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Background: The prevalence of cancers differs in different parts of the world and which makes studying every population important to know various risk factors associated with cancers common in various parts of the world. This study was undertaken to know the burden of cancer in rural Kashmir. Materials and Methods: Cases registered in the Department of Radiation Oncology, GMC, Anantnag, during 2019–2020 were enrolled for this study to check the prevalence and profile of cancer. Results: Stomach cancer was the most common cancer diagnosed in 233 patients in 2019–20 overall. In males, it was seconded by esophageal cancer, whereas in females, breast cancer was the second-most common cancer. Conclusion: Patterns of cancer distribution differ vastly across India; cancer patterns in Kashmir are more similar to the Caspian cancer belt with upper gastrointestinal tract cancer dominating both sexes.

Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is characterized by eczema, recurrent infections and microthrombocytopenia, with the latter being the most consistent finding in the course of the disease. The present case report describes a pediatric patient with WAS and severe bleeding phenotype resulting from a very low platelet count. In order to limit platelet transfusions and related risk of allo-immunization, use of recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa) for treatment of bleeding was decided. In addition, prophylactic treatment with eltrombopag was attempted, in order to increase platelet count and limit bleeding episodes. Management of the patient with the above mentioned agents led to a significant improvement in his clinical course and overall quality of life. This is the first report on off-label use of rFVIIa in a WAS patient. With regards to the off-label use of thrombopoietic agents in pediatric WAS patients, limited data is available and is reviewed in the report.

PurposeThis study aimed to introduce a novel [18F]AlF-labeled ODAP-Urea-based Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) probe, named [18F]AlF-PSMA-137, which was derived from the successful modification of glutamate-like functional group. The preclinically physical and biological characteristics of the probe were analyzed. Polit clinical PET/CT translation was performed to analyze its feasibility in clinical diagnosis of prostate cancer.Methods[18F]AlF-PSMA-137 was maturely labeled with the [18F]AlF2+ labeling technique. It was analyzed by radio-HPLC for radiochemical purity and stability analysis in vitro and in vivo. The PSMA specificity was investigated in PSMA-positive (LNCaP) and PSMA-negative (PC3) cells, and the binding affinity was evaluated in LNCaP cells. Micro-PET/CT imaging was performed in mice bearing LNCaP or PC3 tumors. Thirteen patients with newly diagnosed prostate cancer were included for [18F]AlF-PSMA-137 PET/CT imaging. Physiologic biodistribution and tumor burden were semi-quantitatively evaluated and the radiation dosimetry of [18F]AlF-PSMA-137 was estimated.ResultsThe radiochemical yield of [18F]AlF-PSMA-137 was 54.2 ± 10.7% (n = 16) with the radiochemical purity over 99% and the specific activity of 26.36 ± 7.33 GBq/μmol. The binding affinity to PSMA was 2.11 ± 0.63 nM. [18F]AlF-PSMA-137 showed high cell/tumor uptake which can be specifically blocked by PSMA inhibitor. According to the biodistribution in patients, [18F]AlF-PSMA-137 was mainly accumulated in kidneys, lacrimal glands, parotid glands, submandibular glands and liver which was similar to the extensive Glu-Ureas based probes. A total of 81 lesions were detected in PET/CT imaging and over 91% of lesions increased between 1 h p.i. (SUVmean: 10.98 ± 18.12) and 2 h p.i. (SUVmean: 14.25 ± 21.28) (p < 0.001). Additionally, the probe showed intensive accumulation in lesions which provided excellent imaging contrast with the high tumor-to-muscle ratio of 15.57 ± 27.21 at 1 h p.i. and 25.42 ± 36.60 at 2 h p.i. (p < 0.001), respectively. The effective dose of [18F]AlF-PSMA-137 was estimated as 0.0119 ± 0.0009 mSv/MBq.ConclusionAn ODAP-Urea-based PSMA probe [18F]AlF-PSMA-137 was successfully prepared with high specificity and binding affinity to PSMA. Micro-PET/CT imaging study demonstrated its feasibility for prostate cancer imaging. Pilot clinical study showed its potential for delay-imaging and prostate cancer detection.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common malignant tumor in the male reproductive system. Prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is an effective target for the diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer. The anti-PSMA small molecule/polypeptide/monoclonal antibody labeled with the therapeutic nuclides 177Lu/90Y has shown important anti-tumor activity, but it also produces specific uptake of glands, bone marrow and kidneys, which leads to normal organs' damage. In addition, small molecules/peptides are easy to be cleared by the circulatory system. Radionuclide targeted therapy based on small molecules/peptides often requires high doses or frequent administration, which leads to unpredictable organ toxicity while inhibiting tumors. Radionuclide targeted therapy relies on the delivery of radionuclides to tumor-expressed receptors, but the binding capacity of ligands to receptors is limited. In order to improve the use efficiency of radionuclides, prolong the metabolism of radionuclide therapeutic PSMA molecular probes as well as increase the ratio of target to non target, great progress has been made in the study of functional modification of PSMA molecular probes which can improve the pharmacokinetic behavior. In this paper, we summarize the recent clinical translation and clinical research of functional nuclide targeting PSMA molecular probe in the treatment of prostate cancer.

PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint therapy has become another important treatment for several refractory and recurrent tumors besides radiotherapy and chemotherapy; however, only some patients can benefit from it. PD-1/PD-L1 targeted radionuclide molecular probe imaging can detect the PD-1/PD-L1 expression in whole body including tumors and other tissues noninvasively, timely and repeatedly, which will be more convenient for screening the patients benefiting from the immune-therapy, the efficacy evaluation and dynamic monitoring of the changes of PD-1/PD-L1 expression during treatment, providing a strong basis for the adjustment of treatment plan. This paper will review the recent progress of PD-1/PD-L1 targeted molecular probes, in order to provide reference for clinical application and further research of tumor immunotherapy.

Prostate specific membrane antigen(PSMA) is a glutamate carboxypeptidase Ⅱ secreted by the epithelial cells of prostate gland. PSMA is over-expressed in the cells of prostate cancer and metastases, and also positively expressed in the tumor-related neovascular endothelial cells. Therefore, more than twenty PSMA-targeted probes had been used for the diagnosis and therapy of prostate cancer. This article reviews the expression of PSMA in non-prostate cancer and the clinical application of PSMA-PET/CT specific probes in detecting non-prostate cancer, to expand the clinical application of novel PSMA-targeted PET probes in the diagnosis of tumors.

HER2 is not only a predictor of targeted therapy but also a definite prognostic factor. HER2-positive tumors are high-malignant, strong aggressive, with early metastasis and recurrence and poor prognosis. Therefore, accurate evaluation of HER2 status in cancer patients is the key to improve the efficacy, and it is crucial to clarify the HER2 status in vivo. However, HER2 status is highly heterogeneous during targeted therapy. The classical methods such as immunohistochemistry (IHC) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) cannot monitor the expression of HER2 in vivo, real time or dynamically and cannot accurately locate. It is difficult to meet the requirements of early diagnosis, treatment and precise treatment of malignant tumors with high HER2 expression. With the rapid development of molecular imaging, molecular probes could evaluate the effect of tumor immunotherapy quickly, accurately, noninvasively and effectively, and the probes play a critical role in solving the problem of tumor heterogeneity. Based on the existing HER2 molecular probes, this review analyzes the progress of molecular imaging-guided targeted therapy.

A single-domain antibody (sdAb) is the variable region extracted from antibodies with only heavy chains found in camelid serum. Single-domain antibodies have the characteristics of easy expression, good solubility, great stability and weak immunogenicity. Since single-domain antibodies have higher penetration in tissues than conventional antibodies and can be cleared by the kidneys quickly, they are ideally suited for various biotechnologies and clinical treatment of tumors. The monovalent sdAb could be coupled to radioisotopes, fluorescent dyes, biotin, magnetic beads, affinity matrices and so on. A complex molecular-conjugated sdAb can be used for in vivo multiple modes tumor imaging. In the basic research, development of probe and other fields, single-domain antibody has a broad prospect in application. This review summarizes the molecular features and the applications in tumor molecular imaging of single-domain antibodies.

This study aims to further explore dynamic 68Ga-FAPI-04 PET/CT imaging of healthy Chinese subjects and lung cancer patients. Moreover, the variability of 68Ga-FAPI-04 uptake in normal organs was measured to provide a basis for analyzing its biological distribution, interpreting auxiliary images, determining the reliability of image quantification, and monitoring treatment. Six patients (3 subjects without tumors and 3 lung cancer patients) separately underwent 68Ga-FAPI-04 and 2-[18F]FDG PET/CT imaging within 1 week. The biodistribution and internal radiation dosimetry were reported and compared with data previously obtained from Caucasian patients. Moreover, the mean SUV (standardized uptake value) was normalized to body mass or to lean body mass (SUL), and the coefficients of variation (CVs) were calculated and compared for each volume of interest. The average whole-body effective dose was calculated to be 1.27E-02 mSv/MBq, which was comparable with previously reported results of 68Ga-FAPI-04 probes. Furthermore, the SUVmean was slightly higher than the SULmean in most organs; however, the CV of the SULmean for most organs was higher than that of the SUVmean at later time points. In the liver, the CV of the SUVmean was lower (12.7%) than that of the SULmean and was similar to the CV for corresponding 2-[18F]FDG PET/CT value (11.8%). In addition, 68Ga-FAPI-04 PET/CT showed good efficacy for diagnosing lung cancer patients in this study. A comparison of the radiation dosimetry obtained before from a Caucasian population demonstrated no clinically significant differences between these two populations after 68Ga-FAPI-04 injection. The variability in most organs was slightly lower for SUVmean than for SULmean, suggesting that SUVmean may be the preferable parameter for quantifying images obtained with 68Ga-FAPI-04. In addition, 68Ga-FAPI-04 PET/CT imaging is expected to be a promising tool for diagnosing lung cancer.

Objective To investigate the application of 68Ga-PSMA-617 molecular probe for micro-PET imaging of gliomas tumor model. Methods DKFZ-PSMA-617, an effective prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) targeted probes, was chosen to be the precursor to be radiolabelled with 68Ga. The radio-chemical yield of 68Ga-PSMA-617 was analyzed by Radio-TLC. Cell uptake experiments were performed on PSMA (+) LNCaP, PSMA (-) PC-3 and U87MG cells. Nude mice bearing U87MG were injected with 68Ga-PSMA-617(7.4 MBq) via the tail vein. Micro-PET imaging was performed 5 and 40 min after the injection. Blocking studies were also performed in U87MG tumor-bearing mice after 40 min of co-injection of 68Ga-PSMA-617 with the PSMA inhibitor (S)-2-(3-((S)-1-carboxy-3-methylbutyl)ureido) pentanedioic acid (ZJ-43) (25 mg/kg). Results The radiotracer had a good radio-chemical yield of (99.0±1.9)% quickly tested by Radio-TLC. In cell uptake experiments, the specificity of 68Ga-PSMA-617 was confirmed in PSMA (+) LNCaP cells and PSMA (-) PC-3 cells; meanwhile, it proved the low expression level of PSMA in gliomas U87MG cell line. From micro-PET imaging, U87MG xenografts tumors were visualized and it showed good tumor-to-background value from 1.85±0.02 (5 min) to 3.62±0.175 (40 min) which could be blocked by ZJ-43. Conclusion 68Ga-PSMA-617 has the potential to be used not only in prostate cancer but also in gliomas tumor model.

Adnexal tumors like giant solitary trichoepitheliomas are uncommon to most of us to permit a ready familiarity with them. Information regarding the genesis, clinical profile, behavior, and management options for this tumor is limited. There are 18 cases reported in the world literature till date. This review attempts to provide insight to this rare tumor. Our search included indexed literature from Pubmed, Directory of Open Access Journals, Health Inter Network Access to Research Initiative and Google databases in addition to standard dermatology texts. Giant solitary trichoepithelioma is a rare trichogenic tumor with potential for local recurrence. It has predilection for the older age, but may present at any age including at birth. It has close resemblance to basal cell carcinoma and other skin adnexal tumors - clinically, cytologically, and histologically. CD10, CD 34, PHLDA1 but not p75NTR are useful adjunct markers. Surgical excision is the standard treatment. Recurrence and possible transformation into BCC cautions follow up at regular intervals.

Somatostatin receptors are overexpressed in neuroendocrine tumors, whose endogenous ligands are somatostatin. DOTA-TATE is an analogue of somatostatin, which shows high binding affinity to somatostatin receptors. We aim to evaluate the 68 Ga/ 177 Lu-labeling DOTA-TATE kit in neuroendocrine tumor model for molecular imaging and to try human–positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging of 68 Ga-DOTA-TATE in neuroendocrine tumor patients. DOTA-TATE kits were formulated and radiolabeled with 68 Ga/ 177 Lu for 68 Ga/ 177 Lu-DOTA-TATE (M-DOTA-TATE). In vitro and in vivo stability of 177 Lu-DOTA-TATE were performed. Nude mice bearing human tumors were injected with 68 Ga-DOTA-TATE or 177 Lu-DOTA-TATE for micro–positron emission tomography and micro-single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography imaging separately, and clinical positron emission tomography/computed tomography images of 68 Ga-DOTA-TATE were obtained at 1 h post-intravenous injection from patients with neuroendocrine tumors. Micro–positron emission tomography and micro-single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography imaging of 68 Ga-DOTA-TATE and 177 Lu-DOTA-TATE both showed clear tumor uptake which could be blocked by excess DOTA-TATE. In addition, 68 Ga-DOTA-TATE–positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging in neuroendocrine tumor patients could show primary and metastatic lesions. 68 Ga-DOTA-TATE and 177 Lu-DOTA-TATE could accumulate in tumors in animal models, paving the way for better clinical peptide receptor radionuclide therapy for neuroendocrine tumor patients in Asian population.