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The reduced graphene oxide decorated nanoferrites (MgFe 2 O 4 , MnFe 2 O 4 , CoFe 2 O 4 , NiFe 2 O 4 , CuFe 2 O 4 , ZnFe 2 O 4 and BaFe 2 O 4) are synthesized via green solution combustion method using S p i n a c h leaves as a reducing agent. The synthesized sample was characterized with different techniques. All the rGO/nanoferrites shows the planes corresponding to rGO which confirms the presence of rGO in the NCs. Except BaFe 2 O/rGO NCs all the nanoferrites/rGO shows the Bragg reflections corresponding to spinel cubic structure. However, BaFe 2 O/rGO NCs shows the orthorhombic phase with peaks corresponding to Fe 2 O 3 and BaFe 12 O 19. The crystallite size and other structural parameters are discussed in detail. The surface morphology consists of irregular shaped NPs on the rGO sheet. The energy band gap was determined by using Wood and Tauc's relation. The Photoluminescence, CIE and CCT analysis clearly shows rGO/nanoferrites might be potential candidate as a blue phosphor in warm/cool Light Emitting Diodes and meet the needs of illumination devices. Further, X-ray/gamma ray interaction parameters are discussed in detail. • rGO/nanoferrites nanocomposites finds wide application. • All the chosen NCs are synthesized via green solution combustion method. • Their application in the field of radiation shielding and display technology were discussed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present communication, BaFe 2 O 4 (BFO) nanoparticles were synthesized by solution combustion method using urea as a fuel and calcined at 500 °C for 3 h. To know the phase purity, functional group, surface morphology, structural analysis and energy band gap, the synthesized sample was characterized by using the techniques such as powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and UV–Visible spectrophotometer. The Bragg's reflection of PXRD confirms the formation of orthorhombic spinel crystal structure with space group C m c 21 (36). In addition to orthorhombic phase, additional PXRD peaks corresponding to monoclinic phase of BFO were also observed. Wood and Tauc's relation was used to calculate direct energy band gap and was found to be 5.2 eV. Photoluminescence studies (λ e x = 350 nm), CIE and CCT values revealed that the present BFO nanomaterial could meet the needs of illumination devices. In addition, X-ray/gamma ray shielding properties of BFO nanoparticles in the energy range 0.081–1.332 MeV have been measured using NaI (Tl) detector and PC based multi channel analyser (MCA). The measured shielding parameters are compared with the standard theoretical values. It is found that above 356 keV energy of gamma ray, the measured shielding parameters agrees well with the theory, whereas, slight deviation is observed below 356 keV. This deviation may be mainly attributed to the particle size of the target medium. Furthermore, an accurate theory is necessary to explain the interaction of X-ray/gamma with the nano size atoms. The present work opens new window to use this facile, economical, efficient, low temperature method to synthesize nanomaterials for X-ray/gamma ray shielding purpose as well as the display device applications. [Display omitted] • BaFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles are synthesized by using solution combustion method. • Synthesized BaFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles are studied for display applications and X-ray/gamma ray shielding properties. • It is found that interaction of x-ray/gamma depends on the atomic size when energy is less than 400 keV. • The present work opens new window to use this method to synthesize nanomaterials for X-ray/gamma ray shielding purpose and display device applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The nanoferrites are synthesized, characterized and analyzed. • Nickel ferrite shows good antimicrobial activity. • Barium Ferrite is found to be good absorbing material for X-ray/gamma radiation. The synthesised nanoferrites ( BaFe 2 O 4 (BFO), ZnFe 2 O 4 (ZFO), NiFe 2 O 4 (NFO) and MgFe 2 O 4 (MFO)) via solution combustion method are characterized, analyzed and compared for the various applications such as radiation shielding, display applications and as antimicrobial properties. The powder X-ray diffraction confirms the cubic for MFO, NFO, ZFO nanoferrites and orthorhombic spinel crystal structure for BFO nanoferrites. The surface morphology shows the agglomerated and irregular shaped nanoparticles with different grain sizes for different chosen nanoferrites. As the atomic number of the metal in the ferrite increases, the IR absorption peak observed in the range 400–650 cm−1 slightly shifting towards higher wavenumber side whereas the other peaks remains unaltered. BFO shows blue and green emission whereas ZFO shows green and orange red emission. MFO and NFO exhibits blue, green and red emission peaks which finds application in display technology. In addition to PL, antibacterial and X-ray/Gamma ray shielding properties are also studied in detail. The direct energy band gap, photoluminescence (PL) intensity, mass attenuation coefficient and percentage of bacterial inhibition was found to depend on crystallite size and atomic number of the metallic element present in the chosen nanoferrite. Among the chosen nanoferrites, the percentage of inhibition for the both gram-positive and the gram-negative bacteria was found to be larger for NFO nanoferrite. It can be concluded that NFO nanoferrite is having good antimicrobial properties than that of the other studied ferrites. Whereas, BFO is observed as good absorbing material for X-ray/gamma radiation. Present comparative study identified the type of nanoferrite suitable for display technology, Antimicrobial and X-ray/gamma absorbing material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoparticles comprising calcium ferrite doped with Nickel within a concentration range of 10 to 50 mol% were successfully produced using a solution combustion technique, employing neem leaf extract as a reducing agent. The subsequent calcination process at 500 °C validated the formation of orthorhombic calcium ferrite, featuring distinct Bragg reflections indicative of Nickel doping. An analysis via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) affirmed the presence of irregularly shaped nanoparticles with pores and voids within their structure. The optical energy band gap, determined through Wood and Tauc's relation, ranged from 2.89 to 2.97 eV. Notably, an increase in Nickel substitution was found to correlate with an increase in the energy band gap and a reduction in crystallite size. The research extensively evaluated the nanoparticles' efficacy in radiation protection, encompassing parameters such as mass attenuation coefficient, mean free path, half-value layer, and effective atomic number. The mass attenuation coefficient is found to be 0.05353 cm 2 g−1 for 40 mol% at 1332 KeV. EABF is found to be large for 40 mol% at 0.89 MeV energy. Likewise, 50 mol% has a high Neutron absorption cross section (σ a b) which is 1.5(barn). Also, the bremsstrahlung dose rate is found to be 1.35 (R/h)*10 3 , at 1.511 MeV.Additionally, the study comprehensively explored variations in the energy-absorbing buildup factor across diverse energy ranges, taking into account the Nickel concentration within the calcium ferrite nanoparticles. This aspect holds significant importance in the field of radiation dosimetry, particularly in applications related to neutron shielding and bremsstrahlung radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

indent Nanoparticles (NPs) of calcium ferrite doped with Zinc in the range of 10–50 mol % were successfully synthesized using solution combustion method. Neem leaves extract played a crucial role as a reducing agent in the synthesis process, followed by calcination at 500 °C. The comprehensive characterization of these nanoparticles confirmed the formation of orthorhombic calcium ferrite, and distinct Bragg reflections were observed due to Zinc doping. Notably, the nanoparticles displayed irregular shapes and varying sizes, along with the presence of pores and voids within their morphology. The optical energy band gap, determined using Wood and Tauc's relation, fell within the range of 2.85 to 2.96 eV. Interestingly, as the zinc substitution increased, the energy band gap increased while the crystallite size decreased. The evaluation of radiation protection capacity included an in-depth examination of shielding parameters, encompassing the mass attenuation coefficient and its derivatives like mean free path, half-value layer, and effective atomic number. Additionally, variations in the energy-absorbing buildup factor across different energy regions were thoroughly investigated. The research also explored neutron shielding and bremsstrahlung radiation parameters, taking into account the zinc concentration in calcium ferrite nanoparticles. This aspect is particularly crucial in the field of radiation dosimetry, emphasizing the importance of understanding how these nanoparticles, with varying zinc concentrations, influence radiation absorption and dosimetric outcomes. • Zinc doping boosts radiation shielding of calcium ferrite nanoparticles. • Green extract approach used for eco-friendly nanoparticle synthesis. • Promising potential for reducing radiation exposure in various applications. • Zinc incorporation influences the structural properties positively. • Findings support the development of optimized radiation-shielding materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, Gadolinium doped (1–6 mol %) Maghemite nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized via solution combustion method using S a p o d i l l a fruit extract as a reducing agent followed by calcination at 500 °C and characterized with different techniques. The Bragg reflections consists of (hkl) planes corresponding to γ -Fe 2 O 3 (Maghemite). Addition to this, few planes corresponding to α -Fe 2 O 3 and Gd 2 O 3 were also observed. The estimated crystallite size and direct energy band gap was found to decrease with increase in Gd 3 + concentration. Cytotoxic properties were examined on cervical cancer cell lines HeLa cells as the Gadolinium dopant concentration increases, cell death decreases, eventually toxicity is going to reduced. Because of the non-toxicity, these NPs might be used as a drug carrier and also in the biochemical modification process called PEGylation. Theoretically, X-ray/Gamma ray attenuation parameter such as mass attenuation coefficient is studied in detail which is an essential parameter in radiation dosimetry. Gamma attenuation ion properties are increased by increase in the dopant concentration of Gadolinium. Compared to other concentrations, Gadolinium at 6 mol% shows maximum cytotoxic and mass attenuation coefficient. Thus, the present synthesized material might finds an application in biomedical field as well as in radiation dosimetry. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MnFe 2 O 4 (MnFO) nanoparticles (NPs) were produced by solution combustion method. To determine phase purity, functional group, surface morphology, structural analysis, and energy band gap, synthesized NPs were evaluated using several methods. The formation of cubic MnFO NPs with the F d − 3 m space group and absence of other impurities is confirmed by PXRD Bragg's reflection. Using Wood and Tauc's relation, the direct energy band gap is found to be 1.1 eV which was further confirmed with DFT theory. Photoluminescence, CIE and CCT plots shows, MnFO might be a good nanophosphor material for display applications. The X-ray/gamma ray shielding characteristics of MnFO nanoparticles were also evaluated in the energy range 0.081–1.332 MeV. The theoretical and the measured shielding parameters are compared. Furthermore, antimicrobial, antibacterial, antifungal and anticancer activities are discussed in detail. NPs might finds an application in the display technology, shielding of X-ray/gamma ray. • MnFe2O4 nanoparticles were synthesized by using solution combustion method. • Display, antimicrobial and X-ray / gamma ray shielding properties are discussed. • The present work opens new window to use nanomaterials for multiple applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study involves the X-ray/gamma and neutron/EMI shielding and change in mechanical properties of selected lanthanide polymers such as Lanthanum polymer, Cerium polymer, Praseodymium polymer, Gadolinium texaphyrin polymer, Terbium co-ordination polymer and Erbium phosphate hydrate polymer. The X-ray/gamma, neutron and EMI shielding parameters are studied in detail for all the selected polymers. Among all the selected polymers, Erbium phosphate hydrate polymer shows larger values of mass attenuation coefficient, absorption buildup factor, Z eff , N e , specific absorbed fractions of energy, radiation protection efficiency, kinetic energy released in matter, relative dose, neutron total interaction cross section and absorption cross section values. Furthermore, the EMI shielding parameter (total shielding effectiveness) was also found to be larger for Erbium phosphate hydrate polymer in near infrared, mid infrared, far infrared, ultra high frequency (UHF), very high frequency, high frequency radio waves, middle frequency radio waves, low frequency radio waves and very low frequency radio waves. This clearly indicates that Erbium phosphate hydrate polymer might be used as a good shielding material for X-ray/gamma, neutrons and EMI radiations. We have also reported the change in mechanical properties of the studied lanthanide polymers due to the interaction with X-rays/gamma rays. The mechanical properties remains unchanged in the region where pair production and photoelectric effect dominates. Change in the mechanical properties is observed in the region where Compton scattering dominates, indicating that the change in mechanical properties due to interaction of radiation is also an important parameter while selecting the shielding materials. Present study may be useful in the selection of new shielding material. Highlights for review Gamma/X-ray, neutron and EMI shielding properties of lanthanide polymers were discussed in detail.Among all the selected lanthanide polymer, Erbium phosphate hydrate polymer possess all the parameters required to become a good shielding material for X-rays/gamma – rays, neutrons and as well as for EMI radiations.An empirical model was developed which successfully produces the change in mechanical property of the lanthanide polymers under study due to interaction of X-ray/gamma radiation. [Display omitted] • Shielding properties of lanthanide polymers were discussed in detail. • An empirical model was developed to explain the change in mechanical property. • Erbium phosphate hydrate polymer is a good shielding material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the first time, we are reporting the analysis of X-ray/gamma ray shielding properties of Leadaluminoborate (PbAlBO 4) nanocomposite (LABNC) synthesized by solution combustion method using mint leaves extract as a reducing agent. The nanocomposite was characterized with different techniques. The Bragg's reflections clearly indicate the formation of orthorhombic nanocomposite and (hkl) planes matches well with JCPDS card number 00-153-3962 (P n m a (62) space group), however few less intense peaks corresponding to α Al 2 O 3 were also observed. The average crystallite size was calculated using Debye Scherrer's equation as well as W–H plot method. The surface morphology shows the particles resembling dry leaves. The EDAX pattern indicates the presence of Al, Pb, B and O elements. The direct energy band gap determined by using Wood and Tauc's relation was found to be 5.2 eV. Further, the X-ray/gamma ray shielding properties of LABNC in the energy range 0.081–1.332 MeV using NaI (Tl) detector and multi channel analyser (MCA) were measured. The measured shielding parameters are compared with the theory. Above 356 keV energy of X-ray/gamma ray, the measured shielding parameters agrees well with the theory, whereas slight deviation is observed below 356 keV. This deviation is mainly due to the influence of atomic/crystallite size of the LABNC. This LABNC finds an application as a shielding material in radiation shielding. • Radiation shielding properties of Leadaluminoborate NC (LABNC) was studied. • The nanocomposite was characterized with different techniques. • This LABNC finds an application as a shielding material in radiation shielding. • Facile, economical, efficient, low temperature synthesis method was used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present communication, NiFe 2 O 4 (NFO) nanoparticles (NPs) are synthesized by using solution combustion method. To know the phase purity, functional group, surface morphology, structural analysis and energy band gap, the synthesized sample was characterized by using the techniques such as powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and UV–Visible spectrophotometer. The Bragg's reflection of PXRD confirms the formation of cubic NFO NPs with Fd − 3 m space group. The SEM morphology shows the distribution of irregular shaped agglomerated NFO NPs and EDAX confirms the presence of Ni, Fe and O elements and absence of other impurities. The concentric circles observed in SAED pattern confirms the high crystallinity nature and the estimated crystallite size matches well with that of the crystallite size calculated from Scherrer's equation. The direct energy band gap calculated using Tauc's relation is found to be 5.2 eV. Further, the X-ray/gamma ray shielding properties of NFO NPs in the energy range 0.081–1.332 MeV using NaI (Tl) detector and multi channel analyzer (MCA) were measured. The measured shielding parameters are compared with the theory. Above 356 keV energy of X-ray/gamma ray, the measured shielding parameters agrees well with the theory, whereas slight deviation is observed below 356 keV. This deviation is mainly due to the influence of atomic size of the target medium. Hence, we can conclude that an accurate theory is necessary to explain the interaction of X-ray/gamma with the nano size atoms. The photoluminescence emission spectra consists of peaks at 448, 540 and 628 nm. The CIE and CCT coordinates clearly confirms that the present nanophosphor might find applications in display/cool white light LEDs. Furthermore, antimicrobial activity of synthesized NFO NPs are also studied. Viability test was conducted on two food borne pathogens such as Bacilluscereus and Pseudomonasaeruginosa. The material showed fairly good antimicrobial activity compared to streptomycin which was used treat a number of bacterial infections. Thus NFO material may unfold new prospects in the fields like shielding of X-ray/gamma ray, display and biomedical applications. [Display omitted] • NiFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles are synthesized by using solution combustion method. • Synthesized NiFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles are studied for X-ray / gamma ray shielding, photoluminescence and antimicrobial applications. • It is found that interaction of x-ray/gamma depends on the atomic size when energy is less than 400 keV. • This might be used as a nanophosphor material in white light LEDs and as an antimicrobial agent for biomedical applications. • The present work opens new window to use this facile, economical, efficient, low temperature method to synthesize nanomaterials for X-ray / gamma ray shielding, display technology and as well as for the antimicrobial purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present communication focuses on the synthesis, characterization of MgFe 2 O 4 (MFO) nanoparticles (NPs) for various applications. The MFO NPs was synthesized by using solution combustion method using urea as a fuel and calcined at 500 °C. To know the phase purity, functional group, surface morphology, structural analysis and energy band gap, the synthesized sample was characterized by using the techniques such as powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and UV–Visible spectrophotometer. The Bragg's reflection of PXRD confirms the formation of monophasic cubic MFO NPs with F d − 3 m space group. The direct energy band gap calculated using Tauc's relation is found to be 3.1 eV. Further, the X-ray/gamma ray shielding properties of MFO NPs in the energy range 0.081–1.332 MeV using NaI (Tl) detector and multi channel analyser (MCA) were measured. The measured shielding parameters are compared with the theory. Above 400 keV energy of X-ray/gamma ray, the measured shielding parameters agrees well with the theory, whereas slight deviation is observed below 400 keV. This deviation is mainly due to the influence of atomic size of the target medium. Hence, we can conclude that an accurate theory is necessary to explain the interaction of X-ray/gamma with the nano size atoms. The photoluminescence emission spectra consists of peaks at 447, 540 and 627 nm. The CIE and CCT coordinates clearly confirms that the present nanophosphor might find applications in display/cool white light LEDs. Furthermore, antimicrobial activity of synthesized MFO nano-particles are also studied. Viability test was conducted on two food borne pathogens such as B a c i l l u s c e r e u s and P s e u d o m o n a s a e r u g i n o s a. The material showed poor antimicrobial activity compared to streptomycin. Thus MFO material may unfold new prospects in the fields like shielding of X-ray/gamma ray and display applications but not a good antimicrobial agent. • MgFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles are synthesized by using solution combustion method. • Synthesized nanoparticles are studied for X-ray/gamma ray shielding, photoluminescence and antimicrobial applications. • It is found that interaction of x-ray/gamma depends on the atomic size when energy is less than 400 keV. • This might be used as a nanophosphor material in white light LEDs but a poor antimicrobial agent for biomedical applications. • The present work is facile, economical, efficient, low temperature method to synthesize nanomaterials for X-ray/gamma ray shielding and display technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper ferrite (CuFO) and RGO/CuFO nanocomposites (NCs) were synthesized by Solution combustion method (SCM) using neem leaves as an extract for the first time. The synthesized NPs were characterized with various approaches. The PXRD pattern of CuFO and CuFO/RGO shows the formation of spinel cubic structure which was further confirmed with Rietveld refinement. Morphologically, agglomeration of the NPs were observed. Agglomeration is found to be more in RGO/CuFO NCs. The Wood and Tauc's relation gives direct energy band gap of 1.55 eV. The photoluminescence spectra (emission) of CuFO NPs noted at an excitation wavelength of 250 nm and CIE graph shows deep blue color whereas the addition of RGO increases its intensity. Theoretically, mass attenuation coefficient at different energy range was estimated for CuFO and CuFO/RGO NCs. Antimicrobial and anti-cancerous properties of CuFO NPs were studied.The present CuFO and RGO/CuFO NCs might be a good nanophosphor material for display applications and also useful in the antibacterial, anticancer and X-ray/gamma absorption properties. [Display omitted] • CuFe 2 O 4 and CuFe 2 O 4 /RGO NPs are synthesized by solution combustion method. • Synthesized NPs are studied for display, antimicrobial and X-ray/gamma ray shielding properties. • Facile, economical, efficient and low temperature method is used to synthesize NMs for multiple applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the first time, Cobalt ferrite (CoFO) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by solution combustion method using B i g T h y m e leaf extract as a reducing agent followed by varying the calcination temperature as-formed — 800 °C. At all the calcination temperatures, Bragg reflections matches well with FCC cubic spinel structure. Crystallite size increases from 12–79 nm with increase in calcination temperature. The SAED pattern and d-spacing from Transmission electron microscopy matches well with the PXRD pattern and the calculated crystallite size matches well with the Scherrer's formula. The direct energy band gap was found to be 1.55 eV. The effect of calcination temperature on different magnetic properties such as retentivity, coercivity, saturation of magnetization, squareness ratio and Bohr magneton was discussed in detail. Large coercivity (2.26 kOe) is observed at low calcination temperature. Further, X-ray/gamma radiation absorption parameters such as mass attenuation coefficient, half value layer and Z e f f are established which is an essential in the field of radiation dosimetry. CoFO NPs exhibited sensitivity against both Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria. The cytotoxic properties were examined on cervical cancer HeLa cells and compared with the cisplatin drug. CoFO NPs shows higher % cell viability and less % cell death. Thus, CoFO NPs can be used as a drug carrier in cancer therapy. [Display omitted] • CoFe 2 O 4 are synthesized using Big Thyme leaves extract and characterized. • Magnetic, antibacterial and X-ray / gamma ray shielding properties are studied. • Facile, economical and efficient method is used for multiple applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]