential avenues for the development of practical biosensors.

A facile one-step, eco-friendly, and cost-effective approach for the formation of copper oxide (CuO) nanowires by a green method using saponin-rich Sapindus mukorossi fruit extract (SMFE). The physio-chemical characteristics of the synthesized CuO nanowires have been characterized by X-ray Diffractometry (XRD), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), FT-IR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, FE-SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), and High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-TEM). Further, the electrocatalytic activity of the CuO nanowires synthesized with SMFE has been investigated, and they have been used as dopamine (DA) sensors. Because of their unique properties, the CuO nanowires/GCE exhibited remarkable electrochemical response for the detection of DA with enhanced current response. The anodic current demonstrated that the CuO nanowires/GCE linearly detects the concentration of DA over the range of 0.1 µM to 0.105 mM of DA with a regression co-efficient of 0.9960. The obtained results illustrated that the synthesized CuO nanowires can easily stimulate the electron transfer reaction between DA and the nanowires modified electrode with the improvement of the conductivity and stability of the electrode. This remarkable electrocatalytic property of CuO nanowires makes it a unique electrochemical sensor for the detection of DA. Furthermore, the sensor is free from the interference of ascorbic acid, uric acid, and other interfering species. Moreover, the anti-interference performance also showed that the CuO nanowires/GCE could be employed for the determination of DA in real samples with good selectivity and sensitivity.

The corrosion of iron, copper and brass alloy has been investigated in different medium i.e. HNO3, H3PO4, H2SO4, HCl, CH3COOH. The study reveals that corrosion rate increases in the order iron > copper > brass and for the medium the corrosion follows the order HNO3 > H3PO4 > H2SO4 > HCl > CH3COOH. The rate of corrosion increases with increasing concentration of acid and with increase in time.

A new, simple, precise, rapid, selective and stability indicating reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method has been developed and validated for simultaneous quantification of trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride, trifluoperazine hydrochloride and chlorpromazine hydrochloride from combined tablet formulation. The method is based on reverse-phase using C-18 (250×4.6) mm, 5 μm particle size column. The separation is achieved using isocratic elution by methanol and ammonium acetate buffer (1% w/v, pH 6.5) in the ratio of 85:15 v/v, pumped at flow rate 1.0 mL/min and UV detection at 215 nm. The column is maintained at 30 °C through out the analysis. This method gives baseline resolution. The total run time is 15 min. Stability indicating capability is established buy forced degradation experiment. The method is validated for specificity, accuracy, precision and linearity as per International conference of harmonisation (ICH). The method is accurate and linear for quantification of trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride, trifluoperazine hydrochloride and Chlorpromazine hydrochloride between 5 - 15 μg/mL, 12.5- 37.5 μg/mL and 62.5 - 187.5 μg/mL respectively.

Energetics and the electronic structure of various types of single-walled carbon nanotubes have been investigated by using Density Functional Theory. Armchair [n,n], zigzag [n,0] and chiral [n,m] C40H20 nanotubes have been considered. Calculations show that the armchair isomer is the most stable among the three types and they further reveal the factors that stabilize this isomer. Nucleus-independent chemical shift calculations indicate the aromaticity of the individual hexagonal rings in the carbon nanotubes and explain the extent of electron delocalization in them.