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In the field stationary experiment, the dynamics of the general biological activity of chernozem, depending on the biomass of plant residues, methods of the basic soil tillage under different hydrothermal conditions was studied. It was established, that the release of carbon dioxide by microorganisms from the soil more intensively occurred on the background of deep tillage, where the best conditions for aeration and distribution of plant residues in the profile of the arable layer were found. Minimization of soil tillage, in consequence of the compaction of the arable layer by more than 1.3 g / cm³ limited the volume of active zone of biotic activity and growth processes of field crops in crop rotation while inhibiting the overall biological activity and reducing the amount of carbon dioxide released. However, small soil tillage contributed to the enhancement of the anti-erosion resistance of the chernozem surface from the shock energy of rain drops, and also provided more favorable conditions for the humification of organic residues instead of undesirable intensive mineralization, especially humus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]