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Introduction: The incidence of Candida infections is on the rise with the increase in number of immuno-compromised patients due to excessive use of immunosuppressive drugs as well as the use of medical and surgical interventions. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital from February 2021- August 2022. All Candida isolates from various clinical samples during the study period were processed for identification and susceptibility testing by both Automated & Conventional methods with E-strip. Data analysed by using Microsoft excel spreadsheet and then analyzed by SPSS and Graph PadPrism version 5. Result: Total Candida isolates were 100, among them near about half (43%) of the isolates were obtained from critical care unit followed by thoracic unit (17%), Ward (16%), trauma centre (15%), high dependency (7%) and 2% from outdoor. Maximum number of isolates came from central line catheter 43, followed by blood 19. other samples from where candida were isolated are urine 13, endotracheal aspirate 9, Pleural fluid 7, Bronchoalveolar lavage 3, Cerebrospinal Fluid 3 and Wound 3. Isolated pathogens were Candida albicans. Candida tropicalis, Candida parapsilosis, Candida glabrata, Candida auris, Candida guilliermondii , Candida haemulonii, Candida ciferrii, Candida famata, Candida duobushaemulonii. The association between isolated Candida and from which samples they are isolated were statistically significant with ‘P’ value

Background: Infective Endocarditis (IE) caused by microbial biofilm is associated with high degree of mortality and morbidity. Of late, silver nano-particles (AgNPs) with a wide range of antimicrobial, anti-biofilm properties are being studied to combat this drug resistance. Objective: Assessment of anti-biofilm role of AgNPs among the potential biofilm producer isolates retrieved by in-vitro study. Methods: Following inclusion and exclusion criteria, some thirty extracted heart valves were considered to be included in the study. Sample collection, transport, storage and processing of samples for aerobic and anaerobic bacteriological culture were done as per standard microbiological guidelines. Biofilm detection assay and antibiofilm efficacy of indigenously prepared carboxy methyl cellulose capped AgNPs sized 9.5nm (CMC-AgNPs-9.5) were studied using Christensen’s et al. method. Statistical Analysis: One-way ANOVA and unpaired t-test were used. P≤ 0.05 obtained was considered statistically significant. Results: Majority were Gram-positive (75%) and 91.6% of the microbial isolates were found to be biofilm producers.CMC-AgNPs-9.5were able to effectively eradicate biofilm. Conclusion: AgNPs by their reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation provide new ray of hope for antimicrobial, antibiofilm and prevention strategies. However in vivo study may be done in future to substantiate the present scientific claim further.

Background: Infections caused by Myroides spp. have been found very rarely in recent scientific literature. These Gram-negative bacilli however are increasingly being implicated in various life threatening infections, of late, in some of the critical care settings. Objective: To detect Myroides spp infections with strong degree of suspicion and to review the surveillance of multi drug resistant organism spread and containment in critical care settings of hospital. Methodology: Suspected isolates were found in the course of routine laboratory activities of blood and urine culture from patients admitted in intensive care unit, from amongst the non -fermenter Gram negative bacteria set as the inclusion criterion, and subjected to identification and antimicrobial susceptibly testing in automated system following standard microbiological methodology by Vitek-2 automated identification and susceptibility testing system. Interpretation of the results was done following the guidelines of Clinical and laboratory standards Institute. History and other relevant investigation results, as required, of the patients were retrieved from hospital record section. Result: Out of the 620 non-fermenter gram negative bacilli included in the study, Myroides spp. isolates were found five in number from blood and urine samples of the five patients. Tigecycline and minocycline were found to be most effective drug against the organism followed by colistin and imipenem. Conclusion: A robust Antimicrobial stewardship policy and implementation tool with efficient infection control measures are backbone to limit emergence and spread of such microbes in unforeseen days.

Background: Urinary Tract Infection ranks second among the hospital acquired infections after respiratory tract infections in adults, a major section of which is treatable by oral antimicrobials. Objectives: Detection of prevalent uropathogens in adults and comparison of minimum inhibitory concentration of apt oral antimicrobials by disc diffusion and micro-broth dilution methods, to assess the effect on reporting and detection of antimicrobial resistance. Methods: Samples from suspected urinary tract infection cases from outdoor and indoor departments of a medical college hospital were included in this prospective observational study following exclusion and inclusion criteria. Isolates were processed as per standard conventional techniques. Antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST) and detection of minimum inhibitory concentration were done by both dilution and diffusion methods following the international and national guidelines. Data had been summarized by simple descriptive statistics with 95% Confidence Interval (CI) for selected results. The extent of agreement between different methods of susceptibility technique was assessed using Chi-square test and p-value calculation using www.vssarstat.net Result: Out of 506 culture-confirmed adult urine samples only 318 were included in the study. Escherichia coli was the commonest isolate followed by Klebsiella spp. The asynchrony of results between the two methods of AST was compared by statistical methods. For E. coli and Klebsiella spp., AST patterns were similar for nitrofurantoin, levofloxacin, cefuroxime, fosfomycin (for E. coli), where methods could not be used interchangeably. The pairs of levofloxacin-Pseudomonas aeruginosa, cefuroxime –Proteus mirabilis cannot be tested by alternative methods; whereas; those of Enterococcus faecalis and nitrofurantoin, levofloxacin and fosfomycin; as well as Staphylococcus spp. including CoNS and levofloxacin can be. However, nitrofurantoin needs to be tested separately for Staphylococci. Conclusion: Oral antibiotics for treatment of UTI needed testing by different methodology in order to obtain exact results. Validity of extrapolation of results did not hold true for all cases.