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The proposed antenna design is intended to be used in the 470 MHz to 806 MHz frequency band, which is now available for commercial use following the transfer of television signal transmission from the TV to satellite band. The antenna is more compact than existing RFID antennas in India, with four concentric rings sliced from a circular patch, and patch is shorted to ground by shorting pin. The design was created using FR4, a commonly used and durable substrate. The antenna's gain and directivity are 8.11 dBi and 9.9 dB, respectively. It can operate in two bands within the desired frequency range: 479–492 MHz and 643–653 MHz. These bands have individual bandwidths of 13 MHz and 10 MHz, respectively, which are higher than commercially available UHF RFID antennas. The return loss in these bands is − 29 dB and -14 dB, respectively. The impact of changes in the ground plane is also discussed, and the return loss and bandwidth have been increased to − 29 dB and to 13 MHz, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to design and develop an Internet of Things (IoT)-based smart door lock system by utilizing Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology and the Blynk application. The system is designed to improve the level of home security by providing a variety of flexible access methods, including the use of RFID cards, smartphone apps, and emergency buttons. The prototype method is applied in system development, which involves creating a physical model to evaluate its performance and functionality. The test results showed that the system was operating properly, where RFID only responded to the registered card to unlock, thus increasing access security. Hardware design that is carried out with an economical approach and simple use of components makes this system more affordable compared to commercial smart door lock products on the market. This research shows great potential in increasing efficiency and comfort in managing home security systems and offers ease of implementation in various types of housing. Thus, this research makes a significant contribution to the development of innovative and practical solutions to improve home safety at a lower cost while providing a sense of security for its occupants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microstrip antennas are increasingly utilized in space‐borne applications, spanning areas such as RFID, mobile communication, and healthcare. This paper introduces a novel wearable ultra‐wideband (UWB) microstrip patch antenna, distinctively designed in a star shape. The antenna, with a total volume of 1172 mmÂş, is crafted on a semiflexible substrate using RT/duroid 5880. It exhibits a low loss tangent of 0.0004 and a relative permittivity of 2.2. The proposed design achieves a resonant frequency of 3.4 GHz, an impressive reflection coefficient of −39 dB, and an extensive bandwidth of 5.6 GHz, ranging from 2.8 to 8.4 GHz. Although the antenna demonstrates modest gain and directivity, its expansive bandwidth is a significant attribute. This wideband antenna is proposed as an ideal candidate for wearable biomedical applications, leveraging its substantial bandwidth and unique design characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visually Impaired Persons (VIPs) have difficulty in recognizing vehicles used for navigation. Additionally, they may not be able to identify the bus to their desired destination. However, the bus bay in which the designated bus stops has not been analyzed in the existing literature. Thus, a guidance system for VIPs that identifies the correct bus for transportation is presented in this paper. Initially, speech data indicating the VIP's destination are pre-processed and converted to text. Next, utilizing the Arctan Gradient-activated Recurrent Neural Network (ArcGRNN) model, the number of bays at the location is detected with the help of a Global Positioning System (GPS), input text, and bay location details. Then, the optimal bay is chosen from the detected bays by utilizing the Experienced Perturbed Bacteria Foraging Triangular Optimization Algorithm (EPBFTOA), and an image of the selected bay is captured and pre-processed. Next, the bus is identified utilizing a You Only Look Once (YOLO) series model. Utilizing the Sub-pixel Shuffling Convoluted Encoder–ArcGRNN Decoder (SSCEAD) framework, the text is detected and segmented for the buses identified in the image. From the segmented output, the text is extracted, based on the destination and route of the bus. Finally, regarding the similarity value with respect to the VIP's destination, a decision is made utilizing the Multi-characteristic Non-linear S-Curve-Fuzzy Rule (MNC-FR). This decision informs the bus conductor about the VIP, such that the bus can be stopped appropriately to pick them up. During testing, the proposed system selected the optimal bay in 247,891 ms, which led to deciding the bus stop for the VIP with a fuzzification time of 34,197 ms. Thus, the proposed model exhibits superior performance over those utilized in prevailing works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leaf moisture content (LMC) directly affects the life activities of plants and becomes a key factor to evaluate the growth status of plants. To explore a low-cost, real-time, rapid, and accurate method for LMC detection, this paper employs Ultra-High-Frequency Radio-Frequency Identification (UHF RFID) sensor technology. By reading the tag information attached to the back of leaves, the parameters of the RSSI, phase, and reading distance of the tags are collected. In this paper, we propose an enhanced Multi-Feature Fusion algorithm based on Hyperdimensional Computing (HDC) called MFFHDC. In our proposed method, the real-valued features are encoded into hypervectors and then combined with Multi-Linear Discriminant Analysis (MLDA) for the feature fusion of different features. Finally, a retraining method based on Cosine Annealing with Warm Restarts (CAWR) is proposed to improve the model and further enhance its accuracy. Tests conducted in the experimental forest show that the proposed mechanism can effectively predict the LMC. The model's Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and Coefficient of Determination (R2) reached 0.0195, 0.0255, and 0.9131, respectively. Additionally, comparisons with other methods demonstrate that the presented system performs excellently in most aspects. As a lightweight model, this study shows great practical application value, particularly for the limited data volume and low hardware costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed the functional effectiveness in terms of passage proportion of three fishways, one nature‐like bypass, one partly nature‐like bypass and partly technical pool‐type and one completely technical, on the Pinka Stream and Rába River in Western Hungary. Radio frequency identification with passive integrated transponder tagging was used to collect data on the upstream passage. A total of 2976 tagged individuals were included in the study; 2863 individuals were either barbel (Barbus barbus), nase (Chondrostoma nasus) or chub (Squalius cephalus), which were chosen as model species, and 113 individuals belonged to four other species. There were 540 individuals of the model species and 18 individuals of the other species detected while successfully ascending one of the fishways. The time‐to‐event (survival) analysis of the data of the model species revealed significant species‐specific differences in passage probability between the fishways. The passage probabilities of the barbel were the highest, and those of the nase were the lowest at all three fishways. The findings demonstrate that single‐species evaluations can lead to incorrect conclusions on fishway effectiveness. Technical fishways can be as effective as nature‐like ones, and hybrid solutions (technical fishways combined with nature‐like bypasses) can function as well. The limitations of the study and recommendations for further evaluations are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In an indoor setting, the radio frequency communication is utilized to locate and track mobile objects utilizing Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology. Measurements from the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) are typically the foundation of the localization technique. In an RFID‐based interior setting, lowering tracking mistakes and increasing the precision of tracking remain difficult tasks. In order to address these issues, we developed the VIRALTRACK (Virtual Reference Tag Localization and Tracking) framework that consists of four procedures: deep reinforced learning‐based tracking, quantum‐based localization, optimization‐based virtual reference tag allocation, and signal enhancement. In order to increase the signal's effectiveness, we initially suggested using the Extended Gradient Filter (EGF) technique to eliminate RSSI oscillations. In the second step, we suggested using the Emperor Penguin Colony (EPC) optimization technique to allocate the virtual reference tag while taking the number of tags, SNR, and temperature and humidity of the surroundings into account. In the third phase, we use a quantum neural network (QNN) for localization in order to estimate the position of the moving target. We introduced the SignRank approach to select the best virtual reference tag for localization, which lowers tracking mistakes. In conclusion, we presented the Twin Delayed Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (TD3) method that boosts the tracking precision by tracking the moving target tag efficiently and taking into account stage, the orientation, distance, and valuable coordinates. The NS3.26 network simulator is used to run the simulation, and tracking precision, tracking error, and accumulated probabilities are used to assess effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A dual funtional dual patch wearable antenna integrated into a military beret, is developed for indoor and outdoor positioning system. The composite antenna consists of an inner double-slit circular patch with an outer square ring patch with four conductive thread vias. The inner patch is designed for global positioning systems, operating in the L1 band (1.563–1.587 GHz), for outdoor applications. The slits are made orthogonal to each other, for exciting two orthogonal modes needed for achieving circular polarization by degenerating the fundamental TM11 mode. The outer square ring patch generating monopole-type radiation pattern, is designed for radio frequency identification in the ISM band (902–928 MHz), for indoor applications. It resonates at a higher-order mode of TM41 at 915 MHz, caused by the integration of the fields developed by suitable positioning of four conductive thread vias. They split the surface current distribution into 4 half-cycles, leading to the generation of the TM41 mode. The antenna is realized and fabricated using felt as substrate and conductive metalized nylon fabric for patch and ground plane of the composite antenna. The bending effects of the wearable antenna over the standard human head phantom is also analyzed by comparing simulated and measured results. A comprehensive specific absorption rate analysis over a typical human head (six-layered) phantom is carried out to evaluate the radiation effects. Comparative analysis with pre-published antenna systems operating in similar frequency bands has been studied, indicating that the proposed antenna system outperforms them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the evolution of vending machines, emphasizing their integration with RFID technology for cashless transactions. Vending machines have transformed human-machine interaction, offering convenient access to products and services. Transitioning from coin-operated to RFIDenabled systems has revolutionized the industry, enhancing security, reducing costs, and improving user experience. Through exploration of technical specifications and design objectives, the research highlights RFID vending machines' potential to reshape consumer behavior and optimize operations. Traditional cashbased vending machines face challenges such as limited storage, recognition issues, and security concerns. To address these, the paper proposes an intelligent RFID-based cashless vending machine for drink sales. The system incorporates RFID technology for payment, allowing users to swipe cards and select drinks without cash involvement. Prototype development involved software design, utilizing C-language for multiproduct vending. Comparatively, the RFID-based system outperforms cash-based counterparts in efficiency, security, and sales tracking, presenting a superior solution for drink sales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apis mellifera was used as a model species for ecotoxicological testing. In the present study, we tested the effects of acetone (0.1% in feed), a solvent commonly used to dissolve pesticides, on bees exposed at different developmental stages (larval and/or adult). Moreover, we explored the potential effect of in vitro larval rearing, a commonly used technique for accurately monitoring worker exposure at the larval stage, by combining acetone exposure and treatment conditions (in vitro larval rearing vs. in vivo larval rearing). We then analyzed the life‐history traits of the experimental bees using radio frequency identification technology over three sessions (May, June, and August) to assess the potential seasonal dependence of the solvent effects. Our results highlight the substantial influence of in vitro larval rearing on the life cycle of bees, with a 47.7% decrease in life span, a decrease of 0.9 days in the age at first exit, an increase of 57.3% in the loss rate at first exit, and a decrease of 40.6% in foraging tenure. We did not observe any effect of exposure to acetone at the larval stage on the capacities of bees reared in vitro. Conversely, acetone exposure at the adult stage reduced the bee life span by 21.8% to 60%, decreased the age at first exit by 1.12 to 4.34 days, and reduced the foraging tenure by 30% to 37.7%. Interestingly, we found a significant effect of season on acetone exposure, suggesting that interference with the life‐history traits of honey bees is dependent on season. These findings suggest improved integration of long‐term monitoring for assessing sublethal responses in bees following exposure to chemicals during both the larval and adult stages. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:1320–1331. © 2024 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology plays a crucial role in various Internet of Things (IoT) applications, necessitating the integration of RFID systems into dense networks. However, the presence of numerous readers leads to collisions, degrading communication between readers and tags and compromising system performance. To tackle this challenge, researchers have proposed Medium Access Control (MAC) layer protocols employing different channel access methods. In this paper, we present a novel solution, the Distributed Time Slot Anti-Collision protocol (DTS-AC), which employs a new TDMA notification system to address Reader-to-Reader Interference (RRI), while incorporating FDMA-based frequency resource management to resolve Reader-to-Tag Interference (RTI) collision issues. Simulation results demonstrate that DTS-AC significantly improves performance in dense RFID networks by enhancing read rates, with scalability benefits based on the number of readers, channels, and Time Slots (TSs). Moreover, the cost-effectiveness of DTS-AC facilitates efficient deployment in RFID networks, emphasizing considerations of time delay and data sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology is crucial in revolutionizing the food supply chain and combating global food waste. However, this technology faces challenges in full integration due to disruptive effects on tags caused by the dielectric properties of food and beverage ingredients, chemical constituents, and their packaging. This paper aims to demonstrate the effect of packaging and beverage contents on RFID tag performance. Three commercially available ultra-high frequency (UHF) RFID tags with different designs were tested on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles, measuring tag performance through sensitivity, backscatter, and read range in the presence of various water-based solutions and commercially available beverages. The results highlight the substantial impact of the beverage type and tag design on RFID performance. The results of this study showed that tag 3 was the most consistent and readable tag amongst those tested in the presence of different beverage contents. Tag 3 resulted in a sensitivity ranging from −0.49 to −2.01 dBm, backscatter from −38.16 to 43.59 dBm, and read range from 1.58 to 1.88 m, while tag 1 performed the best in the presence of an empty PET bottle resulting in a sensitivity of −20.78 dBm, backscatter of −23.65 dBm, and read range of 16.34 m. The results of this study can be used for further investigations to develop a mathematical model that predicts the RFID tag performance based on the food composition. This model will be helpful for the design of the tags while facilitating the adoption of smart packaging for food traceability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of radio frequency identification network planning (RNP) is one of the biggest challenges in the field of RFID research. In order to improve the service quality of RFID systems, in addition to finding the optimal number and location of readers, the interference between readers and tag coverage should be considered. In order to solve the problem of RFID network planning, this paper proposes an improved multi-objective brainstorming optimization algorithm (IMBSO) based on decomposition: Employ the golden sine operator to improve the convergence speed of the algorithm, and the Cauchy mutation operator is introduced to enhance the ability of the algorithm to jump out of the local optimum. The improved algorithm achieves a balance between exploration and development. This paper also combines the decomposition-based method with the IMBSO algorithm to establish an optimization model to optimize the reader position: the multi-objective optimization problem is transformed into multiple sub-problems by means of decomposition, all objective functions are optimized at the same time, which improves the search efficiency. The method proposed in this paper was tested on the RFID model and data set. Under the same experimental conditions, it was compared with multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm, multi-objective firefly algorithm and multi-objective brainstorming algorithm. The experimental results show that the algorithm proposed in this paper can be successfully applied to the problem of radio frequency identification network planning by achieving smaller interference and fewer readers while ensuring greater coverage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By the evolution of context-aware application, indoor location positioning gains much more attention worldwide. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is one such wireless positioning technology adopted widely. Moreover, enhancing the tracking accuracy and thus reducing the tracking error remains a challenging task in RFID based indoor environment. So as to overcome this aspect, a localization and tracking method depending on virtual reference tag (VRT) is employed in the indoor environment. This research work includes four modules like (i) data collection and Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI) estimation;(ii) Optimal allocation of VRT using Spider Monkey Optimization (SMO) at which the allocation of VRT is made by considering number of tags, environmental factors (humidity and temperature), and SNR. Based on this data, the RFID reader allocates VRT for each grid so as to increase the tracking accuracy; (iii) Artificial Neural Network (ANN) module-based localization at which the localization of unknown tags is made; and (iv) tracking of moving target tag is carried based on Aquila Swarm Optimization-Long short-term memory (ASO-LSTM) approach. The optimization at this stage is employed to choose optimal position which enhances the accuracy of tracking. Thus, finally the location estimation is carried by this approach. The simulation is carried in NS3.26 network simulator and the performance are estimated in terms of SNR, tracking error, mean error, tracking accuracy, mean time, and standard deviation. The performance value is then compared with traditional models to show the enhancement of proposed mode over the other conventional techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology, capable of wirelessly processing large amounts of information, is gaining attention with the advancement of IoT technology. RFID systems can be utilized as Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) technology by introducing sensing materials responsive to external environmental stimuli. To achieve effective information communication and sensing capabilities, various types of nanomaterials are being used as various components of RFID sensors. This paper provides an overview of the RFID sensor system and the nanomaterials used in their composition. Polymers that can achieve flexibility are attracting more attention as user-friendly substrates as demand for them increases in the wearable market. Additionally, advancements in inkjet printing technology, allowing cost-effective and simple production of components, introduce inks and manufacturing methods utilizing various nanomaterials such as metal nanoparticles, carbon materials, and composites. Furthermore, nanomaterials utilized as sensing materials enable the detection of various external environments with high sensitivity and a wide detection range. Consequently, RFID sensor systems that achieve wireless detection in a variety of environments are actively utilized in many applications. By analyzing the current research progress and problems faced in RFID sensor technology, this paper suggests future research directions for its development as a next-generation wireless sensor system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, vehicle tracking and location identification are necessary for safety. With vehicle tracking, it is also important to record the arrival and departure timings of vehicles. This recorded data will be helpful in different aspects like identifying the stolen vehicle, to observing the transportation system functionality in an organization or any other place. Implementing a smart vehicle monitoring system that combines tracking and data collection is the main goal of the current paper. Additionally, a mobile warning is delivered to the driver's phone when the car arrives late. We can also access this data through mobile applications from anywhere. RFID technology is applied to this system's implementation. Radio Frequency Identification is what RFID stands for. It is a wireless technology which consists of a Tag and Reader as major components. To store the data on the website IoT technology is used. Such systems are simple to construct at a minimal cost when IoT (Internet of Things) and RFID technologies are combined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The level of poor economic situations in Nigeria has made people conscious of their vehicles, aged parents, younger ones and valuable belongings. Lots of car owners both personal and commercial are in fear of consistent increase in security challenges, excessive reports of vehicle stealing, kidnapping for ransom on the high ways on daily basis, as a result, are in constant search for efficient system to monitor their vehicle at any point in time. There are many systems that have been developed to reduce these problems by introduction of an effectual vehicle tracking system which is developed for tracking the movement and location of any device embedded vehicle at will, with the aid of microcontroller which employs IoT (Internet of Things) technologies to communicate with either Smartphone or personal computer. This paper reviews some existing works and explores in details to compare some of these systems, the technologies utilized, successes achieved, and gaps deserving further improvement in such systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of two personal dosimeters, one worn over and one worn under a protective apron, provides the best estimate of effective dose. However, inappropriate positioning of dosimeters is a common occurrence, resulting in abnormally high or low radiation exposure records. Although such incorrect positioning can be identified by radiation exposure records, doing so is time-consuming and labor-intensive for administrators. Therefore, a system that can identify incorrect locations of dosimeters without burdening administrators must be developed. In this study, we developed a radio frequency identification (RFID) gate system that can differentiate between two RFID-tagged dosimeters placed over and under a metal apron and identify misused dosimeters. To simulate the position of the RFID-tagged dosimeters, we designed four dosimeter-wearing classes, including "proper use" and three types of "misuse" (i.e., "reversed," "both under," and "both over"). When the system predicts "misuse" based on the tag reading, the worker is alerted with lights and alarms. The system performance was evaluated using a confusion matrix, with an overall accuracy of 97.75%, demonstrating high classification performance. The safety of the system against life support devices was also investigated, demonstrating that they were not affected by the electric field at 0.3 m or more from the antenna of the system under any transmit powers tested. This RFID gate system is highly capable of identifying incorrectly positioned dosimeters, enabling real-time monitoring of dosimeters to manage their positioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Computer Engineering & Applications is the property of Beijing Journal of Computer Engineering & Applications Journal Co Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As one of the key identity authentication technologies in the Internet of Things (IoT), Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology has been widely adopted in various wireless communication fields. However, increasing security and privacy issues have been limiting the development of RFID system. Most of the existing RFID authentication protocols are vulnerable to many malicious attacks. Key updating is a common security mechanism in RFID authentication protocol, but the existing RFID authentication protocols using traditional key updating mechanism usually cannot resist against desynchronization attack. To address this issue, we present a new shared key updating method by using pseudo-random number generator (PRNG) with the seeds negotiated by tag and server. Moreover, a new bit flipping operation is proposed to reduce the computation cost of tag. On these basis, we design a lightweight RFID mutual authentication protocol SDRLAP based on double physical unclonable function (PUF) by using PRNG and bit flipping operation. Compared with most of the existing RFID authentication protocols with the traditional key updating mechanism, SDRLAP guarantees the security and privacy of RFID systems, and meanwhile has the obvious advantages in terms of computational cost, storage requirement and communication overhead. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) system is a wireless automatic identification using low-cost RFID tags. Due to the importance of RFID in everyday life, the need to maintain security and Privacy in these systems has been increasing day by day. In this paper, at first, we define a new operation named crossover, by using simple bitwise operations and discuss its security. Then we propose a new secure ultra-lightweight RFID Authentication protocol with crossover operation (SURC). SURC is a low communication and computation cost protocol that can be integrated into the ubiquitous Electronic Product Code (EPCglobal) class1 Generation 2 tag protocol (C1G2). The new protocol resists data integrity and confidentiality, tag location tracking backward traceability, and server and tag impersonation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on digital twin, a real-time assembly man-hours workshop scheduling model was proposed, considering the uncertainty of assembly man-hours in the process of product customization and frequent dynamic disturbances in the assembly workshop. The overall architecture of assembly workshop scheduling based on digital twin was constructed. Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology was used to collect real-time working hours data of physical assembly workshops, and the real-time assembly working hours were processed by using the improved Rete algorithm. A mathematical model of assembly workshop scheduling based on real-time assembly man-hours was established, and an improved artificial fish swarm-taboo algorithm was used to solve the model, so as to realize the scheduling optimization of the real-time assembly man-hours workshop. The empirical result shows that the model algorithm has certain feasibility and superiority in real-time assembly man-hours workshop scheduling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Telecommunication Engineering is the property of Telecommunication Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study provides evidence of supply chain (SC) management based on the digitalization of a fresh fruit-supply chain (i.e., chestnuts) using a radio-frequency identification technology (RFID). This research adopted the value-chain operation reference (VCOR) to assess the implications, issues, and benefits of the SC digitalization, and to explore how RFID can be configured regarding the VCOR blocks. Within this framework, the SC stages, processes, and operations were assessed using a tailored performance measurement system (PMS) including a set of metrics tracked, quantified, and evaluated alongside a monitoring field campaign. The results indicated that: (i) the benefits deriving from the RFID are constrained by specific organizational procedures adopted in operations management; (ii) the PMS Indicators of the centralized warehouse, balancing the inventory between the processing line and the distribution channels, presented the most significant improvements across the whole SC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Libraries supervisors have the administrative duty of control and keep safe their inventories, such as books, documents, manuals, and theses, facilitating access to their users to this information and helping them loan and return, internal or external, in case it’s permitted. We wanted to design and build a prototype for a device capable of complementing these tasks in a low cost. We go through the processes in the design of a prototype for a simultaneous Radio Frequency Identification Reader using Ultra High Frequencies with Internet of Things technologies for data storage and communication between multiple stations, to do so we use a decision matrix method to select hardware tools, and software programming languages and libraries, needed to build such device, comparing, and weighting the characteristics that fit our needs. The resulting hardware selection was the Raspberry Pi and the RedBoard with a 59,7% and 12,4% respectively, and NodeJS with WebSockets for the software selection with a 53,8%. Finally, we present the designed architecture and a working prototype of the device that was built. Obtained response times from the reader and the database storage were as low as 10 milliseconds and as high as 20 milliseconds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Passive radio frequency identification (RFID) tags have been widely used in logistics, supply chain, warehousing, and other fields. However, for RFID-based automatic inventory management in warehouses, the deployment of current methods is more complex, and the localization range still has some limitations. This paper proposes DNCL, which is a hybrid passive RFID localization scheme based on direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation and nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) to achieve spatial coordinate localization of tagged objects on shelves or racks using a single antenna for simple 1D scanning. DNCL uses antenna dynamic scanning to generate a virtual antenna array for the dynamic information capture of tags in the scene, which helps eliminate the phase shift produced by ambient noise. We apply the angle profile linear model to identify the characteristics of each tag and introduce the NMDS algorithm to improve the robustness of the scheme through the fixed layout of the reference tags, which can reliably estimate the coordinates of the tagged objects in the space. This paper realizes a prototype system and validated its practical performance in real complex situationse by COTS RFID devices. The results indicate that DNCL can achieve high accuracy for the localization of passive tags in free space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To help intelligent manufacturing enterprises lower their confusion in RFID investment and improve their performance through a prior understanding of the RFID influence, given the moderating of entrepreneurship, a dynamic capability theory-based conceptual model is proposed by us. Then, through a questionnaire survey, measurable indicators are effectively selected. Next, AMOS method-based modeling is put forward to analyze the moderating effect and mediating effect to test the research hypotheses. The results show, firstly, that the most significant variables are the "consistent investment" and the "management decision-making ability". Besides, different from the view of cost performance, the best reflected factors of enterprise performance in "intelligent manufacturing" are "product innovation speed and product market share". Secondly, proper RFID investment can have a positive impact on enterprise performance only if it is converted into intelligent manufacturing capability (mediating variable), which hints at the true mediating effect. Moreover, Entrepreneurship can positively moderate the RFID's influence on an enterprise's intelligent manufacturing capability, but not on the enterprise performance. Namely, the moderated mediating effect of enterprise's intelligent manufacturing capability is tenable. Generally, reasonable RFID investment in Chinese enterprises can promote intelligent manufacturing capability to improve the "intelligent manufacturing" performance. All these influence relations also vary with different entrepreneurships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a rapidly growing technology that uses radio frequency signals to transfer data among devices. Recent works have proposed a novel reader-free RFID system where tags can communicate with each other directly with the existence of a continuous wave (CW) from some external RF carrier source or an ambient RF signal. In this paper, we propose the log-power difference as observations for the localization and tracking problems in passive Tag-to-Tag communication systems. The likelihood function of the log-power difference is derived in a seminumerical semi-analytical way. The proposed observation model is validated through estimating the distance between the two tags using maximum likelihood method. The results demonstrate the advantages of the modified method with multiphase backscattering where it shows a significantly improved estimation accuracy with more phases. The analysis is further extended to an infinite number of phases, where the maximum received power is obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the radio frequency identification technology system, there are too many time slots which are caused by tag collision, and the communication complexity is high. On the basis of the anti-collision algorithm of the binary tree and the quadtree query tree, the methods of locking the collision bit and predicting the child node are used, a new lock-bit hybrid querytree (novel lock-bit hybrid query tree, NLHQT) algorithm is proposed. In the algorithm, the collision bit information is extracted through the lock instruction, and the extracted collision bit information is predicted. While reducing the collision time slot, the reader generates a new query prefix through prediction, thereby avoiding the generation of idle child nodes. Compared with the improved hybrid query tree (IHQT) anti-collision algorithm and the regression lock adaptive multi-tree search (RLAMS), the algorithm in this paper is more effective in reducing the total number of time slots and communication complexity, and the efficiency of identifying tags can be effectively improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Przewalski's Naked Carp (Gymnocypris przewalskii) is a typical migratory fish species of the Qinghai Lake region (China). This study focused on the Gangbei Channel fishway located in the Shaliu River, a tributary of Qinghai Lake. A fish passage study was conducted during the peak of the upstream migration of G. przewalskii , and entry proportion and passage efficiency in the Gangbei channel fishway was monitored in real-time using PIT-Telemetry. A detailed hydraulic characterization of the fishway was done using a 3-D numerical model validated by in-situ measurements, and combined with empirical swimming ability data for the species. The results showed that: (1) the proportion of released G. przewalskii entering and passing the fishway were 13% and 5%, respectively; (2) discharge, fish body length, salinity, and diel period were key factors affecting the attempt rate of the G. przewalskii ; (3) The critical swimming speed and sprint swimming speed at 50% of G. przewalskii reaching fatigue were 1.02 m/s and 1.91 m/s, respectively; (4) Based on the swimming ability of G. przewalskii and the hydraulic characteristics of the fishway, the flow velocity at the weir sections of the fishway exceeded the sprint swimming ability of G. przewalskii , creating a velocity barrier. Data derived from this study will be used to provide a more comprehensive theoretical basis and data reference for the eco-hydraulic reconstruction of pool-and-weir fishways providing an efficient upstream passage for the conservation of G. przewalskii and other species. [Display omitted] • Pool-and-weir fishway efficiency for Qinghai Lake's naked carp was evaluated. • The proportion of fish entering and passing fishway were 13% and 5%, respectively. • Research has revealed decreased with increasing discharge and salinity. • The flow velocity at the weir sections of fishway creating a velocity barrier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optimal path search and planning in the road network has received widespread attention as an important part of location-based services (LBS). Positioning technologies such as radio frequency identification (RFID) have brought a lot of traffic data, which has become the foundation and challenge of research. Travel scenarios in cities are very sensitive to the dynamic changes of the road network. At the same time, the traffic situation in the city is complex and changeable, and the real road network and the trajectories of moving objects contain rich temporal and spatial semantic information. These are difficulties faced by the optimal route search in the road network. In response to these challenges, after analyzing the deficiencies of existing algorithms, a machine learning model GCNSearch based on graph convolutional networks for deep search is proposed, with reference to the heuristic idea of A* algorithm. Firstly, the model uses the spatio-temporal graph convolutional network to aggregate the spatio-temporal information of adjacent areas and past periods to model the recent dynamic changes of the road network on which urban travel depends. Secondly, the model expands the search depth, defines the depth evaluation value of the node, and uses a neural network to replace the artificially designed evaluation function to search for nodes that are conducive to the overall optimal path until the final path is generated. Comparative experiments on the RFID dataset provided by a traffic management bureau show that the GCN-Search algorithm can effectively use the temporal and spatial semantic information of RFID data, and can improve the accuracy of the optimal route search for short-term travel on the dynamic road network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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With the great concern of our country and the continuous development of the epidemic, the development of smart campus is getting faster and faster, the safety of teachers and students becomes more and more important. To ensure the safety of users, the first step is to control at the doors. Usually, the access control method is used in computer system to protect the documents and data, few people use it at doors, but it's a very effective way to improve safety. So we design a two-factor authentication protocol to verity the user's identity, and improve the attribute-based access control (ABAC) model to fit the smart campus. We analyze the protocol theoretically and verify its security. Compare with others, our scheme can be more efficient and safer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology is being widely adopted by retailers due to its accuracy, versatility, and reduction of operational costs. Most commonly, RFID in retail is used for taking frequent and accurate inventories of items in the stores. Usually, RFID inventories use handheld RFID devices, which makes the task tedious, costly, and prone to human errors. More reliable, fully automatic alternatives exist, such as smart shelves, overhead RFID antennas, and RFID-equipped robots. Among them, robots seem to be the preferred choice by retailers with large stores. However, retailers need an objective way to compare the different options for inventory solutions and to calculate the return on investment of each of them before they make an investment decision. In this article, we present a metric for assessing, comparing, and predicting the performance of autonomous RFID-based robots in retail stores. The metric is based on a theoretical model of both the store and the robot, and predicts the performance of a given robot when inventorying a specific store. The metric also allows to compare the performance of different RFID robots in different stores. The metric has been developed using experimental data and has been validated in a real store. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moisture content (MC) detection plays a vital role in the monitoring and management of living trees. Its measurement accuracy is of great significance to the progress of the forestry informatization industry. Targeting the drawbacks of high energy consumption, low practicability, and poor sustainability in the current field of living tree MC detection, this work designs and implements an ultra-high-frequency radio frequency identification (UHF RFID) sensor system based on a deep learning model, with the main goals of non-destructive testing and high-efficiency recognition. The proposed MC diagnostic system includes two passive tags which should be mounted on the trunk and one remote data processing terminal. First, the UHF reader collects information from the living trees in the forest; then, an improved online sequential parallel extreme learning machine algorithm (OS-PELM) is proposed and trained to establish a specific MC prediction model. This mechanism could self-adjust its neuron network structure according to the features of the data input. The experimental results show that, for the entire living tree dataset, the MC prediction model based on the OS-PELM algorithm can identify the MC level with a root-mean-square error (RMSE) of no more than 0.055 within a measurement range of 1.2 m. Compared with the results predicted by other algorithms, the mean absolute error (MAE) and RMSE are 0.0225 and 0.0254, respectively, which are better than the ELM and OS-ELM algorithms. Comparisons also prove that the prediction model has the advantages of high precision, strong robustness, and broad applicability. Therefore, the designed MC detection system fully meets the demand of forestry Artificial Intelligence of Things. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A multitag detection technique is proposed for frequency-coded chipless radio frequency identification (RFID) to achieve minimum separations of tags, enhanced data capacity, and calibration-free features. Previous attempts for multitag detection include signal processing, comparisons with a database, and space-division multiple access (SDMA); nevertheless, these techniques rise to the challenges of large separations of tags, reduced capacity, and the complexity due to a phased array or beamforming technology, respectively. In contrast, the proposed technique overcomes these limitations by a new framework that integrates signal processing and SDMA. The capability is derived from the independent component analysis (ICA), which transforms mixing backscattering fields into an optimization model; by using the Newton method to maximize non-Gaussianity, the original resonances of each tag can be recovered. Furthermore, the proposed technique eliminates the procedure of calibration. An 8 bit system is designed and tested over 2.0–5.0 GHz. When two tags are separated by 0, 10, and 20 mm, ICA shows average reliability of 80.4%, 90.4%, and 91.5%, respectively. Thus, closely adjacent tags can be detected without calibration even for a high-density system. Real-world implementation issues, including four-tag detection, orientation mismatch, and a displacement of tags, are also analyzed to validate the proposed technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a fully integrated passive self-jamming cancellation (SJC) circuit in 0.18 µm Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) technology for ultra-high frequency (UHF) radio frequency identification (RFID) applications. Based on the active amplitude and phase control, a novel passive variable capacitor array and signal combiner are adopted instead of a traditional variable amplifier/attenuator and a phase shifter to reduce the circuit complexity and thus achieve higher linearity and low noise. We use an improved cancellation algorithm based on the local search method to quickly and accurately find the cancellation point that minimizes the self-jamming signal power. The simulation and measurement results are constant, and a suppression of 38 dB can be achieved in the working frequency of 860–960 MHz. The cancellation algorithm can be finished within 0.5 ms. These results indicate that the designed SJC circuit can be a promising candidate for UHF RFID applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the analysis, design, and characterization of a 61.25 GHz radio frequency identification (RFID) interrogator. Monostatic RFID systems have to solve the challenge of the transmit (TX)-to-receive (RX) leakage, which could desensitize the interrogator. Instead of suppressing or canceling this leakage, the interference of the transmitted and incident waves is exploited to demodulate the incident signal. The structure can be inserted between the power amplifier (PA) and the antenna pad of existing transmitters. It has a lower insertion loss (IL) than other ON-chip isolation structures used in monostatic interrogators reported to date. The transceiver front-end was fabricated on a 22 nm fully depleted silicon on insulator (FD-SOI) technology, and has a simple structure, where the low-power receiver requires 0.022 mm2 active area. The die was mounted on a radio frequency (RF) printed circuit board (PCB) and a general circuit board was used for baseband processing in the measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Finished vehicle logistics is facing different challenges. In order to cope with these challenges this article presents a case study, analysing a concept to improve finished vehicle logistics using radio frequency identification (RFID)-based and electronic product code information services (EPCIS). Within this case study, vehicles were identified automatically by RFID. For sharing, the information generated by RFID the EPCIS-based InfoBroker was developed according to the needs of the automotive industry. By having data available through the InfoBroker, decision support systems (DSS) can make planning and control of finished vehicle logistics decisions more efficiently. The case study was executed within two finished vehicle logistics cases. Based on this article practitioners can estimate the potentials of RFID and EPCIS for finished vehicle logistics. Based on the data made accessible by the presented concept practitioners and researches can develop innovative DSS to improve finished vehicle logistics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical Internet (PI,π) has been widely used for transforming and upgrading the logistics and supply chain management worldwide. This study extends the PI concept into manufacturing shop floors where typical logistics resources are converted into smart manufacturing objects (SMOs) using Internet of Things (IoT) and wireless technologies to create a RFID-enabled intelligent shop floor environment. In such PI-based environment, enormous RFID data could be captured and collected. This study introduces a Big Data Analytics for RFID logistics data by defining different behaviours of SMOs. Several findings are significant. It is observed that task weight is primarily considered in the logistics decision-making in this case. Additionally, the highest residence time occurs in a buffer with the value of 12.17 (unit of time) which is 40.57% of the total delivery time. That implies the high work-in-progress inventory level in this buffer. Key findings and observations are generated into managerial implications, which are useful for various users to make logistics decisions under PI-enabled intelligent shop floors. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Detecting strain in structures is crucial for structural health monitoring (SHM) to prevent severe damage in buildings, power plants, and aircraft. Chipless radio frequency identification (RFID) has widened sensing applications, providing intelligent strain detection and risk assessment in SHM with reduced cost and complexity. Proper systematic analysis of chipless RFID strain sensors is necessary to improve their performance in terms of detectability, sensitivity, and resolution. This article presents a novel classification of chipless RFID strain sensors, categorized by their sensing mechanisms and materials such as metallic, carbon-type, and hybrid. It investigates the modern development of chipless RFID strain sensors and their significance in strain-sensing capability based on sensing materials, substrates, and sensor geometry. Additionally, the paper highlights the challenges and future directions that need to be addressed for reliable strain detection in the chipless RFID sensing approach. Finally, it analyses the performance of strain sensors using a novel graphene-based chipless sensor to prove the future direction of the chipless strain sensing. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil is polluted with plastic waste from macro to submicron level. Our understanding of macroplastics (> 5 mm) occurrence and behavior has remained comparatively elusive, mainly due to a lack of a tracing mechanism. This study set up a methodology to trace macroplastic displacement, which combined magnetic iron oxide-tagged soil and macroplastic pieces tagged by an adhesive passive radiofrequency identification transponder. By utilizing these techniques, a field study was carried out to analyze the effect of tillage implement and plastic sizes on plastic displacement, to understand the fate of macroplastics in arable land. Results indicated that the displacement of macroplastics did not depend upon plastic sizes but did depend upon the tillage implement used. The mean macroplastics displacement per tillage pass was 0.36 ± 0.25 m with non-inversion chisel tillage and 0.15 ± 0.13 m with inversion disk tillage, which was similar to bulk soil displacement. However, only inversion disk tillage caused fragmentation (41 %) of macroplastics and generated microplastics (< 5 mm). In contrast, both tillage implements drove to similar burial of surface macroplastics into the tilled layer (74 % on average). These results highlight that tillage is a major process for macroplastics fate in arable soils, being one of the first studies to investigate it. [Display omitted] • Macroplastics displacement was comparable with bulk soil displacement. • A profound impact of tillage implement was found on macroplastics distribution. • Tillage process drove the abundance of microplastics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compact chipless RFID tags suffer from the mutual coupling between neighboring elements that have close resonant frequencies. In such tags, it is difficult for the words including zero bits to be detected by a reader, leading to false detection. In this paper, two techniques to reduce the mutual coupling effect based on rearrangement of the extended elements with reduced size are proposed. These techniques are applied to a compact chipless RFID tag, which has several nested C-shaped strips placed on both surfaces of the substrate. Top and bottom strips are connected through vias, and slots are placed in the middle of the bottom strips. The resonant frequencies are adjusted by varying the slot lengths in the first technique and variable vias position in the second technique. Through these techniques, the neighboring resonant frequencies can be placed farther apart. In doing so, the stability of the RCS frequency response is improved, which enables a reliable reading where zero bits are coded. For a 9-bit tag, the radius of the substrate is 7.8 mm, equivalent to 0.097λg operating over 2-9 GHz. A prototype is fabricated and measured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Frequency-coded chipless radio frequency identification (RFID) suffers from resonant frequency detuning caused by misaligned orientations. The literature has employed topological symmetry to prevent shape variations; however, this scheme is effective only for the orientation in roll and cannot address other rotational degrees of freedom, including pitch and yaw. This study takes the first step to cope with the orientation mismatch against arbitrary roll, pitch, and yaw angles. The proposed technique requires the design of tag and new reader architecture, eliminating complex signal processing. The tag comprises resonators with the pattern of a short dipole. Two reader antennas are placed orthogonally and fed with equal power, illuminating co-polarized electromagnetic waves toward the tag. Based on the Pythagorean trigonometric identity, the sum of the backscattering power is unvarying against the rotations in pitch or yaw. The proposed technique is experimentally validated using a 6.97 bit system. When orientation mismatch in yaw appears, the proposed scheme improves the read reliability from 54.3% to 93.5%. Moreover, when mismatch in both roll and yaw occurs, the reliability is improved from 43.8% to 91.8%. Practical aspects, including various detection zones and the loading effect, are also analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore the factors that affect the adoption of radio frequency identification (RFID) technology in Saudi Arabia's logistics services industry. The specific focus is the influence of key variables in multiple domains: technology (complexity and compatibility); organization (top management support, firm size, quality of human capital and integration of supply chain strategy); and environment (information intensity, competitive pressure, trading partner pressure and regulatory pressure). Design/methodology/approach: Data were obtained by distributing a survey instrument to a target sample of 459 Saudi logistics company employees whose positions meant they were well placed to explain the operations and technologies used in their organizations. In total, 459 useable responses were received, which also constituted the final sample for the analysis. The survey was validated using confirmatory factor analysis, and the study hypothesis was tested using binary logistic regression. Findings: Of the firms represented in the data collected, 70% had not adopted RFID technology. Cost issues, technical issues and lack of industry standards were identified as the main factors hindering the decision to adopt RFID. The results of the binary logistic regression show that top management support, quality of human capital, firm size and trading partner pressure are the variables that most influence whether or not a firm adopts RFID technology. Practical implications: According to the analysis, it is imperative that the industry adopt RFID given that this technology can provide strategic and operational advantages. Based on the findings, small and medium enterprises in the logistics services industry require governmental support in terms of providing funding, training and a supportive regulatory environment. Support of this nature would encourage logistics services companies to adopt new technology and move toward applying the global standards developed in the industry to date. Finally, in order to execute a clear and complete strategy across the supply chain, companies must collaborate with trading partners in implementing RFID. Originality/value: The body of research on emerging markets does not include any empirical studies focused on the adoption of new technologies and innovation in the supply chain. Although researchers discuss applications of technologies in operational and supply chain processes across multiple industries, most of the published research on RFID technology focuses on European and North American contexts. This study is, therefore, much needed for its fundamental contribution to identifying and understanding the factors that affect RFID adoption decisions in emerging markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a 150-GHz regenerative low-power miniature two-way radio integrated with on-chip antennas. The low-power radio is based on a reconfigurable fundamental oscillator array that can be used as a sub-terahertz (THz) source in the transmitter (Tx) mode and a sub-THz super-regenerative detector in the receiver (Rx) mode supporting ON–OFF keying (OOK) modulation. The oscillators are coupled through a low-loss integrated Marchand balun-based coupling network that guarantees far-field constructive interference at the Rx side. A 2 $\times $ 2 on-chip patch antenna array is designed with a new adaptive metal-fill placement methodology that largely reduces antenna losses and off-tuning present in sub-THz/THz frequency antenna designs without the need for bulky silicon lenses. Our proof-of-concept prototype achieves a maximum EIRP of 8.52 dBm at a frequency of 149 GHz, an Rx sensitivity of −70 dBm, and a dc-to-EIRP efficiency of 30.7% with no silicon lens, which is the highest efficiency reported of all the silicon-based sub-THz transceivers (TRxs) in the 150-GHz range. The moderate 2 $\times $ 2 array size with no silicon lens offers a large field of view (FoV) of ±40°, which eases node finding and link establishment in deployment. Our miniature low-power radio prototype consumes 11.6 mW in the Tx mode and 10 mW in the Rx mode after duty cycling. Wireless peer-to-peer network measurements with OOK modulation using a 10-Mb/s data rate demonstrate a chip-to-chip communication distance of 70 cm and BER $\le $ 10 $^{-5}$ at/above −55-dBm received power and a BER of 6 $\times $ 10 $^{-3}$ at −70-dBm received power. The prototype chip was designed using the GlobalFoundries 45-nm silicon-on-insulator (SOI) process, and it occupies a total chip area of 2.1 mm $\times $ 2.1 mm, including the antenna array, making it particularly apt for ultra-miniaturized, high-security, and stealth Internet-of-Things (IoT) nodes for intelligent edge networks and wearable devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Fourth Industrial Revolution, or Industry 4.0, aims at automating traditional manufacturing and industrial practices using modern smart technology. Autonomous mobile robots equipped with different sensors and employing different techniques have been proposed in the literature in the logistics and inventory warehouse management contexts. Efficient robot motion and planning depend on precise localization, mapping, and awareness of the environment. To properly localize items, recent attempts have been made employing radio frequency identification (RFID) in a 3D environment. This manuscript introduces four least mean squares methods to estimate the 3D positions of tags employing synthetic apertures and phase unwrapping. The proposed methods approach the localization problem solving a system of equations typical of multilateration methods to find the intersections of multiple hyperboloids. The novelty introduced here is the use of unwrapped phase distances to compute pseudo ranges for the multilateration problem. The use of such a technique is feasible thanks to precise mobile robot localization and custom navigation policies. All the analyzed methods are suitable for online localization due to reduced computation timings and have been tested on three different datasets. Two of them contain virtual data that has been generated by simulation, while the other one comes from an indoor experimental setup. Simulated tests show that combined antenna motions in 3D space (including Z-axis) improve the localization obtaining errors under the centimeter for 3D localization. Experimental tests obtained results as low as 13 cm of mean accuracy for 3D localization and 0.21 cm for 2D localization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric power consumption theft is one of the main challenges facing utility companies in developing countries like Nigeria. As such, power companies cannot make adequate profit from the electricity they generate and distribute. The infrastructure needed for effective operations is very costly. The spread of intelligence and connectivity beyond devices to things has created a more noteworthy vision on the Internet of Things (IoT). IoT has made virtual network between the human and the physical world easier and has drastically changed the way business works. The paper aims at developing an embedded system that helps in reducing electric meter tampering using the IoT technology. The system has an energy meter (meter box) which communicates through Arduino microcontroller unit and fetches the data from energy meter and sends the data through the internet to the server. It also has the Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) system to identify staff on duty. At the backend, the company staff can see the status of the energy meter and then track the customer committing meter tampering. The implementation of this system will help in reducing electricity theft, thus making the grid meter smart and subsequently leading to a vibrant profitable power sector in Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]