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Purpose: To compare the bleb morphology by Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography (ASOCT) and clinical outcome after Phacotrabeculectomy with either mitomycin C or Ologen implant. Methods: In a prospective interventional active controlled study, 93 patients aged 18 years and above underwent phacotrabeculectomy with either mitomycin C (53 eyes) or ologen implant (40 eyes), followed up for 12 months. The primary outcome measure was to note the evolution of bleb morphology by ASOCT in the two groups over 12 months. Secondary outcome measures were mean IOP, reduction in the need for anti-glaucoma medications, and complications seen in the two groups. Results: All parameters in the two groups were comparable preoperatively (P>0.05). Best corrected visual acuity at 12 months was 0.38±0.27 in mitomycin group and 0.31±0.23 in ologen group (P=0.151). Post-operative IOP at 12 months was 14.09±3.1mmHg (95%CI 13.22-14.97) in mitomycin group, and 13.25±2.5 mmHg (95%CI 12.40-14.30) in ologen group (P=0.254). The mean number of medications was 0.36±0.68 in mitomycin group and 0.38+/-0.70 in ologen group at 12 months (P=0.91). Overall success was achieved in 98.1 % of patients in mitomycin group and 90 % of patients in ologen group at 12 months. No major sight-threatening complications were noted in any group. AS-OCT imaging at 12 months showed multiform reflectivity with multiple large cystic spaces in both groups, with good IOP control. Conclusion: Phacotrabeculectomy using Mitomycin C and Ologen implant resulted in similar morphologic and functioning blebs at one year with comparable efficacy in controlling intraocular pressure.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine whether the introduction of a structured short-term phacoemulsification training program improved the ICO-OSCAR (International Council of Ophthalmology's Ophthalmology Surgical Competency Assessment Rubric) score and the learning curve of the trainees and decreased the complication rates of the cases. Methods: This study was a retrospective, observational study conducted in a tertiary eye care hospital in India. The study was conducted from March 2018 to October 2019 based on a structured phacoemulsification training program introduced in January 2019. The trainees enrolled in the phacoemulsification training program were divided into two groups: Group 1 (n = 33), who underwent training before the introduction of the structured program, and Group 2 (n = 29), who underwent the training after the introduction of the structured training program. Each trainee performed 20 cases. Group 1 training consisted of wet-lab and phacoemulsification surgeries. Group 2 training program comprised three modules over 5 weeks and a preassessment examination. Premodule 1 imparted cognitive skills; Module 1 was on structured wet-lab, Module 2 was about phacoemulsification step surgery, and Module 3 had independent complete surgeries. Group 2 also underwent compulsory Observation of cases being performed in the operation theater, surgical video recording review, and formative feedback. Mean OSCAR score comparison was done for both the groups. The OSCAR score was also calculated case-wise to obtain the learning curve with respect to the entry and exit levels, by classifying the trainees in each group as Novice, Beginner, Advanced Beginner, or Competent. A comparison of the posterior capsular rupture (PCR) rates and vision at discharge of all the cases was done. Results: Group 2 had a significantly better mean OSCAR score than Group 1 (4.03 and 3.43, respectively; P < 0.001). The PCR rate of the cases was significantly lower in Group 2 than in Group 1 (9.14% and 20.30%, respectively; P < 0.001). Group 2 had a significantly better visual acuity outcome of the cases than Group 1. Group 1 started as Novice (OSCAR score: 2), whereas Group 2 started as Beginner (OSCAR score: 3). Group 2 reached the Advanced Beginner level eight to 10 cases prior to Group 1. Conclusion: A structured training curriculum can make a significant difference in the training experience of the trainees and enable better surgical outcomes and a decrease in the complication rates.

Purpose: To assess the impact of primary glaucoma of varying severity and duration on psychosocial functioning and quality of life of patients. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was carried on 200 patients attending the glaucoma clinic of a tertiary care hospital in western India. After obtaining approval from the institutional ethics committee, written informed consent was taken. All patients underwent a thorough ophthalmic examination. Those with primary glaucoma were classified as per Hodapp–Parrish–Anderson criteria and asked to respond to the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (NEIVFQ)-25 questionnaire. Responses were analyzed statistically. Results: Overall mean NEIVFQ 25 composite score was 74.4 ± 18.6. Mean scores were 87.0 (SD 7.2) for mild, 75.9 (SD 8.1) for moderate, and 47.0 (SD 13.7) for severe glaucoma groups. Lower scores were associated with males. Driving (62.2, SD 34.6) and ocular pain (63.5, SD 18.7) were maximally affected while color vision (90.1, SD 18.7) and social health (86.7, SD 20.1) were least affected. The duration of treatment had no effect on mean composite scores with impaired scores seen even in newly diagnosed cases. Age of the patient negatively correlated with NEIVFQ 25 composite score. Conclusion: With disease progression, the psychosocial functioning of the patients is negatively affected. This effect is irrespective of treatment duration and newly diagnosed cases can have impaired Quality of life scores. Quantification of psychosocial status along with education and counseling for all patients may play a definitive role in customizing treatment and providing patients with a better quality of Life.

Purpose: To evaluate skills transfer in short-term phacoemulsification surgery training program by International Council of Ophthalmology -Ophthalmology Surgical Competency Assessment Rubrics (ICO-OSCAR) and assessment of efficacy of ICO-OSCAR for objective evaluation of skills transfer. Methods: Prospective analysis of total 1300 phacoemulsification surgeries performed by 52 phacoemulsification trainees divided into three groups based on the previous cataract surgical experience. The pretraining and posttraining average mean scores, independent completion rates (ICR), and complication rates among the groups were calculated and statistically analyzed. Results: Mean age of trainees (N = 52) was found to be 30.98 ± 2.44 years. Mean pretraining scores in the three groups were 42.8 ± 0.2, 46.6 ± 0.2, and 50.1 ± 0.1, respectively, and posttraining mean scores of the groups were 88.4 ± 0.2, 92.3 ± 0.2, and 94.3 ± 0.2, respectively, out of 100. Pretraining independent completion rates (%) were 22.1 ± 2.5, 52.1 ± 2.5, and 62 ± 3.7, respectively, and posttraining independent completion rates (%) were 74.8 ± 3, 79.7 ± 3, and 90.6 ± 3.5, respectively. Learning curves of all groups were noted to be steep. Rate of complications was within acceptable range, overall complication rate being 12.30% (160 out of 1300 cases). OSCAR scores correlate significantly (P = 0.0004) with ICR. Conclusion: Steep learning curve for phacoemulsification can be made easy by the use of standardized rubrics, proper techniques, expert guidance, and adequate surgical volume. The previous SICS experience provides smoother learning curve. ICO-OSCAR is indicator of proficiency and provides constructive feedback and objective evaluation immediately after surgery as well as at the end of training. Short-term (1 Month) training program is an effective, efficient, and safe approach to progressively master phacoemulsification skills for trainees with SICS experience.

Background: Glaucoma and diabetes have a common pathogenesis. We estimated the magnitude and determinants of glaucoma in adults with type II diabetes who presented to a tertiary level eye center in 2010. Study Type: A cross-sectional survey. Methods: Diabetes was diagnosed by history and measurement of blood sugar levels. Glaucoma was diagnosed by assessing optic disc morphology, visual fields, and intraocular pressure. Data were collected on patient demographics, clinical characteristics of diabetes and ocular status through interviews and measurements. The prevalence of glaucoma in diabetics was estimated, and variables were analyzed for an association to glaucoma. The 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Statistical significance was indicated by P < 0.05. Results: The study cohort was comprised of 841 diabetics. The mean age of the cohort was 53.8 ± 10.7 years. There were 320 (38%) females. The prevalence of glaucoma was 15.6% (95% CI: 13.1-18.1). More than 75% of the diabetics had no evidence of diabetic retinopathy (DR). Half of the diabetics with glaucoma had primary open angle glaucoma. The presence of glaucoma was significantly associated to the duration of diabetes (Chi-square = 10.1, degree of freedom = 3, P = 0.001). The presence of DR was not significantly associated to the presence of glaucoma (odds ratio [OR] = 1.4 [95% CI: 0.88-1.2]). The duration of diabetes (adjusted OR = 1.03) was an independent predictor of glaucoma in at least one eye. Conclusions: More than one-sixth of diabetics in this study had glaucoma. Opportunistic screening for glaucoma during DR screening results in an acceptable yield of glaucoma cases.