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A new ratiometric florescence probe derived from 3-hydroxyflavone (3-HF) has been developed for selective and sensitive detection of human carboxylesterase 2 (CE2). The probe is designed by modulating the excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) emission of 3-HF via introducing of 4-ethylbenzoyloxy group. Under physiological conditions, probe 1 displays satisfying stability with very low background signal, but it can be selectively hydrolyzed by CE2 to release free 3-HF which brings remarkable changes in fluorescence spectrum. Both reaction phenotyping and chemical inhibition assays demonstrate that probe 1 is highly selective for CE2 over other human hydrolases including carboxylesterase 1, cholinesterases and paraoxonases. Probe 1 has been applied successfully to measure the real activities of CE2 in human biological samples, as well as to screen CE2 inhibitors by using tissue preparations as the enzymes sources. Additionally, probe 1 is cell membrane permeable and can be used for cellular imaging of endogenous CE2 in living cells. All of these features make it possible to serve as a promising tool for exploring the individual differences in biological function of CE2, as well as for rapid screening of selective and potent inhibitors of CE2 for further clinical use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new ratiometric fluorescent probe derived from 4-hydroxy-N-butyl-1,8-naphthalimide (HNN) has been developed for selective detection of human carboxylesterase 2 (hCE2). The probe is designed by introducing benzoyl moiety to HNN, based on the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) mechanism. The probe displays satisfying stability under physiological pH conditions with very low background fluorescence signal, but it can be rapidly hydrolyzed by hCE2 and release of HNN which leads to a remarkable red shift in emission spectra (148 nm). The newly designed probe exhibits excellent selectivity towards hCE2 over other human hydrolases, while the interference from various biologically relevant chemicals can be negligible. Its potential biological applications including inhibitor screening using human tissue preparations as enzyme sources, as well as fluorescence imaging of endogenous hCE2 in human living cells, have also been demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A new ratiometric fluorescent probe derived from 2-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) benzothiazole (HMBT) has been developed for selective monitoring of human carboxylesterase 1 (hCE1). The probe is designed by introducing benzoyl moiety to HMBT. The prepared latent spectroscopic probe 1 displays satisfying stability under physiological pH conditions with very low background signal. Both the reaction phynotyping and chemical inhibition assays demonstrated that hCE1 mediated the specific cleavage of the carboxylic ester bond of probe 1 in human biological samples. The release of HMBT leads to a remarkable red-shifted emission in fluorescence spectrum (120nm large emission shift). Furthermore, human cell-based assays show that probe 1 is cell membrane permeable, and it can be used for bioassay and cellular imaging of hCE1 activity in HepG2 cells. These findings lead to the development of a simple and sensitive fluorescent method for measurement of hCE1 activity in vitro or in living cells, in the presence of additional enzymes or endogenous compounds. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A novel ratiometric fluorescent probe derived from 2-(2′-hydroxy-3′-methoxyphenyl) benzothiazole (HMBT) for human carboxylesterase 1 (hCES1) has been synthesized and well characterized. The probe was designed by modulating the excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) emission of HMBT via introducing of an octanoyl group. Under physiological conditions, the probe displayed satisfying stability with very low background fluorescence signal at 489 nm, but it could be selectively hydrolyzed by hCES1 to release its metabolite HMBT which brings remarkable changes in fluorescence spectrum. The newly designed probe exhibited excellent selectivity towards hCES1 over other enzymes, while the interference of endogenous chemicals was negligible. The probe can be used for accurately measuring the actual activities of hCES1 in complex biological samples. The potential biological applications of the probe including inhibitor screening, quantification of hCES1 in serum, as well as fluorescence imaging in vivo, have been demonstrated. Image 1 • An ESIPT-based fluorescent probe with large Stokes shift has been developed for detection of human carboxylesterase 1. • The probe can be selectively hydrolyzed by hCES1 which brings remarkable changes in fluorescence spectrum. • The probe can be used for accurately measuring the actual activities of hCES1 in complex biological samples. • The potential biological applications of the probe included inhibitor screening, as well as fluorescence imaging in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to develop a practical ratiometric fluorescent probe for highly selective and sensitive detection of human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1), one of the most important phase II enzymes. 4-Hydroxy-1,8-naphthalimide (HN) was selected as the fluorophore for this study because it possesses intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) feature and displays outstanding optical properties. A series of N-substituted derivatives with various hydrophobic, acidic and basic groups were designed and synthesized to evaluate the selectivity of HN derivatives toward UGT1A1. Our results demonstrated that the introduction of an acidic group to HN could significantly improve the selectivity of UGT1A1. Among the synthesized fluorescent probes, NCHN (N-3-carboxy propyl-4-hydroxy-1,8-naphthalimide) displayed the best combination of selectivity, sensitivity and ratiometric fluorescence response following UGT1A1-catalyzed glucuronidation. UGT1A1-catalyzed NCHN-4-O-glucuronidation generated a single fluorescent product with a high quantum yield ( Φ =0.688) and brought remarkable changes in both color and fluorescence in comparison with the parental substrate. The newly developed probe has been successfully applied for sensitive measurements of UGT1A1 activities in human liver preparations, as well as for rapid screening of UGT1A1 modulators, using variable enzyme sources. Furthermore, its potential applications for live imaging of endogenous UGT1A1in cells have also been demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]