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Different from the existing works, in this paper we investigate the pilot allocation in multi-cell massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, aiming to maximize the spectral efficiency (SE) subject to the constraint that the number of user equipments (UEs) satisfying the quality of service (QoS) is maximized. Since the considered bilevel optimization problem that is tough to handle, we resort to the greedy algorithms with low computational complexity. We propose a QoS constrained (QC) pilot allocation scheme, which sequentially allocates the pilot sequence having large interference power to the UE with small signal power so that the number of UEs satisfying QoS can be maximized and then the SE can also be maximized. Simulation results show that the propose QC scheme outperforms the conventional scheme and smart pilot allocation (SPA) scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate beam training and allocation for multiuser millimeter wave massive MIMO systems. An orthogonal pilot-based beam training scheme is first developed to reduce the number of training times, where all users can simultaneously perform the beam training with the base station (BS). As the number of users increase, the same beam from the BS may point to different users, leading to beam conflict and multiuser interference. Therefore, a quality-of-service (QoS) constrained (QC) beam allocation scheme is proposed to maximize the equivalent channel gain of the QoS-satisfied users, under the premise that the number of the QoS-satisfied users without beam conflict is maximized. To reduce the overhead of beam training, two partial beam training schemes, an interlaced scanning (IS)-, and a selection probability (SP)-based schemes, are proposed. The overhead of beam training for the IS-based scheme can be reduced by nearly half, while the overhead for the SP-based scheme is flexible. The simulation results show that the QC-based beam allocation scheme can effectively mitigate the interference caused by the beam conflict and significantly improve the spectral efficiency, while the IS-based and SP-based schemes significantly reduce the overhead of beam training at the cost of sacrificing spectral efficiency, a little. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]