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Introduction: Oral Semaglutide (Sema-o) is the first oral glucagon like peptide-1 receptor analogue (GLP-1RA) commercially available for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D). This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Sema-o in patients with T2D when added to the existing therapy. Methods: This retrospective real-world study enrolled adult patients with diabetes taking Sema-o, with at least one follow-up (from February 2022 till October 2023). A proforma recorded baseline and follow-up date, medications, body composition, laboratory and clinical parameters. Data is presented as median (interquartile range) and was analysed using SPSS. Results: A total of 351 patients followed up once, while 56 patients had 4 follow-up visits. Baseline parameters were as follows: age 53 years (43–61), duration of diabetes 10 years (5–16), weight 91 kg (79–103), body mass index (BMI) 32.7 kg/m2 (29.3–36.6) and HbA1c 7.9% (6.9–9). The addition of Sema-o in the existing therapy for diabetes resulted in a significant reduction in HbA1c {follow-up: 1st 0.5%, 2nd 0.9%, 3rd 1.1% and 4th 1.1% (all, P < 0.001)} and % weight reduction {follow-up: 1st 2%, 2nd 3.3%, 3rd 4.1% and 4th 4.3% (all, P < 0.001)} from baseline. Reductions in BMI, glucose (fasting/post-prandial), lipids, liver enzymes and body composition parameters were significant. Gastro-intestinal side-effects (299 events in 52.4% of patients) were frequent. A total of 34/9.7% patients discontinued Sema-o. Conclusion: Intensification of existing therapy with Sema-o in obese patients with moderately uncontrolled diabetes proved to be an effective and relatively safe strategy. Achieving normoglycemia and reductions in weight, lipids and body fat/visceral fat with Sema-o may confer a much needed cardiometabolic benefit in these patients.

Aim: To study the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction and its association with disease severity in hospitalized patients of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, thyroid function tests (TFT) of 236 hospitalized patients of COVID-19 along with demographic, comorbid, clinical, biochemical and disease severity records were analysed. Patients were divided into previous euthyroid or hypothyroid status to observe the effect o f prior hypothyroidism on the severity of COVID-19. Results: TFT abnormalities were common. Low free T3 (FT3), high thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and low TSH were seen in 56 (23.7%), 15 (6.4%) and 9 (3.8%) patients, respectively. The median levels of TSH (2.06 vs 1.26 mIU/mL, P = 0.001) and FT3 (2.94 vs 2.47 pg/mL, P < 0.001) were significantly lower in severe disease. Previous h ypothyroid status (n = 43) was associated with older age, higher frequency of comorbidities, higher FT4 and lower FT3. TFT did not correlate with markers of inflamm ation (except lactate dehydrogenase); however, FT3 and TSH negatively correlated with outcome severity score and duration of hospital stay. Cox regression analysis showed that low FT3 was associated with severe COVID-19 (P = 0.032, HR 0.302; CI 0.101–0.904), irrespective of prior hypothyroidism. Conclusions: Functional thyroid abnormalities (low FT3 and low TSH) are fre quently seen in hospitalized patients of COVID-19. Although these abnormalities did not correlate with markers of inflammation, this study shows that low FT3 at a dmission independently predicts the severity of COVID-19.

Background: Clinical trials have shown promising results in terms of glycemic control and weight reduction with the use of sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, real-world evidence from standard clinical practice especially from Asia is still limited. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of SGLT2i in patients with T2DM in real-world setting. Methods: This was a prospective observational longitudinal study involving consecutive patients with T2DM, initiated on SGLT2i from 1 April 2015 to 31 March 2016. The adverse effects and metabolic parameters were evaluated at 3 monthly intervals up to 1 year. Results: Total 486 patients were initiated on SGLT2i. At baseline, mean age, glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c), and weight was 51.03 ± 9.82 years, 8.76 ± 1.59%, and 89.32 ± 16.04 kg, respectively. Data of 388 patients were available at 6 months of follow-up for analysis of adverse effects profile. About 38.6% patients experienced adverse effects. Genitourinary tract infection was the most common adverse effect (20.6%) followed by generalized weakness (10.5%). Significant reduction in mean weight and HbA1c reduction seen at 6 months (n = 202): 3.2 kg and 1.26%, respectively, and at 12 months (n = 104): 3.9 kg and 1.27%, respectively. Conclusion: In this real-world study of patients with T2DM living in hot climate, use of SGLT2i was associated with adverse effects in higher proportion of patients than those reported in clinical trials, but effectiveness was comparable. Patient guidance regarding adequate hydration and hygiene can maximize the benefits of this promising class of drugs.

Background: Long-term efficacy of liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 analog, on body weight and glycemic control has not been studied in Indian Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) subjects. Aim: To evaluate the effect of liraglutide on glycemic control and body weight for 1 year in Indian T2DM patients. Methods: Liraglutide was prescribed to 96 obese patients with T2DM and followed up for 1 year. Clinical parameters were measured at baseline and 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. Dosage of liraglutide and other medications was adjusted according to clinical judgment. Results: 1 year data were available for 74 patients. Mean age was 50.9 ± 9.6 years. Mean duration of diabetes was 11.6 ± 6.3 years. Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) significantly decreased from 8.9 ± 1.3% at baseline to 7.4 ± 1.2% at 1 year. Body weight significantly declined from 98.9 ± 16.0 kg at baseline to 93.8 ± 15.0 kg at 1 year. After an initial decline, subset of patients had an increase in mean HbA1c (n = 30/74) and mean body weight (n = 33/74) after 6 months of liraglutide initiation. Baseline HbA1c and baseline body weight were positively associated with a reduction of HbA1c and body weight at 1 year, respectively. No major side effects occurred. Conclusion: Liraglutide treatment resulted in a significant and sustained reduction in HbA1c and body weight over 1 year in Indian T2DM patients. Magnitude of reduction of HbA1c and body weight at 1 year was positively associated with baseline HbA1c and baseline weight, respectively.

Pioglitazone improves glycemic control by acting as an insulin sensitizer and is used in the management of Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Pioglitazone has recently been at the center of a controversy with regards to its safety. There is no clear consensus on how, when and in what dose the drug should be used in the management of diabetes. We have summarized our strategy on pioglitazone use in Type 2 diabetes in a large private tertiary care center - Medanta, the Medicity- which may help in generating further thought about positioning of this anti-diabetic molecule. We use pioglitazone as the fourth in the pecking order of oral anti-diabetic agents. We typically use pioglitazone in a dose of 15 mg/day. We avoid using pioglitazone with insulin. We do not use pioglitazone under following situations: In the presence of significant or proven cardiac disease, in patients who are struggling with their weight or need to lose weight, in patients at high risk for osteoporotic fractures, in patients with macular edema, in patients with pre-existing bladder cancer and would discontinue in case hematuria or any other symptom of bladder cancer develops. We continue to use the drug in patients well controlled on it without any evident side-effects or contraindications.