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Introduction and Aim of the Study: Scarring is a major concern in clinical dermatology, affecting individuals' quality of life due to both physical and psychological impacts. This review aims to explore the pathophysiology of various scar types—hypertrophic, keloid, and atrophic—and evaluate the effectiveness of current and emerging treatments to inform better clinical practices and therapeutic strategies. Description of the State of Knowledge: Scar formation involves complex biological processes: inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. The nature of the scar varies with the underlying cause and biological response, influenced by genetic factors, skin tension, and environmental elements such as UV exposure. Recent advances in treatments range from surgical techniques to laser therapy and biological agents like cytokines. Conclusion: The studies reviewed underscore the complexity of scar management, influenced by diverse genetic, biological, and environmental factors. No single treatment is universally effective, but a combination of preventative and therapeutic strategies shows the best promise.

Hair graying, or canities, is a complex biological process characterized by the progressive loss of hair pigment, often leading to aesthetic and psychological concerns. This review delves into the multifactorial nature of hair graying, examining the underlying biochemical and physiological mechanisms. Key contributors include oxidative stress, genetic and environmental factors, and disturbances in melanogenesis and signaling pathways such as Notch and Kit. Our extensive literature review from PubMed, involving 33 scientifically rigorous papers, explores the efficiency of various strategies aimed at delaying or preventing hair graying. We highlight the roles of antioxidants, lifestyle modifications, and advanced therapeutic approaches like genetic therapy and liposome delivery systems. Additionally, we explore the impact of diet and UV protection, among other factors, on maintaining hair pigmentation. This review underscores the intricate interplay of biochemical processes in hair graying and sheds light on promising interventions for managing this natural yet often unwelcome sign of aging.

Endometriosis is an oestrogen-dependent disease characterised by the presence of the endometrial tissue outside its normal location. Three types of endometriosis are distinguished: ovarian, peritoneal, and deeply infiltrating [1,2]. The literature reports that 6-15% of the general female population suffers from endometriosis. This disease occurs mainly in women of reproductive age, but also in young women and postmenopausal women [3]. Symptoms of endometriosis include periodic pain that becomes constant, very painful menstruation, painful intercourse, as well as painful micturition or defecation. Endometriosis is present in up to 35-50% of women diagnosed with infertility. In diagnosing endometriosis, laparoscopy is of utmost importance, as it allows for simultaneous treatment of the condition. Laparoscopy should be preceded by a thorough medical history and imaging diagnostics such as ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The treatment of endometriosis is divided into pharmacological and surgical methods, which can be either conservative or radical. The type of treatment used depends on the patient's age and reproductive desires, the symptoms present, and the form of the disease. A proper diet and lifestyle play a significant role in the treatment of endometriosis.

Irritable bowel syndrome is the most common problem of gastrointestinal practice worldwide. It contains group of symptoms that affect the gastrointestinal tract. People with IBS may experience abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation, cramps. It’s still being under discussion whether the irritable bowel is a pathological or a psychological syndrome. People report various symptoms, so they also consult doctors of different medical specializations. For the same reason doctors may have problems with accurate diagnosis of IBS. As evidenced by recent studies, IBS is associated with psychological distress and impaired quality of life. It’s also important from economical and medical care system point of view - they utilize the health care system to a greater degree than patients without this diagnosis. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive evidence-based review of the diagnosis, pathogenesis and treatment to guide clinicians diagnosing and treating their patients.

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are a heterogeneous group of tumors originating from cells of the dispersed endocrine system. They vary in their degree of differentiation and malignancy. They are primarily located in the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, and lungs. This article will present the most common pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, their specific characteristics, diagnostic methods including imaging diagnostics, and treatment options. NETs account for approximately 0.5% of all malignant tumors. Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors include insulinoma, gastrinoma, glucagonoma, vipoma, and somatostatinoma. They secrete hormones specific to each type, chromogranins, and pancreatic polypeptide. However, only some of these tumors have a secretory function. They are usually well-differentiated tumors. Neuroendocrine tumors are difficult to diagnose due to their specific nature. They are typically diagnosed at an advanced stage, except for insulinoma. The most commonly used imaging methods are CT, MRI, PET, and SPECT. Treatment is extremely challenging due to symptoms caused by excessive hormone secretion. Usually, the first step in treatment is to alleviate symptoms. The only curative option is the removal of the tumor and its metastases. Unfortunately, this option is not available for many patients due to the late detection of the disease. Currently, many methods are used to slow the progression of tumors, including peptide receptor radionuclide therapy, mTOR inhibitors (everolimus), sunitinib, and chemotherapy. Detection and treatment are extremely difficult due to the specific nature of this group of tumors.

Introduction and purpose Uveal melanoma is the most common primary intraocular neoplasm in adults, which originates from melanocytes and arises from the choroid, ciliary body, or iris. The range of symptoms is wide but there are also asymptomatic cases. Metastases mainly concern the liver, and their occurrence significantly worsens the prognosis. Therefore, early detection is so crucial. This article summarizes significant information regarding epidemiology, pathophysiological processes, and genetic abnormalities underlying the disease. Moreover, we highlight possible clinical manifestations and discuss currently applied diagnostic methods. Description of the state of knowledge The average annual incidence worldwide is 6 cases per million. Risk stratification takes into account mutations, chromosomal abnormalities, tumor size, or invasion of adjacent tissues. In clinical practice, several diagnostic modalities are available, such as gonioscopy, indirect ophthalmoscopy, fundus photography, ultrasound biomicroscopy, ocular ultrasonography, optical coherence tomography, angiography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance, and positron emission tomography. Conclusions The publications analyzed in this article have shown that uveal melanoma is quite a medical challenge. Understanding the disease pathogenesis and underlying genetic abnormalities that may be the target of drugs, could be of great importance for patients and may constitute a step towards a personalized approach. However, further research is necessary to recognize cancer mechanisms more precisely, expand diagnostic options, and consequently register targeted drugs and develop comprehensive management guidelines, especially for metastatic disease to achieve improved survival outcomes.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by a disrupted skin barrier and immune dysregulation. The exact pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis despite extensive research remains complex. It includes genetic disorders, a defect in the epidermal barrier, an altered immune response, and disruption of the skin’s microbial balance. Recent advances in research have provided deeper insights into the molecular mechanisms including the role of filaggrin mutations, Th2 cytokine-mediated inflammation, and the skin microbiome. Understanding the intricate interplay between these components is crucial for developing targeted therapeutic strategies. Aim of the study: This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying AD, highlighting recent advances and areas for future research. Material and methods: Comprehensive literature searches were performed across the main electronic databases of PubMed and GoogleScholar using the keywords: “atopic dermatitis”, “eczema pathophysiology”, “skin barrier”. Conclusions: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a complex, chronic inflammatory skin disease with a multifaceted pathophysiology involving genetic, immunological, and environmental factors. Recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying AD have highlighted the importance of skin barrier dysfunction, immune system dysregulation, and microbial interactions in the disease's progression.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic autoimmune condition characterized by the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, necessitating lifelong insulin therapy. This study explores the impact of physical activity on glycemic control and overall health in individuals with T1DM. Despite its proven benefits, including improved cardiovascular health, lower HbA1c levels, and reduced insulin requirements, over 60% of T1DM patients do not engage in regular exercise. Different types of physical activities—such as aerobic, anaerobic, and high-intensity interval training (HIIT)—affect metabolic responses differently. Aerobic exercises and HIIT have shown significant improvements in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and reduced incidence of severe complications, such as diabetic ketoacidosis. However, exercise-induced hypoglycemia remains a significant risk, especially if exercise follows recent severe hypoglycemic episodes. Proper management strategies include adjusting insulin doses, monitoring glucose levels, and carbohydrate intake. The study highlights the importance of tailored exercise plans and preventive measures to mitigate risks such as nocturnal hypoglycemia and elevated ketones. Ultimately, effective integration of physical activity into diabetes management can lead to enhanced overall health and quality of life for individuals with T1DM.

Introduction and purpose Obesity is a serious health problem nowadays and it is becoming more and more common. There are plenty of causes of obesity including bad eating habits, genetic factors, and psychological factors. A lot of obese people look for a way to lose weight. Fad diets are popular dietary strategies which are promoted as a quick way to lose weight. This article highlights some popular dietary strategies including low-carbohydrate diet, low-fat diet, Paleolithic Diet and Detox Diet. The aim of this paper is to analyse their effectiveness in the process of successful weight loss and their health impact. State of knowledge According to WHO in 2022 1 in 8 people in the world were obese. Fad diets are promoted as methods to improve health and as a quick way to lose weight. However, available research suggests a rather unfavorable impact on human health in the context of long-term adherence to these diets. Limited data suggests the beneficial long-term health impact of such diets. Moreover, dieting and weight cycling caused by the repetitive process of weight loss after dieting and weight regain afterwards may also play a role in the development of obesity. Conclusion Fad diets are not recommended as a long-term way of nutrition. The main limitation of these dietary strategies is their short-term effectiveness rather than long-term. Adherence to these diets is hard for patients. Because of their strict rules and food exclusions, the risk of weight regain is high. Moreover, they do not show many positive long-term health consequences and they are not superior to conventional healthy diets. What’s more, strict obedience to fad diets for extended periods of time may be detrimental to the dieter's health.

Introduction and aim of the study: The growing awareness of gluten-related disorders has led to widespread misinformation about the gluten-free diet(GFD). The potential benefits of removing gluten are not well evaluated, yet it is often recommended or self-implemented by patients without robust supporting evidence. This paper aims to determine whether eliminating gluten from the diet provides proven benefits for individuals with specific diseases, including autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT), type 1 diabetes (T1D), psoriasis, and metabolic syndrome, who do not have a diagnosed gluten-related disorder. Description of the state of knowledge: Adhering to a gluten-free diet may benefit patients with AIT and T1D even without celiac disease, although there is no clear evidence that it alleviates AIT or T1D symptoms and the improvements are not significant enough to recommend it universally. Further research on humans is needed to explore the potential preventive effect of GFD on T1D risk and prolonging partial remission. For psoriasis, a GFD can be beneficial for patients with gluten-related antibodies, potentially reducing or clearing skin lesions, but it shows no benefit for those without these antibodies. The data on the GFD's impact on cardiovascular disease remains contradictory and unreliable. Conclusion: For psoriasis patients who test positive for gluten-related antibodies, a gluten-free diet can be recommended. Current studies do not substantiate the necessity for patients with AIT, T1D or metabolic syndrome to completely eliminate gluten from their diet.

Introduction and purpose Intermittent fasting (IF) is a dietary pattern that alternates between periods of fasting or reduced caloric intake and periods of unrestricted eating. There are three primary types of IF: Alternate Day Fasting (ADF), Time-Restricted Eating (TRE), and Periodic Fasting (PF). This review article summarizes the impact of IF on weight loss. Additionally, it examines the broader health effects of IF, including its influence on cardiovascular risk, diabetes management, and neurodegenerative diseases. Description of the state of knowledge Fasting, the practice of abstaining from or limiting food intake for a specified period, has been a cultural and religious tradition worldwide for centurie. Common IF methods alternating 24-hour periods of fasting with days of eating, TRE restricts eating to specific windows of time each day, and PF includes patterns such as the 5:2 diet, where fasting occurs on two days each week. Conclusions The analysis of the review article demonstrates that intermittent fasting (IF) leads to weight loss, aiding in the treatment of obesity. Moreover, IF reduces glycated hemoglobin levels and increases periods of normoglycemia, potentially benefiting diabetes patients. Nonetheless, there is a lack of sufficient research to confirm the safety of IF for diabetics, given the risk of hypoglycemia. Research also indicates that IF positively impacts cardiovascular risk factors by lowering total cholesterol, LDL-C, and triglyceride levels. Additionally, while IF might reduce the risk of certain cancers by addressing obesity, it is not advised for cancer patients due to inadequate scientific evidence. Furthermore, some studies indicate that IF could be advantageous in managing certain neurological diseases.

Introduction: Type 1 diabetes is a disease requiring complex treatment: intensive functional insulin therapy with multiple subcutaneous insulin injections (Multiple daily doses of insulin- MDI) or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) with a personal insulin pump. Type 1 diabetes is a disease with many complications including cardiovascular diseases. A key element in good disease control is adequate patient education. This paper will focus on physical activity and its impact on the course of the disease. Aim of the study: To research the impact of physical activity on the course of type 1 diabetes. To reinforce medical professionals' knowledge of exercise management among patients with type 1 diabetes. State of Knowledge: Regular physical exercise is beneficial for diabetes control, at the same time reducing the need for insulin. It also reduces the risk of dangerous late cardiovascular complications. Meta-analyses have shown a significant effect of physical activity on the reduction of HbA1c, BMI, triglycerides and total cholesterol. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems are recommended for physically active people with type 1 diabetes. Optimal glycaemia at the start and during sport are: for aerobic exercise 126-180 mg/dl (7-10 mmol/l), for anaerobic exercise 90-180 mg/dl (5-10 mmol/l). The reduction in insulin dose depends on the type of exercise, the length of the exercise, the method of treatment, and the pre-exercise blood glucose level. Conclusion: Physical exercise improves the control of type 1 diabetes and therefore reduces the risk of complications of the disease including cardiovascular diseases. Type 1 diabetes is not a contraindication to both amateur and professional sport. However, many variables need to be considered. Every patient with type 1 diabetes must be properly trained before starting exercise.

ABSTRACT: Prolactinoma is a benign tumor of the pituitary gland that leads to the overproduction of prolactin. It is the most common type of pituitary adenoma, accounting for approximately 50% of all pituitary tumors. The clinical presentation of prolactinoma varies depending on the level of prolactin elevation and the size of the tumor. In women, common symptoms include galactorrhea, amenorrhea, and infertility. Men may present with hypogonadism, decreased libido, erectile dysfunction, and gynecomastia. Large prolactinomas, known as macroadenomas, can cause mass effects such as headaches, visual disturbances due to compression of the optic chiasm, and hypopituitarism due to pressure on surrounding pituitary tissue. Understanding the pathogenesis of prolactinoma is crucial for developing effective treatments and improving patient outcomes. The development of prolactinomas involves a complex interplay of genetic, hormonal, and cellular factors. Treatment of prolactinoma aims to normalize prolactin levels, reduce tumor size, and alleviate symptoms. The first-line therapy is dopamine agonists, such as cabergoline and bromocriptine, with surgery and radiotherapy reserved for refractory cases. Furthermore, chemotherapeutic agent - temozolomide may be a treatment of choice in aggressive or malignant prolactinomas. By understanding the underlying mechanisms and different treatment methods, healthcare providers can optimize the management and outcomes for patients with prolactinoma.

Introduction: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) was previously known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). MASLD is one of the most important and leading causes of liver disease worldwide. This disease is a public health challenge in the 21st century. Aim of the study: This article aims to present the latest literature data on MASLD. The study is intended to show what consequences are associated with changing the name of the disease and this article is purposive to be a vademecum of knowledge for practicing physicians. Material and methods: Comprehensive literature searches were performed across the main electronic databases of PubMed and GoogleScholar using the keywords: "metabolic-dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease”, “MASLD”, “non-alcoholic fatty liver disease” and “NAFLD” Conclusions: Most patients do not report any symptoms. It is important to identify patients at increased risk of MASLD. A fundamental role in prevention and treatment is lifestyle changes. The pharmacological approach includes among others use of antidiabetic drugs and treatment of other associated states.